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Topic: Copyright Act of 1976

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	Copyright Primer - Copyright Law/History
		U.S. copyright law is grounded in the Patent and Copyright clause of the United States Constitution.
		In 1998, copyright protection was extended from 50 to 70 years after the death of the author.
		The TEACH Act revised the section of copyright law that deals with the performance and display of others' works in distance education settings and prescribes new rules for faculty members at institutions with students in remote classrooms, online courses, or other distance educations settings.
	www.copyright.mnscu.edu /law_history.htm (274 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Authors, publishers, copyright owners, and librarians are integral parts of the system of scholarly communication and publishers, authors, and copyright owners are the natural partners of education and research.
		The United States copyright law is founded on a Constitutional provision intended to "promote the progress of Science and Useful Arts." The fundamental purpose of copyright is to serve the public interest by encouraging the advancement of knowledge through a system of exclusive but limited rights for authors and copyright owners.
		The Copyright Act of 1976 is one of several laws that support a fundamental principle of democratic government -- that the open exchange of public information is essential to the functioning of a free and open society.
	www.arl.org /scomm/copyright/principles.html (1556 words)

	Copyright Act of 1976 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Copyright Act of 1976 is a landmark statute in United States copyright legislation and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States.
		The Act spells out the basic rights of copyright holders, codified the doctrine of "fair use", and converted the term of copyrights from a fixed period requiring renewal to an extended period based on the date of the creator's death.
		While the 1976 Act retains the property right/copyright distinction (in section 202), section 204 eliminates the inconsistent common law by assuming that the copyright is withheld by the author unless it is expressly transferred.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976 (1743 words)

	Small business - Copyrighting FAQ - Copyright protection : How to Copyright - USPTO Stopfakes.gov
		Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of authorship," including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works.
		Copyright is secured automatically when the work is created, and a work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for the first time.
		The Copyright Act of 1976 extended the renewal term from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting on January 1, 1978, or for pre-1978 copyrights restored under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), making these works eligible for a total term of protection of 75 years.
	www.uspto.gov /smallbusiness/copyrights/faq.html (1305 words)

	Overview of Copyright Law - Copyright.com
		In the United States, copyright is a form of protection provided by the government to the authors of “original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works.” This protection is available to both published and unpublished works, regardless of the nationality or domicile of the author.
		Copyright is secured automatically when the work is created, and a work is “created” when it is fixed in a tangible form, such as the first time it is written or recorded.
		However, fair use is not an exception to copyright compliance so much as it is a “legal defense.” That is, if you use a copyright protected work and the copyright owner claims copyright infringement, you may be able to assert a defense of fair use, which you would then have to prove.
	www.copyright.com /ccc/do/viewPage?pageCode=cr10-n (2065 words)

	[No title]
		The law is a complete revision of the current Section 110(2) of the U.S. Copyright Act, and one of its fundamental objectives is to strike a balance between protecting copyrighted works, while permitting educators to use those materials in distance education.
		The TEACH Act is a clear signal that Congress recognizes the importance of distance education, the significance of digital media, and the need to resolve copyright clashes.
		The primary benefit of the TEACH Act for educators is its repeal of the earlier version of Section 110(2), which was drafted principally in the context of closed-circuit television.
	www.copyright.iupui.edu /teach_summary.htm (3810 words)

	FCIC: Copyright Basics
		Copyright in each separate contribution to a periodical or other collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a whole and vests initially with the author of the contribution.
		The copyright notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords in such a way as to “give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright.” The three elements of the notice should ordinarily appear together on the copies or phonorecords or on the phonorecord label or container.
		Copyright is a personal property right, and it is subject to the various state laws and regulations that govern the ownership, inheritance, or transfer of personal property as well as terms of contracts or conduct of business.
	www.pueblo.gsa.gov /cic_text/smbuss/cpyright/circ1.html (6987 words)

	Indivisibility and Divisibility of Copyright: Copyright Act of 1909 and 1976
		The Copyright Act of 1976 embodied the first explicit statutory recognition of the principle of divisibility in a copyright.
		Section 201(d)(1) of the Act states that ³the ownership of a copyright may be transferred in whole or in part by any means of conveyance or by operation of law² and Section 201(d)(2) states that ³any of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright, including any subdivision of any rights...
		If the copyright notice, upon the first publication of the work, was in a name of a licensee, the magazine publisher, rather than in the name of the copyright proprietor, then the copyright notice was improper and the work was injected into the public domain.
	www.publaw.com /1976.html (1686 words)

