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Topic: Coralline limestone

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		Two different types of limestone were used in the construction of the temples; the hard, gray coralline limestone and the soft, pale globigerina limestone.
		This plateau is composed of two types of limestone; the lower, harder stone (gray coralline limestone) out of which Mnajdra is constructed, and the upper, softer stone (pale globigerina limestone) from which Hagar Qim is built.
		The temple's soft globigerina limestone walls have weathered badly over the millennia and later temple builders used the harder coralline limestone such as is found at Mnajdra complex just down the hill.
	www.sacredsites.com /europe/malta/temples_malta.html (3686 words)

	Encyclopedia: Coralline limestone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate).
		Limestone is especially popular in architecture, and many landmarks around the world, especially in North America and Europe, are made primarily of the material.
		Though the limestone used for construction is good for humid climates, it is vulnerable to acids, making acid rain a problem when it occurs in places where limestone is used extensively.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Coralline-limestone (493 words)

	Limestone: Dictionary definition
		The primary source of the calcite is usually marine organisms, which settle out of the water column and are deposited on the ocean floors as pelagic[?] ooze (but see lysocline for information on calcite dissolution).
		Secondary calcite may also be deposited in super-saturated meteoric[?] waters, as is evidenced by the creation of stalagmites and stalactites.
		Bands of limestone emerge from the Earth's surface in often spectacular rocky outcrops and islands.
	www.encyclopedian.com /co/Coralline-limestone.html (136 words)

	History of Lycoming County Pennsylvania edited by John F. Meginness; ©1892
		Limestone is the eleventh in size in the county and has an area of 23,280 acres, with a population of 1,096 by the census of 1890.
		Limestone is the only township in the county that enjoys the distinction of having a weekly newspaper.
		It is bounded on the east by Armstrong, on the north by Susquehanna, on the south by Limestone, and on the west by Nippenose township.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/pa/county/lycoming/history/Chapter-40.html (9222 words)

	Limestone
		Limestone is a sedimentary rock, mainly composed of mineral calcite.
		Secondary calcite may also be deposited in super-saturated meteoric waters (ground water that reaches earth's surface as precipitation), as is evidenced by the creation of stalagmites and stalactites.
		Limestone makes up approximately 10 percent of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/limestone (222 words)

	Joana Limestone
		In general, the Joana Limestone is mainly a massive, medium to light gray, organic-detrital limestone composed of fragments of echinoderms, bryozoans, foraminifers, algae and indurated calcareous mud which forms both rounded ledges, slopes and cliffs (Hose and Blake, 1976).
		In the Ruby Mountains, the Joana Limestone is present in several blocks in the central and southern portions of the range (Willden and Kistler, 1979; Sharp, 1942; Coats, 1985).
		The Joana Limestone in northeastern Nevada is the temporal equivalent of the Lodgepole and Madison Limestones which produce in the thrust belt and various Rocky Mountain oil fields.
	www.westerncordillera.com /joana_limestone.htm (1817 words)

	Riepe Spring Limestone
		Bissell (1964) described the section in the Pancake Range as a basal 85 feet of thick-bedded to massive, micritic and skeletal, gray limestone overlain by 158 feet of thin to medium-bedded, dolomitic and sandy, micritic limestones, thin-bedded argillaceous limestones, and 70 feet of medium to thick-bedded encrinal limestone interbedded with thin-bedded argillaceous limestone.
		In the central and northern Butte Mountains the Riepe Spring is composed of basal gray to brown, medium to coarse grained, skeletal-detrital dolomitic limestone and silty-sandy dolomitic limestone, and micritic, encrinal, silty and sandy limestone and dolomitic limestone with local thin interbedded chert-pebble conglomerates (Bissell, 1964).
		In northern Lincoln County rocks assigned the designation Pennsylvanian Limestone include the Riepe Spring Limestone in the northern Pahroc and Golden Gate Ranges and on Grassy Mountain where it is composed of massive to thin-bedded gray silty limestone with abundant brown and pink or gray chert nodules and beds.
	www.westerncordillera.com /riepe_spring.htm (1178 words)

	coral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The material of the reef is calcium carbonate: limestone derived from the surrounding waters by the reef organisms.
		Coralline algae, in particular, form cementing crusts that act as 'mortar' for the coral 'blocks'.
		It is composed of either a seaweed, stepped surface of encrusted coralline algae and devoid of corals, or a flat coralline-encrusted surface that may reach half a meter above the mean low-water level of spring tides, as on a ribbon reef.
	darter.ocps.k12.fl.us /classroom/klenk/Coral.htm (4670 words)

	Geology Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Much of the central and south-eastern portion of the Maltese comprises outcrops of Globigerina Limestone while the northern and north-western regions are characterised by highlands on which upper coralline limestone is the dominant outcrop.
		Lower Coralline Limestone is the oldest exposed rock in the Maltese Islands, outcropping to a height of 140m in the vertical cliffs near Xlendi, Gozo.
		Upper Coralline Limestone is the youngest Tertiary formation in the islands reaching a thickness of approximately 160m in the Bingemma area, Malta.
	www.geog.plym.ac.uk /malta/geo1.htm (1074 words)

