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Topic: Copper ore

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	CopperInfo.com - Natural Presence of Copper
		In these ores, the copper can occur in sulfide deposits (in the minerals chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and covellite), in carbonate rocks (in the minerals azurite and malachite), in silicate deposits (in the minerals chrysycolla and dioptase), and as pure "native" copper metal.
		The mean concentrations of copper in rocks range from a low of 2 parts per million (ppm) in sandstones, to 4 ppm in limestones, to 15 ppm in granites, to 70 ppm in fl shales, and to 90 ppm in basalts.
		Copper can be released from these rocks during the natural course of weathering, where it can find its way to soils, lakes, rivers, and oceans.
	www.copperinfo.com /environment/natural.html (212 words)

	Copper, Lead and Zinc Smelting and Refining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The tailings, or gangue minerals, from the ore fall to the bottom of the cells and are removed, dewatered by thickeners and transported as a slurry to a tailings pond for disposal.
		The major hazards are exposure to ore dusts during ore processing and smelting, metal fumes (including copper, lead and arsenic) during smelting, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide during most smelting operations, noise from crushing and grinding operations and from furnaces, heat stress from the furnaces and sulphuric acid and electrical hazards during electrolytic processes.
		The major hazards are exposure to ore dusts during ore processing and smelting, metal fumes (including zinc and lead) during refining and roasting, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide during most smelting operations, noise from crushing and grinding operations and from furnaces, heat stress from the furnaces and sulphuric acid and electrical hazards during electrolytic processes.
	www.ilo.org /encyclopedia/?print&nd=857200675 (2806 words)

	Copper - LoveToKnow 1911
		The principal ores of copper are the oxides cuprite and melaconite, the carbonates malachite and chessylite, the basic chloride atacamite, the silicate chrysocolla, the sulphides chalcocite, chalcopyrite, erubescite and tetrahedrite.
		Ores in which the copper is present as oxide or carbonate are soluble in sulphuric or hydrochloric acids, ferrous chloride, ferric sulphate, ammoniacal compounds and sodium thiosulphate.
		Copper arsenate is similar to cupric phosphate, and the resemblance is to be observed in the naturally occurring copper arsenates, which are generally isomorphous with the corresponding phosphates.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Copper (11280 words)

	Copper extraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copper orebodies are formed when geothermal solutions bring copper dissolved from deep underground to cool near surface environments where the copper and associated metals precipitate as minerals in veins and disseminations within the rock.
		The copper ore is crushed and ground before it is concentrated to between 20 and 40% copper in a flotation process.
		Copper concentrate may be treated by either hydrometallurgical methods or sintered before pyrometallurgical methods are used to produce copper metal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copper_extraction (1676 words)

	Arizona Mining Association :: Mine to Market (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Copper mining begins with a team of scientists, including exploration geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, metallurgists and engineers discovering a copper ore deposit — a concentration of copper minerals that can be mined profitably.
		From the mine, copper ore, containing copper-sulfide minerals, is crushed and ground to a size suitable for recovery of the copper mineral.
		The 99% pure copper anodes are immersed in an acid bath where the pure copper is transferred from the anodes at the positive pole of an electric circuit to cathodes at the negative pole.
	www.azcu.org /minetomarket (518 words)

	Method of operating copper ore smelting reverberatory furnace - Patent 4001013
		Heretofore, a reverberatory furnace for copper ore smelting has been operated in such a way that fuel oil is burnt through one or more burners provided at an end wall of the furnace, and the starting material ore to be smelted is charged from the top of the furnace along the side walls.
		Copper ores 6 charged into the furnace from the hoppers 3 becomes gradually molten from the surface portion thereof depending on the temperature of the furnace, although, due to non-uniform temperature distribution within the furnace, ores do not melt uniformly but piles of unmelted ores remain in waved or non-uniform shape in the furnace.
		Copper ore was smelted by burning200 l/hr of fuel oil "Grade C" with 500 - 520 Nm.sup.3 /hr of oxygen, whereupon the amount of copper ore treated was increased by 4,000 tons/month.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4001013.html (2646 words)

