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Topic: Cordillera Oriental of Colombia

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	MSN Encarta - Colombia
		Colombia is blessed with natural resources, including beautiful beaches, dramatic mountains, and lush rain forests, but it is notorious for political unrest and the violent influence of powerful drug cartels.
		Colombia has also been plagued by an illegal drug trade that flourished in the country as a consequence of the growing demand for narcotics, particularly cocaine, in the United States and other rich, industrialized countries.
		The principal river of Colombia, the Magdalena, flows north between the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Central.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564636/index.html (959 words)

	Documento sin título (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Leptodactylid frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in the Andes of northern Ecuador and adjacent Colombia.
		A new leptodactylid frog from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, pp.
		A new Colombian frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the northern Cordillera Occidental.
	www.icn.unal.edu.co /en/investigadores/JohnLynch/publicaciones.html (3173 words)

	Encyclopedia: Andes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Of the two principal chains the eastern is generally called Los Andes, and the western La Cordillera, in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, where the eastern is likewise known as Cordillera Real de los Andes, while to the south of parallel 23Â°S in Chile and Argentina, the western is called Cordillera de los Andes.
		The Cordillera de la Costa begins near Cape Horn, which is composed principally of crystalline rocks, and its heights are inconsiderable when compared with those of the true Cordillera of the Andes.
		While the western range of the Cordillera is principally formed by volcanic rocks, the eastern (to the east of the range is Cerro PotosÃ, (4700 m (15,400 ft) Andes of Bolivia are chiefly composed of old crystalline rocks.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Andes (5177 words)

	Geography of Colombia
		The Cordillera Occidental in the west, the Cordillera Central in the center, and the Cordillera Oriental in the east have different characteristics.
		The Cordillera Occidental is separated from the Cordillera Central by the deep rift of the Cauca Valley.
		The Caribbean lowlands consist of all of Colombia north of an imaginary line extending northeastward from the Golfo de Urabá to the Venezuelan frontier at the northern extremity of the Cordillera Oriental.
	www.motherearthtravel.com /colombia/geography.htm (2272 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Cordilleras
		Cordilleras, or Cordillera, extensive mountain range or system of ranges.
		The Cordillera Oriental, with a maximum elevation of 5,493 m (18,021 ft), is the eastern axis of the...
		The Cordillera Central is the central axis of the Colombian Andes, stretching north...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Cordilleras.html (80 words)

	Webschooling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Colombia's topography is dominated by its Andean highlands, which effectively separate the country's eastern lowland regions from the Pacific coastal lowlands in the west and the Caribbean littoral in the northwest.
		In the south, a western Cordillera Occidental and a central Cordillera Central are separated by a rift valley enclosing the Cauca River.
		To the southeast of the Cordillera Oriental lies the vast, barely populated lowland, which consists of the Llanos and Amazonian regions together accounting for three- fifths of the country's land area, which is drained by the Orinoco and the Amazon rivers.
	www.webschooling.com /1010203170317.html (507 words)

	Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Debriefing with Crewmembers, 9 April, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		NW Colombia, Venezuela: Rare view of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (dark, shield-shaped mountains) west of the Gulf of Venezuela, the Guajira and the Paraguaná peninsulas.
		Cordillera de Mérida is the distant ENE-trending range that lies south of Lake Maracaibo.
		Santa Marta massif and the Cordillera Oriental are blocks of billion-year-old crust that have been forced up as the Nazca tectonic plate (part of the Pacific) collides with South America.
	earth.jsc.nasa.gov /debrief/STS109/ggeo1.htm (465 words)

	Colombia
		Colombia es un país de América del Sur, limitado al norte por Panamá y el mar Caribe, al este por Venezuela y Brasil, al sur por Perú y Ecuador, al oeste por el Océano Pacífico.
		Al este de la Cordillera oriental, los tres cuartos del territorio son ocupados por extensiones de tierras bajas, tórridas, muy poco pobladas y parcialmente inexploradas.
		Colombia está dividida en 32 estados, es decir, 31 departamentos y un distrito.
	www.americas-fr.com /es/geografia/colombia.html (1203 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Cordillera Oriental montane forests (NT0118)
		The Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests are clearly distinguishable from the rest of the montane forest ecoregions of the Northern Andes because of the influence of the piedmont dry forests and the Llanos grasslands of the Orinoco basin, as well as species associations shared with the isolated Santa Marta Mountains.
		In the broadest sense, this ecoregion encompasses the forests between the lowland forests of the eastern slopes (1000m) and the continental divide (excluding páramo) of the Cordillera Oriental, from where it splits from the main Andean chain in southern Colombia, to where it terminates along the Venezuelan-Colombian border NW of Laker Maracaibo.
		Cordillera de Mérida was seperated from this ecoregion, as were all páramo habitats.
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0118_full.html (1540 words)

	Andes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The connection of this system with that of the Rocky Mountains, which has been pointed out by many writers, has received much support from the discovery of the extensive eruptions of granite during Tertiary times, extending from the southern extremity of South America to Alaska.
		To the north of Mount Potro the peaks in the Cordillera are not very prominent as far as the great mass of Tres Quebradas, but here are to be met with some that may he considered as amongst the highest of the whole range.
		Mount Aguita is 6,000 m (20,600 ft), and the culminating peak of those of Tres Cruces reaches 6,900 m (22,658 ft).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andes (3648 words)

