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	copper, chemical element. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Other important ores are chalcocite, or copper glance, a shiny lead-gray copper sulfide; bornite, a lustrous reddish-brown sulfide of copper and iron; cuprite, a red cuprous oxide ore; and malachite, a bright green carbonate ore. Azurite is a blue crystalline basic carbonate of copper found with other copper ores.
		Copper oxide ores are usually treated by a different process, called leaching, in which the copper in the ore is dissolved in a leaching solution (usually dilute sulfuric acid); pure copper is recovered by electrolysis.
		Copper tubing is used in plumbing, and, because of its high heat conductivity, in heat-exchanging devices such as refrigerator and air-conditioner coils.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/copper.html (890 words)

	Copper extraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copper orebodies are formed when geothermal solutions bring copper dissolved from deep underground to cool near surface environments where the copper and associated metals precipitate as minerals in veins and disseminations within the rock.
		High grade secondary sulfides may be concentrated using froth flotation, and subsequently smelted to recover the copper, or else they can be leached using a bacterial oxidation process to oxidize the sulfides to sulfuric acid, which also allows for simultaneous leaching with sulfuric acid.
		Copper concentrate may be treated by either hydrometallurgical methods or sintered before pyrometallurgical methods are used to produce copper metal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copper_concentrate (1549 words)

	Copper Sulfide Crystals
		Copper sulfate (not sulfide) is the water-soluble copper compound that is ordinarily used for crystal growth demonstrations.
		Copper sulfate was used to kill algae and microrganisms in swimming pools and water reservoirs and must be manipulated very carefully due to its toxicity.
		Copper sulfides are opaque fl substances, academically interesting for mineralogy, or because they can be part of one layer of Copper-cadmium-sulfide solar cell thin films, which are made by electroplating.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem03/chem03203.htm (687 words)

	Copper sulfide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copper sulfides occur in a number of different forms and are minerals often used as copper ore.
		The result is that Cu is essentially monovalent in all of the copper sulfides.
		Most of the copper sulfides are metallic, as the pair formation is incomplete, so that the remaining holes in the valence band lead to conductivity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copper_sulfide (236 words)

	Copper
		Copper Canyon, Texas Copper Canyon is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,216.
		Copper Center, Alaska Copper Center is a town located in 2000 census, the population of the town is 362.
		Copper City, Michigan Copper City is a village located in 2000 census, the village had a total population of 205.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/copper.html (429 words)

	Arizona Mining Association :: Mine to Market (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Copper mining begins with a team of scientists, including exploration geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, metallurgists and engineers discovering a copper ore deposit — a concentration of copper minerals that can be mined profitably.
		Copper concentrate is fed to a series of furnaces where non-copper elements are burned off or separated.
		The 99% pure copper anodes are immersed in an acid bath where the pure copper is transferred from the anodes at the positive pole of an electric circuit to cathodes at the negative pole.
	www.azcu.org /minetomarket (518 words)

	Copper extraction -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In general froth flotation is not used to concentrate copper oxide ores, as the cost of leaching is cheap when compared to the cost of (A harsh and strident sound (as of the grinding of gears)) grinding and (Financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares) flotation.
		Copper concentrate may be treated by either hydrometallurgical methods or (Click link for more info and facts about sintered) sintered before (Click link for more info and facts about pyrometallurgical) pyrometallurgical methods are used to produce copper metal.
		In the roaster, the copper concentrate is partially oxidised to produce calcine and (A colorless toxic gas (SO2) that occurs in the gases from volcanoes; used in many manufacturing processes and present in industrial emissions; causes acid rain) sulfur dioxide gas.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/C/Co/Copper_extraction.htm (1582 words)

	Method for the continuous manufacture of thin film solar cells - Patent 4318938
		Preferably the zinc sulfide is deposited by passing the flexible substrate 10 into a continuous vacuum evaporation coating unit 30 wherein the foil is passed adjacent a first deposition chamber 31 comprising a heated source of zinc sulfide.
		Preferably a copper sulfide absorber is formed by depositing on the calcium sulfide a conformal layer of a copper compound by vacuum evaporation or chemical deposition and forming copper sulfide by heating the structure in an inert or reducing atmosphere.
		Copper sulfide is then grown on the CdS by passing the processed foil into an oven 34 to heat it in an inert or reducing atmosphere to effect ion exchange between the CdS and the cuprous chloride.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4318938.html (3703 words)

