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Topic: Coptic language

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Coptic Christianity

Liturgical language

Egyptian language

Coptic Church

Coptic alphabet

Coptic

Demotic

Coptic Catholic Church

Dead language

Coptic alphabet

Hieratic

Comorian language

Arabic language

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	Coptic Language Encyclopedia Article @ AlienArtifacts.com (Alien Artifacts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Coptic continued to be used in the Church with Greek as the second language, as seen from the texts that survived from the period.
		The only Coptic literary texts composed in the later part of the period were the martyrdom of Saint John of Phanidijoit, written as such to shield from the eyes of the Muslims, and compositions, urging the Copts to revive their language.
		Coptic continued its growth in the Church and among the Ecclesiastically-educated groups that were produced in the early parts of the 20th century.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Coptic_language (2878 words)

	Ancient Near East .Net - Coptic Language
		Although extinct as a spoken language, Coptic is nonetheless retained as a liturgical tongue within the Coptic Orthodox Church and preserves a rich heritage of written documents from the ancient and medieval periods.
		The retained knowledge of Coptic was essential to the linguistic analysis of the ancient Egyptian language in its earlier phases and for the nineteenth century decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphic script.
		Sahidic was firmly established as the standard literary dialect of Coptic by the 4th century CE (being employed within the first official translation of the Bible) and maintained its preeminence until its replacement by the Bohairic dialect in the 10th to 11th centuries CE.
	www.ancientneareast.net /coptic/coptic.html (683 words)

	Coptic Christianity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous Christianity of Egypt that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in the middle of the 1st century (approximately 42).
		The Coptic Church regarded that the ousting of Pope Dioscorus of Alexandria in the council of Chalcedon was in part due to the rivalry between the Bishops of Alexandria and Rome.
		The Coptic Church believes that Christ is perfect in His divinity, and He is perfect in His humanity, but His divinity and His humanity were united in one nature called "the nature of the incarnate word", which was reiterated by Saint Cyril of Alexandria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coptic_Christianity (3422 words)

	Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt
		The Coptic Church is based on the teachings of Saint Mark who brought Christianity to Egypt during the reign of the Roman emperor Nero in the first century, a dozen of years after the Lord's ascension.
		Throughout that period, the Coptic language remained the language of the land, and it was not until the second half of the 11th century that the first bi-lingual Coptic-Arabic liturgical manuscripts started to appear.
		There are three main Liturgies in the Coptic Church: The Liturgy according to Saint Basil, Bishop of Caesarea; The Liturgy according to Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, Bishop of Constantinople; and The Liturgy according to Saint Cyril I, the 24th Pope of the Coptic Church.
	www.coptic.net /EncyclopediaCoptica (3365 words)

	[No title]
		N E T The Coptic Alphabet ------------------- The language that was spoken in Egypt at all times and until nearly the end of the ninth century A.D. (250 years after the Arab's conquest of Egypt) was the Egyptian language with many dialects thereof.
		By the end of the 12th century, the dominant language of the Northern part of the country was the Arabic and the South followed at the end of the 16th century.
		To suit their language, they incorporated some demotic letters that varied from 11 to 5 and finally settled for 7 (+1) demotic letters, forming a 32 alphabet for the Coptic language.
	www.coptic.net /articles/CopticAlphabet.txt (732 words)

	Ancient Egyptian Language
		The national language of modern day Egypt is Egyptian Arabic, which gradually replaced Egyptian and its descendant, the Coptic language, as the language of daily life in the centuries after Egypt was conquered by Arab Muslims.
		Coptic Egyptian appeared in the fourth century AD and survived as a living language until the sixteenth century AD, when European scholars traveled to Egypt to learn it from native speakers during the Renaissance.
		Coptic is written using the Coptic alphabet, a modified form of the Greek alphabet with a number of symbols borrowed from Demotic for sounds that did not occur in Ancient Greek.
	www.crystalinks.com /egyptlanguage.html (1528 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Coptic During the Early Arabic Period (7th to 10th Century AD) By the middle of the seventh century, Egypt came under the dominance of Arab rulers that eventually tried to force the Copts to learn Arabic to keep their government jobs.
		Coptic versus Arabic (from 11th to 14th Century AD.) As the 11th century approached, the excellent relations between the rulers of Egypt and the Church were drastically changed as the Hakem-bi-Amr-Allah became the ruler.
		Coptic in the 20th Century Coptic continued its growth in the Church and among the Ecclesiastically- educated groups that were produced in the early parts of the 20th century.
	www.metalog.org /files/coptic_language.txt (3714 words)