	SOFIA - Blackened Limestone Pebbles: Fire at Subaerial Unconformities - Field Observations and Some Experimental Results
		These unconformities, easily mistaken for diastems, invariably are marked by the presence of soilstone crusts or calcretes (Kornicker 1958, Multer and Hoffmeister 1968, Barthel 1974, Perkins 1977, Robbin and Stipp 1979, Beach and Ginsburg 1980, Pierson 1982, Strasser 1984, and Williams 1985).
		Various pebbles of Pleistocene limestone, modern corals, shells, and soilstone crusts were placed in an open oil drum and covered with a 30-cm-thick layer of seaweed which was set afire.
		Naturally flened and unflened Pleistocene limestone and experimentally flened Holocene crust were subjected to LECO and Rock-EVAL pyrolysis, as were subtidal salt-and-pepper sands from Florida Bay near Crane Key (1.5 m of water) and from the base of an 8-m-thick Holocene sediment section (30 cm below sealevel) (Table 5.2).
	sofia.er.usgs.gov /publications/papers/blackened_limestone/observations.html (1571 words)

	[No title]
		This is particularly true of Gozo with its 140m high cliffs of Lower Coralline limestone.
		Where identified this may not pose a serious threat to land use or habitation, but in some locations villages which were built on upper coralline limestone well back from the cliff edge have now been undercut to the extent that buttressing is necessary to prevent the whole village collapsing.
		The soft Globigerina limestone is easily cut with power tools and is extensively quarried for use in the construction industry.
	users.aber.ac.uk /jpg/malta/geology.html (595 words)

	SOFIA - Paper - Geology and Hydrogeology of the Florida Keys - Pleistocene Geology
		In addition, Millepora and coralline algae are underrepresented in the Key Largo, and Halimeda is overrepresented in the Key Largo relative to the modern reef tract (Hoffmeister and Multer, 1968).
		The Key Largo Limestone and Miami Limestone have experienced a variety of alteration processes that are typical during early freshwater diagenesis of shallow-water marine carbonate sediments.
		C ages of the limestone generally fall between 20,000 and 30,000 y B.P. This indicates exchange or addition of some modern carbon with the original matrix of this rock.
	sflwww.er.usgs.gov /publications/papers/keys_geohydro/pleistocene.html (3801 words)

	SOFIA - OFR 94-276 - Fate and Pathways of Injection-Well Effluent in the Florida Keys - Results
		The rock beginning at the surface in this well is typical Key Largo Limestone and is on trend with the exposed Key Largo Limestone that forms the Upper and Middle Keys (Hoffmeister and Multer, 1968; Perkins, 1977; Shinn et al., 1989).
		The Key Largo facies of the Miami Limestone is generally believed to extend seaward to the platform margin, a distance of approximately 5 miles throughout most of the Florida Keys.
		The upper 3 ft (1 m) is artificial limestone fill and the remainder of the well penetrates typical Key Largo Limestone down to 16 ft (5 m), where it changes to a chalky skeletal grainstone that continues to 32 ft (10 m) and which then merges with cemented quartz sandstone immediately above the Q3 unconformity.
	sofia.usgs.gov /publications/ofr/94-276/results.html (4189 words)

	Maltavoyager.com - Places of Interest - Mnajdra
		On the other hand, the polished slabs and blocks that are rubbed smooth and decorated, are of globigerina limestone brought down from the neighbourhood of Hagar Qim; the coralline limestone being difficult to work.
		This niche, lined in front by a well-cut vertical slab, is flanked by two pillars which support a horizontal slab in front; the rest of the roofing of the niche consists of smaller slabs and blocks.
		The outer walls consist of enormous blocks of coralline limestone slanting so sharply inwards that one does not approach them without some apprehension.
	www.maltavoyager.com /placesofinterest_mnajdra.html (2967 words)

	Caving in Malta - Ghar Mirdum
		he limestone structure of the Maltese Islands is ideal for cave formation by wind or water.
		However, the limestone layers, upper and lower coralline, have a sandwich filling separating them, which is made up of blue clay and green sand.
		This very water, gradually washing away the clay and sand from under the upper coralline layer the caves are made of, resulted in a catastrophe which spelt the end of not just this community, but probably others living nearby.
	www.shurdington.org /gharmirdum/index.html (744 words)

	Amazon.com: Coralline: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Larger foraminiferal and coralline algal facies in an Upper Eocene storm-influenced, shallow-water carbonate platform (Colli Berici, north-eastern Italy)...
		Articulated coralline algae of the Gulf of California, Mexico (Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences) by James N Norris (Unknown Binding - 1981)
		The crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae) of the Hawaiian Islands (Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences) by Walter H Adey (Unknown Binding - 1982)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Coralline&index=books&page=1 (564 words)