	Information Policies: US -- 1976 Copyright, Chapter 4
		The Register of Copyrights shall prescribe by regulation, as examples, specific methods of affixation and positions of the notice on various types of works that will satisfy this requirement, but these specifications shall not be considered exhaustive.
		The person named in the notice is liable to account to the copyright owner for all receipts from transfers or licenses purportedly made under the copyright by the person named in the notice.
		In any case, however, where the deposit, application, and fee required for registration have been delivered to the Copyright Office in proper form and registration has been refused, the applicant is entitled to institute an action for infringement if notice thereof, with a copy of the complaint, is served on the Register of Copyrights.
	www.cni.org /docs/infopols/US.Copyright.1976-4.html (2738 words)

	8.18 The Copyright Revision Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Copyright Revision Act of 1976 officially recognizes the "fair use" exception: the "fair use" of materials without the permission of the copyright holder.
		Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 106, the fair use of a copyright work including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comments, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship or research, is not an infringement of copyright.
		It should be noted that, given the requirements of the copyright law regarding the responsibility of the individual to determine if, when, and how permission to duplicate is necessary, the potential for the individual faculty member's exposure to personal liability under that federal copyright law and Florida Statute 768.28, is present.
	www.fsu.edu /~dof/facultyhandbook/Ch8/Ch8.18.html (533 words)

	PBS TeacherSource - Copyright
		Copyright law exists to protect the interests of writers, artists, musicians, and others who create original works in any medium.
		It provides such creators a copyright, which protects their right to profit from their labor by requiring that the work may not be copied, distributed, or performed without their permission.
		It states that under certain conditions, called fair use, copyrighted works may be used for teaching, research, scholarship, criticism, and similar purposes without specific permission of the copyright holder.
	www.pbs.org /teachersource/copyright/copyright_fairuse.shtm (757 words)

	Office of Legal Affairs: Guide to the TEACH Act
		The Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act was enacted in November 2002 as an amendment to the Copyright Act of 1976.
		It exempts from liability the transmission, including over a digital network, of a performance or display of a copyrighted work by an accredited non-profit educational institution to students officially enrolled in a course or a government body to officers or employees of government as a part of their official duties or employment.
		Under the TEACH Act, performances of a reasonable portion of a video are not restricted to one-semester use while the reproduction and distribution of print material under the Guidelines on Multiple Copying for Classroom is restricted to one semester use without permission.
	www.usg.edu /legal/copyright/teach_act.phtml (2609 words)

	Computer Software Copyright Issues:
		The Copyright Act of 1976 was the culmination of twenty-one years of effort on the part of both Houses of Congress.
		Although the 1976 Act was enacted before the work of the commission was finalized, Congress anticipated the work=s completion by its incorporation of section 117 into the 1976 Act.
		In examining the federal courts= construction of the requirement found in section 102(a) of the 1976 Act that a copyright exists in only Aworks of authorship,@ it is important to remember that this predicate to a copyright was first recognized by courts interpreting copyright acts preceding the Act of 1976.
	www.tapp.us /copyright.htm (8211 words)

	The Digital Millennium Copyright Act
		Pursuant to that act, copyright protection extends to original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression.
		For example, the article that you are currently reading is a work that is protected by the Copyright Act of 1976 -- this article is an original work (I wrote the article), it is fixed (by written words), and it is able to be communicated (you are reading the article).
		If a work is protected by the Copyright Act of 1976, it may be subject to the further protections under the Digital Millenium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Essentially, the Digital Millenium Copyright Act adds a new chapter to the Copyright Act of 1976.
	www.acm.org /ubiquity/views/j_gibbs_1.html (1170 words)

	Copyright Laws
		The first modern law governing copyright protection began with "the Statute of Ann" which was passed by British Parliament in 1709.
		The purpose of the copyright law is to promote the use of copyrights and at the same time protect the rights of the copyright owner.
		Included in the exclusive rights given to the copyright owner is the right to copy the work into any form, including in print, on screen, or on tape.
	www.ccli.com /Visitors/CopyrightLaws.cfm (317 words)