	copper mining and processing - from mine to copper plate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Conveyors and trucks deposit coarse ore on a heap leach pad, which has a series of pipes and hoses dispensing a diluted sulfuric acid solution to the ore. Copper is dissolved and flows to a pond at the bottom of the pad.
		The froth flotation cells recover the copper from sulfide ores by chemically attaching the copper to a chemical bubble and overflowing the froth (bubbles with copper).
		The copper plate is then dissolved in sulfuric acid and sent to the electrowinning cells for plating onto cathodes, along with the concentrated copper from the SX circuits.
	mine-engineer.com /mining/copperm.htm (556 words)

	copper mining and processing - from mine to copper plate
		Conveyors and trucks deposit coarse ore on a heap leach pad, which has a series of pipes and hoses dispensing a diluted sulfuric acid solution to the ore. Copper is dissolved and flows to a pond at the bottom of the pad.
		The froth flotation cells recover the copper from sulfide ores by chemically attaching the copper to a chemical bubble and overflowing the froth (bubbles with copper).
		The copper plate is then dissolved in sulfuric acid and sent to the electrowinning cells for plating onto cathodes, along with the concentrated copper from the SX circuits.
	www.mine-engineer.com /mining/copperm.htm (556 words)

	Copper
		Copper has been used by human beings for at least 7,000 years, and it is considered to be the first metal used by man in any quantity.
		With its copper reserves, Armenia was amongst the countries supplying copper to early civilizations as early as 60 centuries ago.
		The history of copper teaches us that the Sumerian city-states, being the first great metal-using civilization, drew their first supplies of copper from that treasury of metal deposits, the mountainous country around Lake Van in Armenia.
	www.copper.am /copper/index.html (636 words)

	copper
		Mine: Copper ore, in concentrations ranging from 0.29 percent to ten times that amount, is mined from open pit or underground mines.
		Electrolytic Refinery: In an electrolyte of sulphuric acid, Copper sulphate and plating reagents, Copper is transferred from an anode at the positive pole of an electric circuit to the cathode at the negative pole.
		Copper oxide ore is piled onto thick high-density polyethylene liner (nearly 250 acres in the case of San Manuel).
	www.copper.org.sg /publications/cca/0106/pg14_copperclip.html (316 words)

	Mining Technology - Copper Mine - Zaldivar - Chile
		The Zaldívar porphyry copper deposit is in northern Chile, approximately 1,400km north of Santiago and 175km east of the port of Antofagasta at an altitude of 3,300m.
		Copper is recovered from the oxides by sulphuric acid in the circulating leach solutions, and from sulphides by bio-leaching using bacteria naturally present in the ore. The pregnant solution containing the dissolved copper flows by gravity to the solvent-extraction plant.
		The ore is fed to the primary crusher by a Krupp variable-speed apron feeder.
	www.mining-technology.com /projects/zaldivar/index.html (703 words)

	Copper Ore - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Two important kinds of copper ore are contained in this sample: chalcopyrite (top) and bornite (bottom).
		Copper ore is found throughout the world, but the low percentage of metal obtained from the ore and the often hard-to-access location of deposits make many potential mines uneconomic.
		Copper is the second most-used metal in the world and is valued for its conductivity, malleability, resistance to corrosion, and beauty.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461518744/Copper_Ore.html (66 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Extracting metals from sulfide ores
		Silver, gold and platinum group metals present in copper ores follow the copper in both the flotation circuit and the smelter, and are recovered in the final, electrorefining stage.
		The copper was then stripped from the substrate and inserted into the electrolysis cell and copper deposited from a solution usually containing a concentration of 25 to 60 grams/liter (g/l) copper as copper sulfate and 50 to 180 g/l sulfuric acid, held at 50 to 60
		As with copper, zinc is deposited on the negative electrode and oxygen is evolved, derived from water, at the positive electrode.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-m02-metals.htm (5699 words)

