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Topic: Copolymerization

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	Process for producing graft-modified .alpha.-olefin copolymer - Patent 5037890
		Copolymerization of ethylene/propylene/divinylbenzene was conducted in the same conditions and methods as is Example A9 except that 4.49 mmole of triethylaluminium and 2.26 mmole of titanium tetrachloride (molar ratio of Al/Ti=2) were used as a catalyst, and 10 ml of divinylbenzene and 1,500 ml of hydrogen were used with a copolymerization time of 5 hours.
		Copolymerization was conducted in the same manner and condition as in the step (a) of Example A1 except that 200 mg of titanium trichloride and 600 ml of hydrogen were used to obtain 198 g of a propylene/divinylbenzene copolymer (catalyst activity: 990 g copolymer/g solid catalyst).
		Copolymerization of ethylene/propylene/divinylbenzene was conducted in the same manner and condition as in Example A9 except that 4.49 mmole of triethylaluminium and 2.26 mmole of titanium tetrachloride (molar ratio Al/Ti=2) were used as a catalyst, 5.0 ml of divinylbenzene and 1,000 ml of hydrogen were used and copolymerization time was set as 5 hours.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5037890.html (9671 words)

	Copolymerization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In chemistry, copolymerization is the process of using more than one monomer in the production of a polymer, resulting in a product with properties different to the homopolymer of either monomer.
		The resulting product may be a random copolymer, an alternating copolymer, or a block copolymer.
		The Mayo-Lewis equation (also called the copolymerization equation) gives the molar ratios of the two monomers in the resulting copolymer as:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copolymerization (199 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		We have found that the enzymatic copolymerization of lignin with p-cresol in reversed micelles was extremely fast and occurred through the formation of a dark precipitate within a minute of reaction.
		A mechanism of copolymerization of lignin with cresol (Popp et al, 1991) is seen in Figure 3, where p-cresol and units of lignin are oxidised by HRP/H
		The peroxidase-catalyzed copolymerization of straw-pulp-lignin with cresol in reversed micellar systems is attractive because it is possible to use the surfactant, as design variable in manipulating the mean molecular weight of the copolymer.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ej99011 (2311 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Wang, James
		The anion-radical reactions refer to the phase transfer catalyzed (PTC) copolymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (BDMP) with a comonomer phenol and the PTC depolymerization of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s (PPO) in the presence of a phenol.
		The PTC copolymerization of BDMP with 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propane yielded α,ω-bis(2,6-dimethylphenol)-PPO (PPO-2OH).
		Chain termination was observed in the PTC copolymerization of BDMP with a 4-substituted-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?case1059492813 (319 words)

	Ink jet recording sheet and process for producing same - Patent 4944988
		When styrene is used, however, preferably the principal copolymerization component (fatty acid vinyl ester) is polymerized and the resultant polymer is then used as a seed and copolymerized with styrene comonomer and the cationic copolymerization component (cationic monomer).
		In the preparation of the cationic copolymer emulsion, the vinyl acetate principal copolymerization component was used in an amount of 995 parts, and the cationic copolymerization component consisted of 5 parts of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-methyl chloride salt.
		A mixture of copolymerization components was prepared in a dropping funnel from 800 parts of vinyl acetate, 195 parts of vinyl versatate and 5 parts of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate by mixing and stirring.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4944988.html (4601 words)

	Synthesis and copolymerization of asymmetric polymers - Patent 4524188
		Copolymerizations proceeded readily and the system exhibited nearly ideal behavior i.e., the amount of macromer in the charge and graft copolymers was identical within what is considered to be experimental error.
		The copolymerization with MMA is merely illustrative of the types of syntheses which may be carried out using the asymmetric polymers.
		The PIB-MA macromer was homopolymerized and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in benzene with 2 mole % AIBN initiator at 60 degrees C. The concentrations of PIB-MA and MMA are shown in Table IV.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4524188.html (2740 words)