	COPYRIGHT ACT
		Several provisions in the Act refer to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works to which the U.S. now adheres.
		Ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of material object
		Notice of copyright: Omission of notice on certain copies and phonorecords
	www.law.cornell.edu /copyright/copyright.table.html (544 words)

	UCLA Library Copyright Policy: Copyright Act of 1976
		The Copyright Revision Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-553, revising the Copyright Law of the United States, Title 17, U.S. Code, effective January 1, 1978) significantly revised the copyright rules in effect in the U.S. since 1909.
		Two other agreements pertaining to the provisions of the copyright law are of interest to the UCLA community: the Agreement on Guidelines for Classroom Copying in Not-For-Profit Educational Institutions and Guidelines for the Educational Uses of Music.
		Some authorities advise that it is not safe to assume that a foreign work copyrighted in the last 200 years is in the public domain.
	www.library.ucla.edu /text/copyright/copyact.html (682 words)

	DoIT - Copyright Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		One of the most important limitations to copyright is "fair use," which allows students and teachers to make use of copyrighted material under certain circumstances.
		106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.
		The Guidelines apply to the fair use of portions of lawfully acquired copyrighted works in educational multimedia projects which are created by educators or students as part of a systematic learning activity at nonprofit educational institutions" (Interim Report).
	www.doiiit.gmu.edu /copyright.htm (1210 words)

	Copyright Resources for Schools and Libraries
		The Copyright Act of 1976 as incorporated in Title 17 of the U.S. Code is the basic law on copyright.
		The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (H.R. 2281) was passed by Congress and signed into law on October 28, 1998 and became P.L. The full text of the law (59 pages) is contained at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:h.r.2281.enr:.
		Act (S. 505) as P.L. The full text of the Act is at: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:s.505.enr:.
	dpi.wi.gov /lbstat/copyres.html (965 words)

	[No title]
		Section 107 was also amended by the Act of Oct. 24, 1992, Pub.
		The Copyright Management Center is not part of University Counsel and is not legal counsel to the university or to any members of the university community.
		A mission of the CMC is to provide information and education services to help members of the community better address their needs.
	www.copyright.iupui.edu /sec107.html (261 words)

	Copyright and Intellectual Property
		This is the enabling legislation for the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.
		In accordance with the Act, the State Department accepts requests from countries for import restrictions on archaeological or ethnological artifacts, the pillage of which places their national cultural heritage in jeopardy.
		The Copyright Management Center (CMC) serves the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and larger Indiana University community with the management of copyright issues arising in the creation of original works and in the use of existing copyrighted works for teaching, research, and service.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /bytopic/intprop (1206 words)

	Copyright Term Extension Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		President Bill Clinton signed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 on October 27, 1998.
		A person who had collected copyrighted works which would soon be "going out of copyright", with the intention of re-releasing these works upon expiration of copyright, lost the use of his capital expenditures for an additional 20 years when the Bono Act was passed.
		The Bono Act is thus perceived to add an instability to commerce and investment, areas which have a much better legal theoretical basis than intellectual property, whose theory is of quite recent development and is often criticized as being a corporate chimera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act (1815 words)

	Georgetown University: Copyright Information Page
		These pages may also contain material in which the copyright is held by the creator or someone to whom he/she has assigned the copyright.
		It is the intent of Georgetown University to comply with the provisions of Copyright Act of 1976 and all related legislative acts.
		This document was developed by the GUide Committee, Copyright Subcommittee.
	www.georgetown.edu /home/copyright.html (402 words)

	CONTU: Recommendation for Amending One Area of the 1976 Copyright Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		At present, no persuasive evidence exists that the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 affecting photocopying are inadequate to serve the dual purposes of copyright: to reward creators of and facilitate public access to works of authorship.
		Furthermore, there has been no strong support for modifying the statutory provisions of the 1976 Act among those most directly affected by the regulation of photocopying; neither library groups, publisher and author interests, nor members of the general public have seriously urged the Commission to recommend legislative action at this time.
		The 1976 Act and legislative history, including the educational copying, music copying,204 and CONTU interlibrary loan guidelines, provide extensive guidance to those educational institutions, libraries, and archives engaged in copying and to individuals requesting copies from such institutions.
	digital-law-online.info /CONTU/contu19.html (1193 words)

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