	Hydrogeologic characterization of coralline limestone aquifer at industrial facility in the Hawaiian Islands
		Hydrogeologic characterization of coralline limestone aquifer at industrial facility in the Hawaiian Islands
		The aquifer is composed of varying degrees of fractured coral and limestone, and hydraulic conductivity increases with depth.
		The hourly water level data was used to calculate vertical and horizontal gradients using average water levels over two different three-day averaging periods.
	www.tri-s.com /articles/abstract04.htm (351 words)

	XEWKIJA LOCAL COUNCIL - GOZO - MALTA
		The area of Mgarr Ix-Xini is characterised by one of the main fault systems on the island that gave rise to the present geomorphology and the valley system.
		The main geological formations surfacing in the area are the Oligocene Lower Coralline Limestone and the Miocene Globigerina Limestone.
		The members of the Lower Coralline Limestone which outcrops in the area are the Attard and Xlendi members.
	www.xewkija.gov.mt /mgarrxini (4923 words)

	Coralline
		Coralline (a.) Composed of corallines; as, coralline limestone.
		Coralline (n.) A submarine, semicalcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches.
		Coralline (n.) Formerly any slender coral-like animal; -- sometimes applied more particulary to bryozoan corals.
	linkspider.serversystems.net /dictionary/lookup/coralline (95 words)

	Phoenician Archaeology
		These stains occur in limestone and are not common in marble.
		Some of the voids distributed along the border and highly evident in the upper margin are due to deposits of fossilised crustaceans and not signs of deterioration as this article will eventually reveal.
		Such voids are common in limestone and absent in marble.
	www.angelfire.com /yt/ELIPOLDARIARCHAEO/index.html (3397 words)

	Pors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Water movement in the deeper parts of the bay (up to 12 m in the central portion of the bay) is impeded by a coralline sill at a depth of 6 m at the entrance to the bay.
		The first is a fossil coralline limestone rock formation in the southwestern quadrant of the bay (location of the monitoring site), the second is altered basaltic rock which dominates in the remainder of the bay (
		(1995) ascribe the reduced turbidity of the western basin to the domination of fossil coralline limestones, which limit terrigenous sediment input, and to a combination of wind exposure and tidal flushing.
	www.unesco.org /csi/pub/papers/pors.htm (4804 words)

	Froglog 39-1
		It is unfortunate that this species is on the way to extinction before it has been studied as a species that evolved in limestone caves in the Philippines.
		According to geologists, southern Negros Island, including the habitat site, is mainly covered with Miocene to Pliocene coralline limestone formed from the accumulation and lithification of corals and other organisms and calcareous sediments.
		Areas underlain by limestone are characterized by sinking and underground streams which erode weak areas or fractures in limestone formations.
	www.open.ac.uk /daptf/froglog/FROGLOG-39-1.html (573 words)

	fiotbk1
		If the land around Mqabba seems barren and stripped, it is because this village is situated in the heart of the soft limestone quarry area.
		The western half is an expanse of a hard variety of limestone called tal-qawwi, or coralline.
		Because it's so hard, coralline limestone was widely used in the construction of the fortifications.
	www.lapasserelle.com /lm/pagespeciales/anglicistes/malta/charles.fiott/fiottbk2.part4.html (1694 words)

	Île aux Aigrettes
		This 27ha coralline limestone islet is situated in the lagoon 800m offshore of the mainland to the South East of Mauritius.
		After a 250 year of history of concessions, leases and sporadic human interference causing much habitat degradation, the island was declared a Nature Reserve in 1965.
		Of all the coralline islets in the Mascarenes, Île aux Aigrettes has the best-preserved indigenous vegetation cover.
	www.phelsumania.com /public/biogeography/mascarenes/aigrettes.html (413 words)

	Bahamas -- Solid Waste Management Program -- Env/Soc Impact Report
		Insufficient cover material, in short supply because generally only coralline rock is available, has led to pest, odor and fire problems.
		These lenses, the water of which is interspersed throughout the matrix of the porous limestone, "float" on the underlying salt water in an undisturbed situation and may extend to as deep as 38 ft. below sea level.
		The site is underlain by soft coralline limestone which is karstic and porous.
	www.iadb.org /exr/doc98/pro/esir-bh0008.htm (9059 words)

	Iguana Specialist Group (formerly the West Indian Iguana Specialist Group) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sexual dichromatism is distinct in the more mesic southern part of the species' range, but is much less pronounced in the xeric subpopulations on limestone islands where large females eventually develop an overall gray color.
		In particular, xeric conditions are associated with low-lying coralline limestone islands whereas more mesic conditions occur on mountainous volcanic islands.
		Terrestrial refugia between rocks or in limestone caverns are used for both escape and sleeping.
	www.iucn-isg.org /actionplan/ch2/lesserantillean.php (3462 words)

	Small Island Developing States Network: List of Islands
		Population: 65,000 (2002); Terrain: low-lying limestone and coral islands; Coastline: 153 km
		Population: 78,252 (July 2004 estimate) a/ ; Terrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; Coastline: 1,482 km
		Population: 166,090 (July 2004 estimate) a/ ; Terrain: volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coralline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water), with steep coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low hills in center, mountains in south; Coastline: 125.5 km
	www.sidsnet.org /sids_list.html (802 words)

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