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	COPPER - LoveToKnow Article on COPPER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ores.The principal ores of copper are the oxides cuprite and melaconite, the carbonates malachite and chessylite, the basic chloride atacamite, the silicate chrysocolla, the suiphides chalcocite, chalcopyrite, erubescite and tetrahedrite.
		Copper sulphide may be converted either into the sulphate, which is soluble in water; the oxide, soluble in sulphuric or hydrochloric acid; cupric chloride, soluble in water; or cuprous chloride, which is soluble in solutions of metallic chlorides.
		Copper arsenate is similar to cupric phosphate, and the resemblance is to be observed in the naturally occurring copper arsenates, which are generally isomorphous with the corresponding phosphates.
	39.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COPPER.htm (11237 words)

	Copper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess.
		Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase, the Cu-Zn containing enzyme superoxide dismutase, and is the central metal in the oxygen carrying pigment hemocyanin.
		Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaire's Disease is supressed by copper tubing in air-conditioning systems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copper (1518 words)

	copper, chemical element. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Other important ores are chalcocite, or copper glance, a shiny lead-gray copper sulfide; bornite, a lustrous reddish-brown sulfide of copper and iron; cuprite, a red cuprous oxide ore; and malachite, a bright green carbonate ore. Azurite is a blue crystalline basic carbonate of copper found with other copper ores.
		Copper oxide ores are usually treated by a different process, called leaching, in which the copper in the ore is dissolved in a leaching solution (usually dilute sulfuric acid); pure copper is recovered by electrolysis.
		Copper tubing is used in plumbing, and, because of its high heat conductivity, in heat-exchanging devices such as refrigerator and air-conditioner coils.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/copper.html (890 words)

	Ceramics Today - Articles
		Absorption is increased in copper deficiency and is impaired in small-bowel disease.
		Copper is found in the earth’s crust at approximately 70 ppm and in sea water at 0.001 to 0.002 ppm.
		Copper sulfate is also used in the whitewashing and leather industry.Toxicity is primarily due to accidental and suicidal attempts, and results in intravascular hemolysis, methemogloninemia, renal failure and often death.
	www.ceramicstoday.com /articles/copper_english.htm (2385 words)

	Arizona Mining Association :: Educators :: Copper the Red Metal: A Gift from the Earth, A Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Copper is not usually found in its pure or native form in the crust of the earth.
		Malachite, a copper carbonate, is an important ore of copper and is a good indicator of copper deposits.
		chrysocolla — (pronounced kris-uh-kola) is a copper silicate.
	www.azcu.org /curedmetal/factsheet.html (979 words)

	Copper (UK PID)
		Copper deficiency may be seen also as "Swayback" in lambs and calves born to sheep and cows grazing on copper deficient pastures.
		The authors concluded that the copper primarily burned the oesophageal mucosa and was cooled by the gastric juice at the lesser curvature of the stomach.
		The authors suggested the staining was attributed to copper adherence from the brass fume and its subsequent conversion to copper carbonate.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/copper/ukpid57.htm (10125 words)

	COPPER DEFICIENCY IN DAIRY GOATS
		Copper deficiency was diagnosed in two 4-month-old Limousin calves with fading hair color, ill thrift and lameness due to multiple chronic and acute limb fractures secondary to osteroporosis from copper deficiency.
		Copper is necessary for the absorption and utilization of Iron, it helps oxidize vitamin C and it works in conjunction with Vitamin C to form elastin, a chief component of muscle.
		Copper oxide needles are brittle rods (1 to 8 mm long, and 0.5+/- 0.1mm in diameter) made by oxidizing fine copper wire.
	www.saanendoah.com /copper1.html (5406 words)

	Conservation of Cupreous Metals
		The term 'cupreous' is used to designate all metals that consist of copper or alloys that are predominantly copper, such as bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) and brass (an alloy of copper, zinc, and often lead).
		Copper objects in sea water are also converted to cuprous and cupric sulfide (Cu S and CuS) by the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria (Gettens 1964:555-556; North and MacLeod 1987:82).
		The stable copper sulfide layer does not adversely affect the object after recovery from the sea as do copper chlorides; copper sulfides only discolor the copper, imparting an unnatural appearance to the metal, and are easily removed with commercial cleaning solvents, formic acid, or citric acid.
	nautarch.tamu.edu /class/anth605/File12.htm (3258 words)

	Decomposition of copper carbonate - proving one of two equations.
		Instead a "control" experiment could be set up, in which no copper carbonate is used, but an empty boiling tube is heated for the same length of time, and the volume of the gas collected due to expansion of the air measured.
		It is important that all the 1.6g of copper carbonate has decomposed for the volumes of gas to accurately reflect which equation is taking place.
		The mass of copper carbonate was chosen to be the maximum convenient mass which would give out less than 40cm3 of gas, enabling it to be collected in a gas burette with room for expansion.
	www.coursework.info /i/28018.html (603 words)