	JAIC 1999, Volume 38, Number 2, Article 6 (pp. 186 to 199)
		The iron sulfides are important archaeologically for another reason: when iron objects that have been subjected to sulfiding corrosion are retrieved from the sea, reactions can occur that are detrimental to the object and especially to any wood left in association with it (MacLeod and Kenna 1990).
		Figure 4 is a stability diagram for copper and its minerals drawn for 10−6 M total dissolved copper and 10−2 M total sulfide.
		Bronze disease and sulfiding microbiologically influenced corrosion are not observed in the same region, perhaps because the local redox environment required to produce bronze disease is too oxidizing for sulfiding.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic38-02-006_2.html (3224 words)

	New Jersey Scuba Diver - Artifacts & Shipwrecks - Copper, Bornze, & Brass
		Copper, brass, and bronze are all relatively immune to saltwater corrosion.
		Bright green copper sheets and tubes add color to many wrecks, while bronze is the material of choice for the most coveted of all diver's artifacts - a ship's bell.
		An important use of copper is in alloys such as brass, bronze, gunmetal, Monel metal, pot metal, and German silver.
	www.njscuba.net /artifacts/matl_cupreous.html (1271 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Extracting metals from sulfide ores
		The interaction of the organic collector with the sulfide mineral surface occurs by a corrosion-type mechanism in which an anodic oxidation reaction attaches the organic collector to the mineral surface and the electrons transferred to the mineral by this reaction are returned to the solution phase by the reduction of oxygen.
		The copper was then stripped from the substrate and inserted into the electrolysis cell and copper deposited from a solution usually containing a concentration of 25 to 60 grams/liter (g/l) copper as copper sulfate and 50 to 180 g/l sulfuric acid, held at 50 to 60
		The positive electrodes for the electrorefining cell are cast from the blister produced by smelting copper sulfide flotation concentrates, and weigh 300 to 380 kg; the negative electrodes are the same as in copper electrowinning discussed in the previous section.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-m02-metals.htm (5694 words)

	Conservation of Cupreous Metals
		Copper objects in sea water are also converted to cuprous and cupric sulfide (Cu S and CuS) by the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria (Gettens 1964:555-556; North and MacLeod 1987:82).
		Upon removal from a marine encrustation, copper and cupreous artifacts are inevitably covered with varying thicknesses of a fl powdery layer of copper sulfide that imparts an unpleasing appearance.
		The stable copper sulfide layer does not adversely affect the object after recovery from the sea as do copper chlorides; copper sulfides only discolor the copper, imparting an unnatural appearance to the metal, and are easily removed with commercial cleaning solvents, formic acid, or citric acid.
	nautarch.tamu.edu /class/anth605/File12.htm (3258 words)

	Potential for New Nickel-Copper Sulfide Deposits in the Lake Superior Region
		Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey are evaluating the potential for undiscovered sulfide deposits containing varying amounts of nickel, copper, platinum-group metals, and cobalt in the Lake Superior region as part of an ongoing effort to assess the mineral potential of the United States.
		Current emphasis is on evaluating the potential for sulfide deposits containing varying amounts of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), platinum-group metals (PGM's), and cobalt (Co) because of the importance of these metals to the Nation and the recent availability of much new information on these kinds of mineral deposits.
		Copper, used mostly in building construction and electrical materials, is produced at about 40 mines in the United States and substantial reserves exist.
	pubs.usgs.gov /info/mwni_cu (2381 words)

	[No title]
		Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable gas, and it produces the distinctive odor of rotten eggs.
		Hydrogen sulfide can also be produced when wine is left on the gross lees for long times. Winemakers avoid this problem by promptly racking new wines off the gross lees, or by periodically stirring the wine when long lees contact times are desired.
		Hydrogen sulfide should be removed promptly because it becomes more difficult to remove the longer it stays in the wine. Home winemakers often use the following procedure to remove hydrogen sulfide from wine. (1) About 50 milligrams per liter of sulfur dioxide is added to the wine (1/4 tsp.
	www.sdaws.org /Articles/Article4.htm (335 words)

	[No title]
		Copper is benefiting from strength in the U.S. economy, which is now in its seventh year of growth since the 1990-1991 recession.
		Copper demand has grown at a 3.8% over the last eight years, driven by strong growth in its transportation; building construction; and electrical and electronic markets; as well as strength in exports.
		Copper is used as a component in saw blades and also as nails for roofing.
	www.eng.morgan.edu /~kpile/IEGR309/Copper.doc (3484 words)

	Arizona Mining Association :: Publications :: Copper The Might Metal: Arizona's Gift to the World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The copper, attracted by the strong sulfuric acid, is forced to change locations, leaves the organic, and becomes part of a solution of sulfuric acid and copper known as rich electrolyte.
		Often, copper is used alone, but it is commonly alloyed with zinc to produce brass, with tin, aluminum, silicon, or beryllium to make bronze, and with gold, nickel and silver to increase their strength, durability, and beauty.
		Copper is a commodity, and its price is determined by supply and demand not by the companies that produce it.
	www.azcu.org /cumightymetal (6425 words)