	Colombian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Colombia was part of the territory known as the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada (established in 1740), which also extended over present-day Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
		The population of Colombia was estimated at aproximately 800,000 in 1770.
		Colombia and Panama became the Republic of New Granada.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/aurelia/colhis.htm (337 words)

	Travel to Colombia- Technical travel information
		Neighbors: Colombia shares borders with Panama and the Caribbean on the north, Venezuela and Brazil on the east, Ecuador and Peru on the south, and the Pacific on the west.
		The major river of Colombia is the Río Magdalena, which flows north between the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Central almost the length of the country.
		Colombia is thought to be home to about one-tenth of the world's combined flora and fauna, including a number of rare and threatened species.
	amerikaventure.com /fiches_info/Colombia.html (1402 words)

	Colombia Lodging
		Colombia, republic in South America, situated in the northwestern part of the continent, and bounded on the north by Panama and the Caribbean Sea, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, on the south by Peru and Ecuador, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
		The distinguishing topographical feature of Colombia is the Andes mountain chain, situated in the central and western parts of the country, and extending north-south across almost its entire length.
		Colombia lies almost entirely in the Torrid Zone, a meteorological term denoting the areas of the earth's surface between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.
	www.sacayonda.info /country/co.html (666 words)

	Land and Resources - Colombia - South America: covered snow, andes mountain, colombia population, amazon river, orinoco ...
		The Andes are situated in the central and western parts of the country and extend north-south across almost the entire length of Colombia.
		Between the cordilleras are high plateaus, a number of which are about 2,400 m (about 8,000 ft) above sea level, and fertile valleys, traversed by the principal rivers of the country.
		The principal river of Colombia, the Magdalena, flows north between the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Central, across practically the entire country, emptying into the Caribbean near Barranquilla after a course of about 1,540 km (about 957 mi).
	www.countriesquest.com /South_America/Colombia/Land_and_Resources.htm (615 words)

	ColombiaLink.com - Hidrografia - Rios - Mares - Lagunas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Colombia es un país con abundantes recursos hídricos, representados en aguas oceánicas, aguas estancadas o depositadas (lagunas, ciénagas y pantanos), aguas de escurrimiento (comprendidas por ríos, quebradas, arroyos y riachuelos), y las aguas subterráneas.
		En la cordillera Oriental se presenta el mayor número de lagunas de diferentes tamaños; siendo las más extensas las de Tota en Boyacá y la de Fúquene en Cundinamarca (entre las de menor tamaño están las de Chisaca, Ubaque, Siecha, Guatavita, Iguaque, Suesca, Cucunubá y muchas más).
		Es el principal río de los Llanos Orientales colombianos, con un total de 1200 km de longitud y una navegabilidad de 900 km desde Puerto López, por lo cual es de gran utilidad para el comercio de estas extensas regiones y con Venezuela, a través del Orinoco.
	www.colombialink.com /01_INDEX/index_geografia/index_geografia_hidrografia.html (3252 words)

	1Up Travel : Colombia Geography and Facts
		Background: Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and Venezuela).
		Colombia also possesses small islands in both Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean.
		The entire area, known as the eastern plains, was home to only 2 percent of the country's population in the late 1980s (see fig.
	www.1uptravel.com /geography/colombia.html (2752 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		We modeled the kinematic evolution of two regional-scale transects through the Cordillera Oriental fold-and-thrust belt and then calculated the conductive thermal state of key steps of the kinematic history using THRUSTPACK 4.0.
		The main compressional structures in the Cordillera are controlled by Jurassic-Early normal faults of the Bogota Basin and the paleo-Magdalena Basin.
		The internal part of the Cordillera had high heat flow, with peak sedimentary burial and peak maturation during the Paleocene to Oligocene flexural phase followed by Andean uplift and denudation.
	aapg.confex.com /aapg/de2001/techprogram/paper_6823.htm (256 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cordillera Oriental
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cordillera Oriental
		East of the Cordillera Oriental are vast reaches of torrid lowlands, thinly populated and only partly explored.
		Bogotá (in full, Santa Fé de Bogotá), capital city of Colombia, coextensive with Bogotá Special District just north of the equator.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Cordillera_Oriental.html (89 words)

	Patuxent Product Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A new small-eared shrew of the Cryptotis nigrescens-group from Colombia (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae: Genus Cryptotis)
		Recent collecting in the northern Cordillera Central and review of older collections from the central Cordillera Oriental in the vicinity of Bogotá yielded additional specimens that permit reevaluation of the two geographic populations of these small-eared shrews.
		Morphological and morphometrical studies indicate that the population inhabiting the Cordillera Oriental represents a distinct, previously unrecognized species that I describe herein as Cryptotis brachyonyx.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /prodabs/ab10030304/abs6120.htm (173 words)

