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	Untitled
		Tissues produced by these meristems are secondary tissues, but they contain the same types of cells as found in primary phloem and primary xylem.
		Cork functions in protection (replacing the epidermis which dies and is sloughed off the plant).
		The tissue to the outside of the vascular cambium is the bark.
	www.botany.uga.edu /~darley/btny1210/Oct16Fri.htm (911 words)

	Cork cambium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cork cambium is a tissue found in woody plants as part of the periderm.
		Cork cambium is one of the plant's meristems - the series of tissues consisting of embryonic (incompletely differentiated) cells from which the plant grows.
		Synonyms for cork cambium are bark cambium, pericambium or phellogen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cork_cambium (225 words)

	Cork (material) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cork material is a subset of generic cork tissue, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork Oak tree, Quercus suber, with Portugal producing most cork worldwide.
		Cork demand has increased due to a larger proportion of wine being sealed with cork rather than being sold in bulk.
		Cork contamination with harmless but foul-smelling trichloroanisole (TCA) is one of the primary causes of cork taint in wine.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corking (371 words)

	Secondary Growth
		The cork used to seal wine bottles is "cork" tissue harvested from a species of oak.The cell theory was first proposed by Robert Hooke in 1665 after microscopic exaination a slice of cork.
		As in the stems studied earlier, the ground tissue inside the vascular tissue is called the pith and that outside the cortex.
		The bark is divided into two regions by the cork cambium: the living area inside the cork cambium is the inner bark, and the dead tissue outside is the outer bark.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /Interface/web-lessons/Anatomy/secondary_growth/Woody_stems.html (1003 words)

	cork - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Cork (material), thick outer bark of an evergreen oak of the Mediterranean area, and also the similar but thinner protective layer on the stems and...
		Cork (city, Ireland), county borough and seat of the county of Cork, located on the Lee River, at the head of Cork Harbour inlet.
		Cork material is a subset of generic cork tissue, harvested for commercial use primarily from the Cork Oak tree, Quercus suber, with Portugal producing 50% of cork worldwide...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=cork (241 words)

	.: BlackRiver Flooring :. Cork Flooring
		Cork Floors offer a very attractive range of designs, which are the result of marketing research and testing to obtain the highest quality construction and decorative appeal for floors in residential or light to medium commercial applications for the US market.
		Cork flooring is a widely applied construction material that has been used for centuries due to its unique natural technical characteristics and surprising decorative appeal.
		Cork floors are an ecologically sound building material which allows for continual harvesting of cork for centuries making it a renewable resource for generations to follow.
	blackriverfloors.com /category.php?catid=19 (876 words)

	Nationwidefloors.com - Cork Flooring Categories
		Cork is the name given to the bark of the cork oak tree.
		The density of cork is very low, between 480 and 520 kg/m3, 89 % of this cork tissue consists of a material in gas form thus explaining the difference between its volume and weight.
		Cork is liquid and gas-tight due to the presence of suberin (a complex compound of fatty acids and powerful organic alcohol).
	www.nationwidefloors.com /cork_categories.htm (730 words)

	Bark Summary
		Despite the tremendous bulk of their stems, only a relatively thin layer of tissue between the bark and the wood is actually alive and continues to produce new layers of wood throughout the life of the tree.
		It overlays the wood and consists of three layers, the cork, the phloem, and the vascular cambium – in other words, most of the stem except for the xylem (this division may seem arbitrary, but the easiest way to split a stem parallel to its length is by pulling the bark away from the xylem).
		Cork, sometimes confused with bark in colloquial speech, is the outermost layer of a woody stem, derived from the cork cambium.
	www.bookrags.com /Bark (2277 words)

	[No title]
		TISSUES Epidermal tissue consists of a single layer of cells, the epidermis, which covers the entire body of the plant except the woody areas where cork tissue develops.
		Cork tissue or periderm consists of cork cells, cork cambium and cork parenchyma.
		It is made of two tissues: Xylem tracheids vessel elements parenchyma cells fibers Phloem sieve tube members companion cells parenchyma cells fibers The function of the xylem is to transport water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant.
	www.cbu.edu /~esalgado/BIOL112/Freeman/Ch31.doc (974 words)

	a survivor
		Cork is the name given to the suberose parenchyma, or the bark of the cork oak, a tree of the beech family.
		Although cork clings to the tree, cork tissue is formed of dead cells.
		A cork oak produces cork tissue until the cork oak is 150 or even 200 years of age.
	www.stazo.nl /html/a_survivor.html (523 words)