	Mining Technology - Morenci Copper Mine, AZ
		Copper mineralization, identified by a regiment of California Volunteers in 1865, turned out to be part of a major porphyry copper orebody extending across a dissected mountain terrain.
		Both sulphide and oxide ores occur, with pyrite and chalcocite being the main sulphide minerals, and chrysocolla and malachite the predominant oxides.
		At the end of 2004, the reserves figures were 203Mt of millable ore averaging 0.46% Cu, 531.5Mt of crushed ore for leaching at 0.55% Cu, and 2,208.8Mt of leachable run-of-mine ore at 0.19% Cu.
	www.mining-technology.com /projects/morenci (756 words)

	Arizona Mining Association :: Publications :: Copper: The Star of Arizona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Copper and its alloys are used in electrical distribution and generation, electronic components, computers, refrigerators, plumbing, even simple door knobs, keys and coins.
		The copper concentrate is then smelted for the purpose of separating the elements — copper, iron and sulfur.
		The copper exchange is reversed in another tank that strips the copper from the organic solution and has a copper concentration approaching eight percent.
	www.azcu.org /custarofaz/index.html (3511 words)

	copper
		Sources of exposure are from fume, from copper ore smelting and related metallurgic operations, from welding, and from dusts of copper metal and copper salts in copper metal workers and copper polishers.
		The concentration of copper in the continental crust, generally estimated at 50 ppm, tends to be highest in the ferromagnesium minerals, such as the basalts pyropene and biotite, where it averages 140 ppm.
		In the sedimentary cycle copper is concentrated in the clay mineral fractions with a slight enrichment in those clays rich in organic carbon.In the vicinity of copper mines or smelting works, where the water and pasture have been shown to be contaminated with copper.
	www.speclab.com /elements/copper.htm (2330 words)

	Ore minerals
		This concentration is usually accomplished by dissolution of the element by hot water (hydrothermal ore deposits - gold, silver, lead), preferential crystallization from magmas (chromite deposits or pegmatites), surface weathering and leaching (aluminum, nickel, copper), or gravity separation of minerals during erosion (gold, diamonds, titanium).
		Antimony - The primary ore of antimony is it's sulfide, stibnite.
		The iron sulfides (pyrite and pyrrhotite) were not used as iron sources due to the difficulty of removing sulfur from the metals and the brittleness this sulfur caused in the metal.
	www.minsocam.org /MSA/collectors_corner/article/oremin.htm (1366 words)

	How copper is made - Background, Raw materials, The manufacturing process of copper, Quality control, Byproducts/waste
		Copper is also used as a pigment and preservative for paper, paint, textiles, and wood.
		Pure copper is rarely found in nature, but is usually combined with other chemicals in the form of copper ores.
		A sheet of copper is placed on the opposite end of the tank to act as the cathode, or negative terminal.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-4/Copper.html (2368 words)

	DocCopper's Hydrometallurgical Processing of Copper Page
		The leaching of copper from ores has been practiced for many centuries, but the large-scale recovery of high purity copper by hydrometallurgical processing has only recently be achieved.
		Electrolysis or electrowinning of 99.15 to 99.85 percent copper from vat leaching of high grade copper ore was proven feasible in the United States in 1914.
		Electrowinning consists of the plating of copper onto the cathode and the evolution of oxygen at the anode.
	doccopper.tripod.com /copper/hydro.html (740 words)

	COPPER
		Copper is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is found in most of the flexible cables used in the world.
		Copper is mainly found in the form of a fl ore, copper oxide, or a brassy-coloured ore, copper sulphide.
		Impure copper from the furnace is used as one of the electrodes of an electrolysis cell.
	www.atlanticeurope.com /Elements/Copper.html (1308 words)

	The Modern Copper Industry
		Most modern copper mining is done in open pits with explosives, giant shovels, and huge trucks to haul the ore to a mill or smelter.
		Since every ore is at least a little different from every other ore, the exact process varies with the type of ore. Sometimes the copper ore mineral is different; for example, chalcocite (copper sulfide) is very different from malachite (copper carbonate with water).
		Nowadays, after leaching has removed the copper from the ore and dissolved it into a sulfuric acid-water solution, the solution is placed in containers holding pieces of iron.
	www.unr.edu /sb204/geology/modern.html (1357 words)