	Colombia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The river flows north between the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Central, two ranges of the Andes mountain chain.
		The South American city of Bogotá is Colombia’s cultural, educational, economic, and political capital.
		Bogotá sits at an altitude of about 2640 m (about 8660 ft) in central Colombia on the Sabana de Bogotá, a valley in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes.
	www.world-evangelism.com /%7Ebashore/colombia.htm (220 words)

	CPD: South America, Site SA27, Páramo de Sumapaz Region, Colombia
		The large ecological island of páramo comprises the upper part of much of the Sumapaz massif, which is formed primarily by the south-north main ridge of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes.
		The eastern flanks are mostly still under mature forest cover, whereas on the western flank a road penetrates along the parallel valley of the Sumapaz River.
		At the southern edge of the Páramo de Sumapaz is the lowest part of the Eastern Cordillera (at 1874 m); here the Neiva-Uribe road crosses the cordillera at Las Cruces.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa27.htm (2564 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A paleobotanical and palynological study of Neogene fluvial sediments of sections Salto de Tequendama I and II, located in the area of the high plain of Bogota (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia) at 2475 m altitude was carried out.
		Several other sections of Miocene and Pliocene age were analysed for microfossils and macrofossils and evidence for the uplift of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia was evaluated.
		The remaining difference in elevation of 1300 m is an approximation for the minimal uplift of the Cordillera Oriental during the Middle Miocene and Pliocene.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00346667/articles/92/1-2/003466679400100.abstract.en (337 words)

	CPD: South America, Site SA26, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Guantiva, Colombia
		With respect to the geology of the Belén cordillera area, Cleef (1981) referred to reddish sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates of the Girón Formation.
		Herds of sheep are mostly grazed on the dry western slope of the Cocuy, and their influence on the páramo vegetation is considerable.
		It is strongly recommended that the páramo-forest border be preserved along the western slope of the Guantiva region down to at least 2200-2500 m, in order to allow for the exchange of biotic elements.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa26.htm (3522 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		We present the first U-Pb data, which document the existence of early Mesozoic magmatism in the Santander Massif, within the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia.
		Zircon fractions separated from a tonalite and a granodiorite of the Paramo Rico intrusion yield crystallization ages of 205-210 Ma.
		The Late Triassic/Early Jurassic magmatic activity documented here indicates that the geotectonic position of the Cordillera Oriental was similar to the present-day position of the South American plate to the Nazca plate, (i.e., subduction related).
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/08959811/articles/8/2/089598119500004.abstract.en (110 words)

	CPD: South America, Site SA28, Region of Los Nevados National Park, Colombia
		The eastern slope of the Central Cordillera was inhabited by the Panches, the western slope by the Quimbayas (INDERENA 1984).
		Among the endemic animals are rufous-fronted parakeet (Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons) and a bearded helmetcrest (Oxypogon guerinii strubelii) and the frog Osornophryne percrassa.
		The Central Andean páramo Endemic Bird Area (EBA B60) and Subtropical inter-Andean Colombia EBA (B12) embrace the entire Central Andean cordillera from the páramo zone down to the subtropical (mid-Andean) forest.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/sa/sa28.htm (3328 words)

	GEO_PLATE_T-20
		The terrain displayed in this Landsat mosaic of the northern coast of Colombia is dominated by the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
		This evidence consists primarily of en echelon folds and minor thrusting on the north flank of the Serrania de Perija.
		The formation of the Serrania de Perija seems to be wrench-controlled and related to the formation of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, whose main body lies to the south.
	geoinfo.amu.edu.pl /wpk/geos/GEO_2/GEO_PLATE_T-20.HTML (609 words)

	[No title]
		The locations of the numbered sections that follow each reference are shown on the map of Colombia at the end of this document.
		Zonation of the Cretaceous of Central Colombia by Ammonites.
		Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Plant Fossils from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia and Correlation of the Giron Formation".
	www.aapg.org /datashare/data_003/data_003.doc (1318 words)

	PLATES Caribbean Bibliography
		Dinamica de la sedimentacion Cretacica en la region de la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia) (Dynamics of the Cretaceous sedimentation in the region of Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia)).
		The basement of the eastern Cordillera, Colombia: An allochtonous terrane in northwestern South America.
		The mafic igneous assemblages from Porohui (Sinaloa, north-western Mexico): Remnants of the geodynamic evolution of the Cordillera during the Late Mesozoic and Tertiary.
	www.ig.utexas.edu /research/projects/plates/biblio/carib/f.htm (4152 words)

	Ecogeographical zones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		To the south of the Pisba-Sumapaz páramos, the Cordillera Oriental is a narrow range of modest elevations (seldom over 2500 m.s.n.m.) that joins the eastern flank of the Cordillera Central.
		To the north of the Pisba-Sumapaz complex, the cordillera divides with the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida extending off to the northeast and the Serranía de Perijá extending toward the north and forming the border between Colombia and Venezuela.
		Its frog fauna shows no resemblance to the Guyanan region, rather it is merely an isolated fragment of the eastern flank of the Cordillera Oriental.
	www.accefyn.org.co /ranas/frogs/search_biomap_map_h_region.htm (166 words)

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