	Early Civilizations and Copper
		Besides areas in Western Asia, the use of copper was discovered in England where copper is found in Cornwall and Devon, western France, Italy, Spain, and central Europe in Saxony and Bohemia.
		Malachite, a copper carbonate, was prized because it was the easiest copper mineral to reduce to copper metal.
		A copper axe from about 3000 B.C. was found on the floor of the ruins of a house.
	www.unr.edu /sb204/geology/civilztn.html (639 words)

	05015-01
		This patina is a copper carbonate or copper sulfate formed on the surface of the metal when hydrogen sulfide combines with oxygen or sulfur dioxide.
		Copper is attacked by alkalis, ammonia, and various sulfate compounds that can combine with water to form sulfuric acid.
		Copper is also attacked by rainwater that has become acidic through contact with moss, lichen, algae, and occasionally wood shingles.
	w3.gsa.gov /web/p/hptp.nsf/035c614b995c0406852565d1006211b3/f0c205eec8a1107a852565c50054b3f8?OpenDocument (703 words)

	Ceramics Monthly - Simply Red
		Strontium carbonate has recently been suggested as a nontoxic substitute for barium carbonate, so it was used in two of the five variations tested (see Recipes chart).
		In the variations where barium carbonate and zinc oxide were eliminated, whiting (calcium carbonate) was increased to replace the lost fluxes.
		Copper red glazes are prone to crazing because they generally have low levels of alumina and silica, so the higher levels of alumina and silica in Glaze 5 make it less susceptible to crazing.
	www.ceramicsmonthly.org /mustreads/simplyred.asp (1297 words)

	Camp Piankatank Glazes
		It decomposes readily in the kiln yielding copper oxide.
		Both forms of copper oxide are insoluble in water, and either will produce a wide variety of colors, depending upon glaze composition and firing temperature.
		Manganese carbonate is a pale, publish tan powder used as a glaze and engobe colorant.
	www.vaea.org /glaze.html (788 words)

	Joseph-Louis Proust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One hundred pounds of copper, dissolved in sulfuric or nitric acids and precipitated by the carbonates of soda or potash, invariably gives 180 pounds of green copper carbonate.
		The color of this carbonate is as constant as its proportions when it is not at all mixed with hydrate: it is a brilliant apple green, the shade of tone of fine malachite.
		To convert the carbonate to the fl oxide state in the wet way it is necessary to boil it a minute in caustic potash, which reduces it to 125 parts for 180 parts of carbonate.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~giunta/proust.html (557 words)

	AZURITE (Hydrated Copper Carbonate)
		The color is due to the presence of copper (a strong coloring agent), and the way the copper chemically combines with the carbonate groups (CO) and hydroxyls (OH).
		It is still considered a minor ore of copper; mostly because it is found associated with other more valuable copper ores.
		Associated Minerals are numerous and include malachite limonite, calcite, cerussite, quartz, chalcopyrite, native copper, cuprite, chrysocolla, aurichalcite, shattuckite, liroconite, connellite and other oxidized copper minerals.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/carbonat/azurite/azurite.htm (646 words)

	MALACHITE (Copper Carbonate Hydroxide)
		Uses: As mineral specimens, an important ore of copper, as an ornamental stone, a pigment and for jewelry.
		Malachite is found with many rare copper silicates, halides, phosphates, sulfates and carbonates such as duftite, libethenite, aurichalcite, sphaerocobaltite, kolwezite, shattuckite, atacamite, chalcophyllite, antlerite, conichalcite, rosasite, chalcosiderite, clinoclase, brochantite, graemite, liroconite, mixite and cornetite, to name a few.
		Pseudomalachite is a copper phosphate that has a massive crystal habit and color that are very similar to malachite's habit and color, although the two minerals have different structures.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/carbonat/malachit/malachit.htm (715 words)

	Relationship Between the Masses of Copper Carbonate and Copper Oxide
		The graph of the results shows that the mass of copper oxide does correspond to that of the copper carbonate.
		The correlation between the mass of copper carbonate and the mass of copper oxide is very high (0.99).
		However, it also shows that when copper carbonate is heated some of its mass is lost in the carbon dioxide.
	www.coursework.info /i/69937.html (285 words)

	Search Results for malachite - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Because of its distinctive bright green colour and its presence in the weathered zone of nearly all copper...
		Basic copper carbonates are formed when an alkaline carbonate is added to the solution of a copper salt.
		Widespread carbonate mineral of copper, a hydrous copper carbonate,...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=malachite&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (368 words)

	[No title]
		Note 2 On a found content of 550 g/kg copper, the maximum permitted amount of copper soluble in water would be 20 x 550 = 11000 mg/kg (11 g/kg) in the material.
		Note 2 On a copper content of 570 g/kg, the maximum permitted copper soluble amount would be 10 x 570 = 5700 mg/kg (5.7 g/kg) in the material.
		Note 2 On a copper content of 250 g/kg, the maximum permitted amount of arsenic should be 0.1 x 250 = 25 mg/kg in the material.
	www.fao.org /WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPP/Pesticid/Specs/docs/cppr.doc (5281 words)