	Polylactic Acid-Derived Materials
		Epoxide was copolymerized with polylactide and lactide and the properties evaluated.
		Copolymerization of PLA, DGEBA and 6F-Bis-A was attempted using various solvents, catalysts, and temperatures.
		Although we expected to have an increase of the Tg of PLA upon the increment of the aromatic portion of the polymer, Tg of ~ 50 C was detected for the copolymer.
	www.clemson.edu /caah/synergy/ISSUE-1PADM.htm (952 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In another embodiment, the invention is a copolymerization reagent comprising a mixture of (B) a symmetrical optionally activated aromatic carbonic acid diester and (C) an optionally substituted aromatic dihydroxy compound, diol or diacid.
		The copolymerization reagent of the invention comprises a mixture of a (B) symmetrical optionally activated aromatic carbonic acid diester and an (C) optionally substituted aromatic dihydroxy compound, diol, or diacid.
		The copolymerization reagent may be fed directly as a melt stream by means of a pipe into one of the polymerizers or into a feeding or inlet port of the extruder 174.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/82952.031009&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9447 words)

	Olefin polymerization and copolymerization catalyst - Patent 5182245
		A typical catalyst system for the polymerization or copolymerization of alpha olefins is formed by combining the supported titanium-containing catalyst or catalyst component of this invention and an alkyl aluminum compound, together with modifiers including an electron donor and, preferably, a silane.
		Such conditions include polymerization or copolymerization temperature and time, pressure(s) of the monomer(s), avoidance of contamination of catalyst, choice of polymerization or copolymerization medium in slurry processes, the use of additives to control polymer or copolymer molecular weights, and other conditions well known to persons of skill in the art.
		It often is desirable to purify the polymerization or copolymerization medium prior to use, such as by distillation, percolation through molecular sieves, contacting with a compound such as an alkylaluminum compound capable of removing trace impurities, or by other suitable means.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5182245.html (6465 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene induced by ionizing radiation was investigated in bulk.
		Variables studied were: the dependence of the copolymerization rate on dose rate, polymerization temperature, and monomer ratio in the monomer mixture; and the composition curves of copolymerization at various temperature.
		The copolymerization rate was proportional to the square root of dose rate in the molar equivalent mixture of monomers at room temperature.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4711526 (251 words)

	Expert in: Polymer Synthesis and Structure
		Expert has investigated the polymerization and copolymerization of acrylic and methacrylic monomers by free radical, group transfer, and pseudo-living polymerization methods.
		He and his students have conducted extensive studies on the reactivities of acrylic monomers in copolymerization reactions and on the structures of polymers derived from acrylates.
		Their research topics have included cyclopolymerization, copolymerization, highly alternating polymerization, chain transfer, diene polymerization, catalytic chain transfer, and polymerization stereochemistry.
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=603816&perID=107911 (537 words)

	Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyesters from Lactones, Dicarboxylic Acid Divinyl Esters, and Glycols through Combination of ...
		After the copolymerization, the polymeric materials were purified by reprecipitation (chloroform as good solvent, methanol as poor solvent).
		In the copolymerization without lipase (control experiment), the monomers were recovered unchanged (entry 5), indicating that the present copolymerization proceeded through the enzyme catalysis.
		In the present copolymerization of a combination of three monomers, the equimolar amount of divinyl ester and glycol monomers is assumed to react each other, and hence, the resulting copolymer can be regarded as of binary system (lactone and divinyl ester/glycol).
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?bomaf6/1/3/html/bm000030u.html (2548 words)

	Copolymerization: Toward a Systematic Approach
		Copolymerization is a very widely used industrial process — in fact, it is the dominant process in macromolecular chemistry.
		Copolymerization: Toward a Systematic Approach addresses this field, treating the definition of various kinetic models, their estimation through different calculation methods, the discrimination among kinetic models by means of composition data, and the influence of the reaction environment upon the values of reactivity ratios.
		Particular attention is given to elements of the composition equation: real values of reactivity ratios (for binary and ternary copolymerization) and actual comonomer concentrations (for solution, emulsion, and suspension copolymerization).
	www.polysurfacesbookstore.com /pages/3461.html (242 words)