	Timna: Valley of the Ancient Copper Mines
		The metallic copper produced by this process remained at the bottom of the furnace as an irregular ingot — probably the earliest copper ingot in history.
		One of the larger (400 sq.m.) camps was excavated; in its central courtyard, a stone-lined storage pit contained copper ore nodules to be crushed on a nearby stone platform.
		The evidence of a sophisticated Midianite culture, as found in Timna, is of extraordinary importance in the light of the Biblical narrative of the meeting of Moses and Jethro, high priest of Midian, and the latter's participation in the organization and cult of the Children of Israel in the desert.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/timna.html (1363 words)

	Copper mining. From ore to copper.
		Ores near the surface can be quarried after removal of the surface layers.
		The froth is skimmed off the surface and the enriched ore (mainly the copper mineral) is taken away for roasting.
		Copper minerals are grouped as either sulphide or oxide.
	resources.schoolscience.co.uk /CDA/14-16/cumining/copch2pg2.html (409 words)

	Copper Sulfides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Copper ore particles, due to their relatively light weight, become a part of this froth, while heavier particles, such as iron ore, do not.
		Rich copper ore is separated from crude copper sulfide ore by means of a flotation process that takes advantage of the physical (as opposed to chemical) properties of small copper ore particles.
		The copper ore slurry from the grinding mills is mixed with milk of lime (ground-up limestone) to give a basic pH, pine oil to make bubbles, an alcohol to strengthen the bubbles, and a collector chemical called potassium amyl xanthate.
	www.mineralprospector.com /html/copper_sulfides.html (461 words)

	Spectrum Copper - More About Copper
		Most copper is not found in its native state, that is, as a pure reddish brown metal.
		Ore is a mineral or aggregate of minerals from which a substance, usually a metal, can be extracted at a profit.
		Copper ingots were cast into the shape of bars, rings, and other shapes suitable to be transported to Sumerian cities.
	www.spectrumcopper.com /aboutcopper.php (634 words)

	Rio Tinto: Iron ore and copper output rises - Boston.com
		Quarterly refined copper production jumped 35 percent from a year ago, when output was affected by a planned shutdown, while mined copper output increased 9 percent.
		Copper and iron ore contributed about three quarters of Rio Tinto's underlying earnings in calendar 2005 as demand for both commodities was fueled by China's strong economy.
		Mined copper output ROSE to 207,400 tonnes, boosted by output at Kennecott and commissioning of the Escondida Norte pit.
	www.boston.com /news/world/australia/articles/2006/07/19/rio_tinto_iron_ore_and_copper_output_rises (611 words)

	Butte ores
		The Butte, Montana copper ores illustrate typical replacement textures: 1) irregularly shaped replacement remnants ("sea islands") of pyrite being replaced by chalcocite, 2) caries texture in which chalcocite embayments into pyrite are concave with respect to the host pyrite, and 3) vein texture in which chalcocite replacement veins traverse pyrite.
		Ore microscopic view of polished section where a sequence of replacement reactions define the sulfide paragenetic sequence.
		This texture has usually be referred by ore microscopists as emulsion texture, and it has been interpreted to have formed by solid state exsolution of a solid solution during declining temperatures.
	web.umr.edu /~rhagni/butteores.html (710 words)

	Copper mining. From ore to copper.
		Ores near the surface can be quarried after removal of the surface layers.
		The froth is skimmed off the surface and the enriched ore (mainly the copper mineral) is taken away for roasting.
		Copper minerals are grouped as either sulphide or oxide.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/chemistry/cumining/copch2pg2.html (409 words)

	Copper Ore - WoWWiki, the Warcraft wiki
		Copper veins may be found in many starting areas where the typical creature level is between about 5 and 18.
		Copper Ore is smelted into Copper Bars at a forge, requiring a mining skill of 1 or more.
		Copper Ore can be prospected (consuming 5 ore) with a Jewelcrafting skill of 20 or more, resulting in:
	www.wowwiki.com /Copper_Ore (147 words)

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