	[No title]
		This led me to believe that the point where the copper in the glaze is almost all reduced off is where you achieve the best reds.
		Fire the pot in a sagger that has copper carbonate brushed on the inside of it.
		This allows the copper in its gaseous state to flash from pot to pot and not just disappear up the stack.
	www.studiopotter.org /articles/art0003.htm (818 words)

	Raku Glaze Formulas
		I placed a piece in direct sunlight for one year to ensure the stability of the copper flashing.
		This formula will copper flash, however, after a few years the copper flashing colors will dissappear, leaving the blue colors.
		The result is a burgundy red in reduction, opaque and smooth where thick and with copper flashing.
	www.jqjacobs.net /art/glazes3.html (260 words)

	[Jewelry making - Article 00050] - Re: [Orchid] Using copper carbonate for fusing
		No. Upon heating copper carbonate, carbon dioxide gas is driven off, leaving copper oxide As I understand the process of granulation, the organic glue, such as hide glue, will supply the carbon required to reduce the copper oxide to copper, and flux will help the area stay clean during the heating.
		I tried it for fusing > silver to silver, Copper carbonate is insoluble in anything except acids and very strong alkalies.
		When mixed with flux and organic glue it should provide the necessary copper upon heating strongly to lower the melting point at the interface of the granule and base, and thus 'fuse'.
	www.ganoksin.com /orchid/archive/200304/msg00050.htm (399 words)

	MFA - CAMEO - Print Page
		A green mineral composed of basic copper carbonate.
		Malachite occurs naturally with the blue copper carbonate mineral called azurite with malachite being the more abundant of the two.
		Basic copper carbonate can also be made artificially by coloring chalk with copper sulfate.
	www.mfa.org /_cameo/frontend/material_print.asp?name=malachite&type=all (737 words)

	Copper carbonate, basic - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Copper carbonate, basic - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Copper carbonate, basic - Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity and regulatory information
		Sorry, no water quality standards or criteria have been established for this chemical by the U.S. or Canadian governments; however, there may be criteria established for related chemicals.
	www.pesticideinfo.org /Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33523 (797 words)

	clayart - thread 'copper powder/dust vs copper carbonate' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		copper powder or copper dust in place of copper carbonate in their
		Some one gave me 150 lbs of copper powder.
		Any source of copper seems to work in raku.
	www.potters.org /subject02272.htm (424 words)

	Bioavailability of Copper Proteinate and Copper Carbonate Relative to Copper Sulfate in Cattle -- Ward et al. 79 (1): ...
		Bioavailability of Copper Proteinate and Copper Carbonate Relative to Copper Sulfate in Cattle -- Ward et al.
		Articles by Ward, J. Articles by Kegley, E. Bioavailability of Copper Proteinate and Copper Carbonate Relative to Copper Sulfate in Cattle
		Effect of dietary copper source (cupric citrate and cupric sulfate) and concentration on growth performance and fecal copper excretion in weanling pigs
	jds.fass.org /cgi/content/abstract/79/1/127 (302 words)

	Re: Using Copper carbonate, How do you form copper sulphate crystals?
		The other product would then have to be the salt of the metal whose carbonate you used, and the acid you used.
		You can use this in your problem -- all you have to do is to work out which acid to use with your copper carbonate.
		To get good crystals, you may need to exploit the difference in solubility of copper sulfate in hot and cold water, or to reduce the volume of liquid in the solution by boiling some of it away, or both.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2000-06/961424829.Ch.r.html (182 words)

	Copper ammonium carbonate - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Copper ammonium carbonate - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Copper ammonium carbonate - Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity and regulatory information
		Chemical Identification and Use for Copper ammonium carbonate
	www.pesticideinfo.org /Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33555 (785 words)

	clayart - thread 'strontium carbonate and copper carbonate' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One of my glazes uses Strontium Carbonate and Copper Carbonate.
		the copper carb business and now this lighter colored stuff is all you can
		eightys it was dense copper that all the raku folks loved now they don't
	www.potters.org /subject08540.htm (584 words)

	Copper Carbonate Basic Hummel Croton Inc.
		Additional Information: Symptoms of systemic copper poisoning may include: capillary damage, headache, cold sweat, weak pulse, kidney and liver damage, central nervous system excitation followed by depression, jaundice, convulsions, paralysis and coma.
		Educate and train employees in the safe use and handling of hazardous chemicals.
		Chronic Toxic Effects: Symptoms of systemic copper poisoning may include: capillary damage, headache, cold sweat, weak pulse, kidney and liver damage, central nervous system excitation followed by depression, jaundice, convulsions, paralysis and coma.
	www.hummelcroton.com /msds/cucarb_m.html (689 words)

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