	Talk:Coptic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two languages are distinct if speakers of each cannot understand one another, and that's definitely the case with Coptic and the older stages of Egyptian.
		But while the Latin base of French came to France with Roman soldiers and was affected by other already existing languages and the languages of later invaders, Coptic evolved from Egyptian in Egypt under different evolutionary factors, not withholding Greek influence.
		To merge the edit histories, delete Coptic language, move Coptic Language over it, and undelete - but you'll need to wait for the compression bug to be sorted out first.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Coptic_language (2453 words)

	Coptic - Crystalinks
		The Coptic Language is the name used to refer to the last stage of the written Egyptian language.
		Coptic was also the spoken language of the peasants and probably the clergy.
		The only Coptic literary texts composed in the later part of the period were the martyrdom of St. John of Phanidijoit, written as such to shield from the eyes of the Moslems, and compositions, urging the Copts to revive their language.
	www.crystalinks.com /coptic.html (3536 words)

	The Coptic Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Coptic language is the last descendant of the ancient Egyptian language, Demotic.
		The Coptic alphabet is based on the Greek letter form, but has additional letters for sounds used in the Demotic (ancient Egyptian) not found in the Greek, so Coptic appears to be an off-shoot of the two (Demotic and Greek).
		Coptic Christianity is synonymous with Alexandria, but several religious debates have created standing rifts among the faithful, and there are two Popes in Alexandria today as a result; Pope Shenouda III is the Coptic Orthodox Pope •Pope Boutros VII is the Greek Orthodox Pope".
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Language/language_copticlang51203.html (174 words)

	Coptic
		During that time, the Coptic Church (the official name of the church is The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt) has had a significant impact on the development of Christianity.
		There is very little conflict between basic Coptic teachings and those of other early Christian churches and, indeed, the Coptic Church was quite vigilant in campaigning against Gnosticism.
		The Coptic Church refuses to canonize official positions on certain issues, including abortion, believing "that such matters are better resolved on a case-by-case basis by the father of confession, as opposed to having a blanket canon that makes a sin of such practices."
	www.worldspirituality.org /coptic-christianity.html (714 words)

	St. Mark Foundation - What is Coptic History About? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Coptic history has had, and continues to have, significant influences on customs and traditions, the arts, culture, and administration in Egypt and will continue to do so for many years to come.
		It is also the language the Coptic Church employs in its rituals and its liturgy.
		The early years of Coptic history are buried in the Greek and Roman era, and later Coptic history was obscured when the history of Egypt focused mainly on Arab Egypt making no reference to Coptic history.
	www.coptic-history.org /about_history.htm (290 words)

	Suhaila.com Article - Listening to the Language of the Pharoahs
		And so, the Coptic language, which today is only heard in the religious service of the Coptic church, evolved from the ancient Demotic Egyptian once spoken during the time of the Pharaohs.
		Although the Coptic language was no longer spoken in public and the Copts had to speak Arabic, for a time they continued to use their own writing.
		And so it is today that the Coptic language, the true descendant of the language of ancient Egypt, is still to be heard in the chanting of the Coptic church.
	www.suhaila.com /Pages/Articles/PharohsLanguage.htm (644 words)

	Welcome to the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Oxford University
		Coptic, the fifth and final recorded stage of the Ancient Egyptian language, was the language of Christian Egypt.
		Because Coptic is a stage of Egyptian, knowledge of earlier stages of the language is very useful, but again it is not essential and many people study Coptic to a high level without a background in Egyptology.
		Coptic is normally studied by undergraduates as a subsidiary language to main subject Egyptology and can also be taken with main subject Classics.
	www.orinst.ox.ac.uk /nme/coptic_info.shtml (932 words)

	Coptic alphabet
		The Coptic alphabet is variant of the Greek alphabet containing a number of extra letters for sounds not found in Greek.
		The Coptic alphabet came into being during the 3rd century BC after the Greek conquest of Egypt and the subsequent spread of Christianity.
		Coptic was an official language in Egypt until around the 13th Century AD, when it was replaced by Arabic.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/coptic.htm (305 words)

