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	Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Toruń in Polish Royal Prussia.
		Copernicus cited Aristarchus and Philolaus in an early manuscript of his book which survives, stating: "Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth, and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion." For reasons unknown, he struck this passage before publication of his book.
		Copernicus' major theory was published in the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year of his death 1543, even though he had arrived at it several decades earlier.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copernicus (3373 words)

	Science and Human Values - Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Copernicus was the son of a well-to-do merchant, and, after his father's early death in 1483, was brought up by his uncle, a prince-bishop, so he had the advantage of being able to get a first-class education.
		Copernicus, however, still kept the notion of perfectly circular orbits and had to retain thirty-four of the epicycles and eccentrics associated with the older theory.
		Copernicus described his system in a book, but for years he hesitated to publish it, believing that any suggestion that the earth moved would be considered heretical and might get him into trouble.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/copernicus.html (1724 words)

	Learn more about Nicolaus Copernicus in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Torun (German Thorn), in Royal Prussia, a newly aquired province of Poland.
		Copernicus worked for years with duke Albert of Prussia on monetary reform and published some studies about the value of money; as a governor of some parts of the Duchy, he administered and dealt out justice, taxes and a cadastrian-like activity.
		Copernicus' theories have an extraordinary relevance in the history of human knowledge, and many authors suggest that only Euclidean geometry, or Charles Darwin's Evolutionism, or Newton's physics could have a similar influence on human culture in general and on science in particular.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/ni/nicolaus_copernicus.html (4562 words)

	MSN Encarta - Copernicus
		Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Toruń), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials.
		From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace in Lidzbark Warminski, assisting in the administration of the diocese and in the conflict against the Teutonic Knights.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571204/Copernicus.html (611 words)

	Copernicus
		Copernicus had another reason to return to Italy, which he almost certainly did not disclose, and that was to continue his studies of astronomy.
		Copernicus returned to Frauenburg where his life became less eventful and he had the peace and quiet that he longed for to allow him to make observations and to work on details of his heliocentric theory.
		Copernicus is said to have received a copy of the printed book, consisting of about 200 pages written in Latin, for the first time on his deathbed.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html (3097 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicolaus Copernicus
		After the death of his uncle, in 1512, Copernicus went to Frauenburg for the election of the new bishop, and remained there until 1516, when he was nominated administrator of the diocesan castle of Allenstein.
		Three years later Copernicus was urged by Cardinal Schonberg, then Archbishop of Capua, in a letter, dated at Rome, 1 November, 1536, to publish his discovery, or at least to have a copy made at the cardinal's expense.
		What is most significant in the character of Copernicus is this, that while he did not shrink from demolishing a scientific system consecrated by a thousand years' universal acceptance, he set his face against the reformers of religion.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04352b.htm (1640 words)

	[No title]
		Copernicus' fame as an industrious student of astronomy rapidly increased, and in 1514 he was invited to give his opinion on calendar reform, which was then being considered by the Lateran Council, a general meeting of the church authorities.
		Copernicus concluded that, in view of the many circles and their displacements from the center of the Earth that the Ptolemaic system required to account for the observed motions of heavenly bodies, a simpler, alternative explanation might be possible.
		In the second section, Copernicus applied the basic mathematical rules of the previous section to the apparent motions of the stars and planets, and attributed the motion of the Sun to the motion of the Earth.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/copernicus.html (2143 words)

	Copernicus \| Cleric and Astronomer
		Copernicus was a proponent of the theory that the Sun, and not the Earth, is at rest in the center of the Universe.
		When Copernicus returned to Poland he practiced medicine, though his official employment was as a canon in the cathedral chapter run by his uncle, the Bishop of Olsztyn.
		Copernicus' heliocentric system was considered implausible by the vast majority of his contemporaries, and by most astronomers and natural philosophers until the middle of the seventeenth century.
	www2.lucidcafe.com /lucidcafe/library/96feb/copernicus.html (515 words)

	Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, is best known for his theory that the sun lies near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials.
		Copernicus' geographical and astronomical interests were greatly stimulated by Domenico Maria, an early critic of the accuracy of the geography of the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy.
	www.newlisbon.k12.wi.us /physicists/copernicus.html (826 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus was destined to become, through the publication of his heliocentric theory 70 years later, one of the seminal figures in the history of scientific thought.
		Copernicus not only faithfully performed his ecclesiastical duties, but also practiced medicine, wrote a treatise on monetary reform, and turned his attention to a subject in which he had long been interested--astronomy.
		In the midst of his radical reordering of the structure of the universe, Copernicus still adhered to the ancient Aristotelian doctrines of solid celestial spheres and perfect circular motion of heavenly bodies, and he held essentially intact the entire Aristotelian physics of motion.
	www.phy.hr /~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html (559 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork
		Copernicus completes his fourth year of studies; his three year leave of absence from duties as Canon to the Chapter House expires; he goes to Frombork and requests two year extension of his leave to complete his studies.
		Copernicus draws up a map of the western part of the Vistula delta; completes the first draft of his treatise on the minting of money and submits it to the convention of the Prussian Estates.
		Copernicus is part of the Polish embassy to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights requesting restoration of Braniewo, captured by the Teutonic Knights.
	www.frombork.art.pl /Ang11.htm (817 words)