	USGS Minerals Information: Copper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Copper is usually found in nature in association with sulfur.
		Pure copper metal is generally produced from a multistage process, beginning with the mining and concentrating of low-grade ores containing copper sulfide minerals, and followed by smelting and electrolytic refining to produce a pure copper cathode.
		Copper is one of the oldest metals ever used and has been one of the important materials in the development of civilization.
	minerals.usgs.gov /minerals/pubs/commodity/copper (256 words)

	Copper From the Bronze Age to the Fall of Rome
		The alloy brass, in which copper is mixed with zinc, was discovered sometime before 600 B.C. The state of Lydia, south of Troy in western Turkey, invented the idea of coins as a medium of exchange.
		Copper and iron on the surface of the Earth at that deposit colored a nearby river red.
		In order to smelt "sulfide" minerals, that is minerals made of copper, iron, lead and zinc chemically bound to sulfur, they have to be heated and "oxidized" first.
	www.unr.edu /sb204/geology/rome.html (1350 words)

	Copper Smelter
		The molten copper(I) sulfide, called copper matte, is run into a converter furnace, where air containing oxygen is blown through the copper matte to oxidize the sulfide ions to sulfur dioxide.
		This is done by electrolysis where the impure copper is made into the anode electrode and the pure copper is formed at the cathode electrode.
		Oxidation occurs at the anode, therefore copper metal is converted to copper (II) ions with the release of two electrons.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/335coppersmelter.html (641 words)

	CHALCOCITE (Copper Sulfide)
		The reasons for this is its high copper content (67% atomic ratio and nearly 80% by weight) and the ease at which copper can be separated from sulfur.
		It is not however the primary ore of copper due to its scarcity.
		The oxygenated copper fluids descend to the water table where a reaction with primary ores results in the copper being reduced back to a sulfide, most commonly chalcocite.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/sulfides/chalcoci/chalcoci.htm (567 words)

	Alan Guisewite's Mineral Collection Images: Copper Minerals Page
		Chalcocite is copper (I) sulfide and another important copper ore. This one's from the famous Flambeau Mine near Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wisconsin.
		Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide (as is bornite) and the most important copper ore. This massive miniature's from the Groundhog Mine in Grant County, New Mexico.
		Connellite's a complex copper hydroxylchlorosulfate that forms tiny acicular crystals, as on this miniature with tenorite and chrysocolla on a coarsely crystalline cuprite matrix from Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /~adg/adg-pcuimages.html (5806 words)

	Mixture of Copper Sulfate with an Acid? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Sulfides will not dissolve in water, while sulfates usually will...in particular, copper sulfide will not dissolve, but copper sulfate will dissolve.
		H2S -joe Answer 3: I believe that copper sulfide is one of the few metal sulfides that will not form hydrogen sulfide upon the addition of a weak acid.
		Copper sulfide is NOT detectable by our method because the acid cannot convert the sulfide to H2S.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem99/chem99261.htm (296 words)

	copper -> Commercial Preparation on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		History of the Okiep copper district: Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province South Africa.
		The occurrence of porcelaneous datolite in Michigan's Lake Superior Copper District: part 2: Southern Keweenaw, Houghton, and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan.
		The copper belt in the north provided most of the export earnings and the expertise of the whites was still n (PAR59887)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/copper_CommercialPreparation.asp (621 words)

	Reaction Stoichiometry
		From the number of moles of the metal initially present, and the number of moles of sulfur taken up, the ratio of the number of moles of each in the elements in the compounds may be formed.
		Copper(I) sulfide is a fl, crystalline solid which is made by heating copper and sulfur in the absense of air.
		Record the mass of the copper, crucible and lid to the nearest 0.01 g.
	capital2.capital.edu /faculty/wbecktel/cusyn.htm (613 words)

	MBAA Convention 2003 - Poster Presentation Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Panelists may detect this off-flavor in beer at or below concentrations of 3 µg/L. Among the technological efforts to reduce hydrogen sulfide, the most effective approach is the dosing of minute amounts of copper ions into beer with the newly developed copper electrolysis system to precipitate it as copper sulfide.
		Exact control of copper treatment is crucial, since this ion has been implicated with beer staling.
		In a typical application, the copper electrolysis system reduced hydrogen sulfide in beer from 3 µg/L to a nondetectable level while the copper content only increased from 32 to 69 µg/L. Hydrogen sulfide in beer was determined by headspace gas chromatography.
	www.mbaa.com /meeting/2003/abstracts/P-11.html (325 words)

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