	Coptic Desk Top Publishing, Coptic Fonts, Coptic General Office, Coptic Reference, Coptic Software - Mac, Coptic ...
		Coptic represents the final stage of the ancient Egyptian language, whose familiar hieroglyphic writing dates as far back as 3000 B.C. The word "Copt" is derived from the Greek, and later the Arabic, word for "Egyptian." Coptic is a Hamitic language, constituting one of the branches of the Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) family.
		The transition from Egyptian to Coptic in Egypt may be said to have coincided with the introduction of Christianity.
		The Coptic alphabet consists of thirty-two letters, twenty-five borrowed from the Greek, and seven from Demotic, a later simplified form of the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Coptic.htm (357 words)

	Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
		Today, the term "Coptic" is used to describe the Egyptian Christians, as well as the last stage of the ancient Egyptian language script.
		The Coptic Church was misunderstood in the 5th century at the Council of Chalcedony.
		A small number of Copts still use Coptic besides Arabic and an increasing number of Copts in the diaspora are reviving the use of the language of their fathers.
	www.andrewfanous.com /CopticCorner/CopticChurch.htm (3595 words)

	Coptic: Learn How to Read (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It descends from Hieroglyphics; it is the language of the children of the Pharaohs.
		Although certainly not extinct, the Coptic language is considered a "dead language." That means it's not spoken fluently by a large group of people or country.
		You might be asking yourself, 'If Coptic is a dead language and isn't spoken fluently, then how do we know how it was pronounced?' Even though most Copts don't speak Coptic, the language was preserved by a few families (yes, just a few families!) who spoke it in their homes.
	www.mycopticchurch.com /coptic/coptic.asp (1038 words)

	Kemet.org Courses
		Sahidic Coptic I is the first course in Coptic provided by Her Holiness.
		No previous knowledge of Egyptian language is required for this course, though students are encouraged to review English terms of grammar, especially if they have never taken another language course, and knowledge of Egyptian and/or ancient Greek will provide students with some useful hints in study.
		Coptic II Coptic II represents the second course of Coptic provided by Her Holiness.
	www.kemet.org /courses (730 words)

	[No title]
		The language is also associated with Christianity in Egypt, a language belonging to a people who (as I understand it) are a minority in their own country, and thus would probably meet with a great deal of opposition by the Islamic majority.
		Coptic, the authorized liturgical language of the Coptic orthodox Church of Egypt, derives from the last developmental stage of ancient Egyptian civilization.
		Bohairic Coptic was chosen cause it is the dialect used in Alexandria the official Papal residence or Patriarchate (as rome, Vatican in Italy), at a time where few people could understand Coptic in general, cause actually it didn't differ which dialect to use, that's why the decided to use bohairic one.
	www.coptichymns.net /PNphpBB2-printview-t-906-start-0.html (19325 words)

	Coptic Language - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Coptic Language, (from Greek Aigyptos, “Egypt” by way of Arabic qubt), the final phase of the Egyptian language, with borrowings from Greek and...
		Language, communication among human beings that is characterized by the use of arbitrary spoken or written symbols with agreed-upon meanings.
		Alphabet (from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet), set of written symbols, each representing a given sound or sounds,...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Coptic_Language.html (186 words)

	Coptic Language
		The site will host lessons on the Coptic language, transcriptions of old and rare books on Coptic and various articles of special interest.
		As more resources are gathered, it is hoped that site will function as a valuable resource for the study of the Coptic language.
		I felt that it should be made freely available to anyone wishing to understand the liturgy or gain a basic grasp of the language, regardless of location.
	www.geocities.com /ambroseboles/coptic_language/coptic_language.htm (302 words)

	CTAN: directory: /tex-archive/language/coptic/cbcoptic
		Coptic fonts and LaTeX macros for general usage and for philology.
		If you latex testcop.tex you should verify that the run is executed without errors; your dvi previewer should let you preview the output, keeping in mind that on its first run it will spend a few seconds for generating the pk files according to your system configuration.
		When the Coptic language is invoked only its alphabet and its hyphenation rules are used, but it is not the same as specifying a coptic option to the babel package; this means that commands such as \selectlanguage{coptic} DO NOT WORK.
	www.ctan.org /tex-archive/language/coptic/cbcoptic/?D=A (2017 words)

	Is Coptic still a spoken language? - EgyptSearch Forums
		Coptic is a continuation of the Egyptian language, kept alive in the liturgy of the Coptic church and covering an unbroken span of at least 40 centuries, the longest such record known for a language.
		On the contrary, Egyptian language was intensely crept, conducted and converged into the weak languages of all those invaders.
		The Greek language, for example, is a direct derivation of the Egyptian language in many aspects either in written graphemes or in oral utterance.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/000336.html (2583 words)

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