	Copernicus
		Copernicus' book formed the basis for modern astronomy and is considered to have caused the greatest revolution in science in the last two thousand years.
		Copernicus put an end to the belief that the earth was the center of the universe by properly placing the planet earth in orbit around the sun, revolving once around the sun each year while rotating on its axis once every twenty-four hours.
		The citizens of Torun are proud of their native son and erected a monument in front of city hall to honor "Mikolaj Kopernik", the citizen of Torun who moved the earth and stopped the sun.
	www.polishamericancenter.org /Copernicus.htm (603 words)

	[No title]
		According to a later horoscope, Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Torun, a city in north-central Poland on the Vistula River south of the major Baltic seaport of Gdansk.
		Copernicus, as is known from Rheticus, was "assistant and witness" to some of Novara's observations, and his involvement with the production of the annual forecasts means that he was intimately familiar with the practice of astrology.
		Copernicus later painted a self-portrait; it is likely that he acquired the necessary artistic skills while in Padua, since there was a flourishing community of painters there and in nearby Venice.
	www.schabowy.com /OutstandingPoles/Copernicus.htm (2938 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		COPERNICUS, Nicolaus (1473–1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus was born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials.
		Copernicus entered the University of Kraków in 1491, studied the liberal arts for four years without receiving a degree, and then, like many Poles of his social class, went to Italy to study medicine and law.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/copernicus.html (947 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473)
		After the death of his uncle, in 1512,; Copernicus went to Frauenburg for the election of the new bishop,; and remained there until 1516, when he was nominated administrator of the diocesan castle of Allenstein.
		Three years later Copernicus was urged by Cardinal Schonberg, then Archbishop of Capua,; in a letter, dated at Rome,; 1 November, 1536,; to publish his discovery,; or at least to have a copy made at the cardinal's expense.
		Rheticus, Clavius, and others called Copernicus the second Ptolemy,; and his book the second "Almagest." His genius appears in the fact that he grasped the truth centuries before it could be proved.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=121 (1733 words)

	Skyscript: The Copernican Revolution by David Plant
		It predates Copernicus by nearly two millennia and can be traced back several centuries before Ptolemy's pronouncement that the Earth stood fixed and motionless at the centre of the universe.
		Copernicus was not particularly interested in observing the sky but he was devoted to Pythagorean mathematics.
		Since Copernicus assumed that the orbits of the planets are circular his scheme still needed epicycles to make it work, but the simulation was precise.
	www.skyscript.co.uk /copernicus.html (2448 words)

	Nicolaus Copernicus
		Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.
		Copernicus claimed that Werner erred in his calculation of time and his belief that before Ptolemy the movement of the fixed stars was uniform, but Copernius's letter did not refer to his cosmological ideas.
		Copernicus arrived at the heliocentric theory by a careful analysis of planetary models — and as far as is known, he was the only person of his age to do so — and if he chose to adopt it, he did so on the basis of an equally careful analysis.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/copernicus (5050 words)

	The Scientists: Nicolas Copernicus.
		Copernicus is said to be the founder of modern astronomy.
		Returning from his studies in Italy, Copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg where he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.
		Copernicus' theories might well lead men to think that they are simply part of nature and not superior to it and that ran counter to the theories of the politically powerful churchmen of the time.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Science/Copernicus.htm (841 words)

	Copernicus Biography
		Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish priest, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun.
		Copernicus entered Jagiellonian University in 1491, studied the liberal arts for four years without receiving a degree, and then, like many Poles of his social class, went to Italy to study medicine and law.
		He taught Copernicus the very basics of astronomy, such as the use of the telescope, to observe the skies (for example, he knew that on the 9th of March, 1497 an eclipse was bound to occur and surprised young Nico by showing him how the star Aldebaran disappeared behind a shadow cast by the moon).
	attachment.edu.ar /copbio.html (1741 words)

	COPERNICUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who is commonly acknowledged as the founder of modern astronomy.
		Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn, Poland, an important European trading center.
		Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance man. He also was a lawyer, tax collector, a doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and a Polish astronomer.
	www.yesnet.yk.ca /schools/projects/renaissance/copernicus.html (219 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Copernicus accompanied or respresented his uncle on a number of diplomatic missions.
		Copernicus also submitted a work on the debasement of Prussian coinage to the Prussian Landestag in 1528.
		Copernicus was invited by the Lateran council to assist in calendar reform in 1514.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/coprnics.html (498 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Nicolaus Copernicus [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Toruń in Royal Prussia, Poland.
		Monument to Copernicus by Collegium Novum of Jagiellonian University in Krakow
		Copernicus seems to have been benefited from the attitude of the bishops who were his superiors in the church - Johann Dantiscus and Tiedmann Giese.
	encyclozine.com /Copernicus (3734 words)

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