	Crown ether and N-acyl pyrrolidone activated copolymerization of 2-pyrrolidone and caprolactam - Patent 4169936
		A process for copolymerizing 2-pyrrolidone with caprolactam to form a copolymer capable of being made into shaped articles which comprises contacting 2-pyrrolidone with about from 1 to 30 mol percent of epsilon-caprolactam, based on total 2-pyrrolidone, under substantially anhydrous conditions at temperatures in the range of about from 50.degree.
		In another aspect, this invention relates to processes for copolymerizing 2-pyrrolidone with caprolactam wherein said copolymerization is conducted in the presence of a crown ether and an N-acyl pyrrolidone.
		The copolymerization process of the present invention can be effected by contacting 2-pyrrolidone with caprolactam in the presence of an anion catalyst and a crown polyether, which complexes with said anion catalyst, and an N-acyl pyrrolidone.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4169936.html (4197 words)

	graft
		Conventional techniques for graft copolymerization use excessive amounts of toxic liquid solvents to dissolve the polymer, which in turn requires an expensive solvent recovery schemes in the process.
		This invention accomplishes the free radical polymerization of free radically polymerizable monomers or the free radical graft copolymerization of polyolefins and other high molecular weight polymers including elastomers, thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, high performance polymers or combinations thereof with free radically polymerizable monomers and/or free radically grafted monomers.
		The polymers derived from the unique process of this invention are useful in paints, adhesives, compatibilizers, composites, bulk polymers, bulk plastics, bulk elastomers, fabrics, fibers, fillers for sterilizable packaging, metal coatings, solidified radioactive wastes, microbial resistant copolymers, improved dyable fibers, paper reinforcing agents, and printable polymer films.
	www.temarex.com /graft.htm (1002 words)

	Emulsion Published Papers
		J.M. "Dispersion Copolymerization of Styrene and Butyl Acrylate in Polar Solvents".
		J.M. ASUA "Kinetics of the Dispersion Copolymerization of Styrene and Butyl Acrylate" MACROMOLECULES, 31, 5215 (1998).
		SAYER, E.L. ASUA, "Kinetics of the Seeded Semicontinuous Emulsion Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Butyl Acrylate", J. Polym.
	www.sc.ehu.es /scrwwwqp2/Papers/Emulsionpapers.htm (3578 words)

	Emulsifier and Initiator Effects on the Emulsion Copolymerization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The emulsion copolymerization of styrene with butyl acrylate in the presence of anionic and nonionic emulsifier, initiated by potassium peroxodisulfate with or without activator was kinetically investigated.
		Examination of the in uence of anionic Mersol H and nonionic Slovasol 2430 emulsifier on the course of copolymerization showed that the nonionic emulsifier in uences the rate of copolymerization in higher degree.
		Reaction order of the copolymerization rate in terms of Mersol H and Slovasol 2430 concentration was 0.83 and 1.17, respectively.
	www.chem.sav.sk /chempap/articles/532/d140.html (196 words)

	Copolymerization of ethylene and an alpha-olefin having six carbon atoms comprising hexene-1 or 4-methyl-pentene-1 in a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Copolymerization of ethylene and an alpha-olefin having six carbon atoms comprising hexene-1 or 4-methyl-pentene-1 in a fluidized bed
		Copolymerization of ethylene and an alpha-olefin having 6 carbon atoms in a fluidized bed
		Montedison S.p.A. Catalysts for polymerizing olefins to spheroidal-form polymers
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US04987212__ (403 words)

	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
		The properties of the polymer depend heavily on such things as its molecular weight distribution, chemical composition, and sequence distribution -and these are governed by the rates of the various reactions that occur during the polymerization process.
		Modeling copolymerization is very complicated as, not only are there different classes of reaction to consider (such as initiation, propagation, termination, and chain-transfer), but the radicals undergoing these reactions can also have countless different chemical compositions (being composed of various combinations of the different monomer units).
		Nonetheless, by designing model copolymerization systems, such as pairs of sterically similar but electronically different para-substituted styrene systems, I was able to provide direct evidence against the restricted model.
	www.iupac.org /news/prize/2001/coote.html (1048 words)

	Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization and Copolymerization with Acrylic Monomers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The versatility of the emulsion copolymerization reaction and the ability to control the properties of the final latices have led to rapid expansion both in the quantity of polyvinylacetate and vinyl acetate-acrylic copolymer latices and in their applications.
		Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Polymerization and Copolymerization with Acrylic Monomers provides a collection and logical organization of the published data - much of it formerly found fragmented throughout various journals and little of it referenced in general emulsion polymerization books.
		To date, no one source has offered chemists and polymer, surface, or colloid specialists the "big picture" of polyvinylacetate-based latices.Integrating established knowledge with the latest research developments, this book provides the background for understanding the mechanism and kinetics of emulsion polymerization initiated in the aqueous phase and some of the practical problems of latex production.
	www.ramex.com /title.asp?id=6645 (478 words)

	Cornell Chemistry Faculty Research -
		High-Activity Catalysts for the Copolymerization of CO and Epoxides
		Due to the low cost and accessibility of the monomers and the attractive properties of polycarbonates, the development of new, efficient initiators for this polymerization process is a significant scientific goal.
		B.; Coates, G. “Single-Site beta-Diiminate Zinc Catalysts for the Alternating Copolymerization of CO and Epoxides: Catalyst Synthesis and Unprecedented Polymerization Activity” J.
	www.chem.cornell.edu /faculty/index.asp?fac=21 (1725 words)

	US Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21 - Regulation Number: 177.1520 Olefin polymers
		(d) Olefin basic terpolymers manufactured by the catalytic copolymerization of ethylene, hexene-1, and either propylene or butene- 1, shall contain not less than 85 weight percent polymer units derived from ethylene.
		61615-63-2) manufactured by the catalytic copolymerization of ethylene and propylene with 1,4- hexadiene, followed by reaction with fumaric acid in the absence of free radical initiators.
		Such polymers shall contain not more than 4.5 percent of polymer units deriving from 1,4-hexadiene by weight of total polymer prior to reaction with fumaric acid and not more than 2.2 percent of grafted fumaric acid by weight of the finished polymer.
	www.grokfood.com /regulations/177.1520.htm (6520 words)

	Polymerization of pNcollagen I and copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I. A kinetic, thermodynamic, and ...
		Polymerization of pNcollagen I and copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I. A kinetic, thermodynamic, and morphologic study -- Romanic et al.
		Polymerization of pNcollagen I and copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I. A kinetic, thermodynamic, and morphologic study
		copolymerization of pNcollagen I with collagen I markedly altered the
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/267/31/22265 (360 words)

	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
		A copolymerization (see Definition 3.4) in which a random copolymer (see Definition 2.10) is formed.
		A copolymerization (see Definition 3.4) in which a periodic copolymer (see Definition 2.12) is formed.
		A copolymerization (see Definition 3.4) which is a ring-opening polymerization (see Definition 3.13) with respect to at least one monomer (see Definition 2.1).
	www.iupac.org /reports/1996/6812jenkins/reaction.html (955 words)

	abstract
		The hydrogels were prepared by free-radical crosslinking copolymerization of AAm and AMPS at 400C in the presence of N,N’-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BAAm) as the crosslinker.
		It was shown that both the pendant vinyl groups and Py molecules are affected by the reaction medium in a similar way; their mobility decreases as the DVB concentration increases or the temperature decreases.
		The thermodynamic part of the model describes the phase equilibria between the gel and separated phases during the S - DVB copolymerization and predicts the volume of the separated phase, which is the pore volume of the crosslinked material, as a function of the monomer conversion.
	www.kimya.itu.edu.tr /ookay/abstract.html (9546 words)

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