	AFHRC \| Publications \| Postharvest disorders of apples and pears
		The affected tissue may be dry and poorly defined, as in the case of senescent breakdown, or it may be moist and clearly separated from normal tissue, as is sometimes the case with low-temperature breakdown.
		The immediate cause of tissue browning associated with breakdown is the failure of cell membranes to retain the phenolic precursors of browning within the vacuole.
		Tissue in the centre of the ring may be unaffected because firm contact with the bottom of the bin prevents the liquid from reaching it (Fig.
	res2.agr.ca /kentville/pubs/pub1737/f1737_e.htm (8847 words)

	Natural Cork flooring by Luxury Home Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The benefits of cork are plenty amazing durability, smooth to the feet, warm in the winter and cool in the summerits very presence denotes elegance that is both inviting and luxurious.
		Cork is the name given to the bark of the Cork Oak Tree, a member of the Beech family, characteristic to western Mediterranean countries, primarily Spain and Portugal.
		Cork trees are stripped of their bark every 9 to 14 years, never cut, ensuring that its habitat remains undisturbed.
	www.luxuryhomeproducts.com /naturalcork/index.htm (976 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: SMZ1500 Fluorescence Digital Image Gallery - cork cells
		Cork (phellem) is a non-living, water-resistant, protective tissue that displaces the stem epidermis as the plant undergoes an increase in diameter during the secondary growth phase.
		The increasing number of cork cells produced by the meristematic tissue of the cork cambium push the older, non-dividing phloem cells toward the outer margins of the stem where they are crushed causing them to eventually die and slough off.
		Depending upon the species of woody plant, the cork cell may be filled with air or may contain traces of lignin, tannins, or fatty acids and may vary in thickness from one to the next.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/smz1500/corkcellssmall.html (384 words)

	Cork. Suber. \| Henriette's Herbal Homepage
		The tree begins to yield cork when fifteen or sixteen years old, and every six or eight years—the interval requisite for the renewal of the suberose layers by the living portions of the bark beneath—furnishes a fresh supply, even for a century and a half, before it perishes.
		In selecting cork for use, those parts should be preferred which are soft and of uniform consistence, and in the choice of the larger plates those should be selected which are thick, flexible, elastic, finely porous, and of a reddish color.
		Corks are sometimes bleached with sulphurous acid, and the odor of hydrogen sulphide has been noticed in prescriptions which have been compounded, when such corks have been used in the dispensing bottle.
	www.henriettesherbal.com /eclectic/usdisp/quercus-sube.html (550 words)

	More on Morphology of the Seed Plants
		Cork is important because it replaces the original outer layers of tissue as the plant grows.
		Cork is produced to replace these lost tissues, and thus protect the inner tissues.
		There are a number of other groups which do develop secondary tissues, such as some extinct lycophytes and sphenophytes, and their secondary growth occurs by a similar process, though it differs in a number of important details.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /seedplants/seedplantsmm.html (844 words)

	Cryostat sectioning. University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science.
		Quickly remove the sample on the cork disc from the liquid nitrogen, place it on top of the tragacanth gum and re-immerse the whole in the liquid nitrogen with a pair of long handled forceps until frozen.
		Place a small amount of OCT compound or tragacanth gum onto a chuck.Place the tissue sample onto this and attach the chuck to the freezing apparatus.Make sure the chuck is held firmly by tightening the screws.
		Once the tissue is attached to the chuck it should be left in the cryostat for an adequate length of time to allow it to reach the selected operating temperature.
	www.bristol.ac.uk /vetpath/cpl/cryostat.html (1334 words)

	[No title]
		Simple tissues are tissues composed of a single cell type (parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells), whereas complex tissues are composed of two or more types of cell (xylem, phloem, epidermis, and periderm).
		The cork cambium is the layer of cells which produces cork tissue on its outer side, and phelloderm (a form of living parenchyma cells) on its inner side.
		The lateral meristems are comprised of the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
	sciences.aum.edu /~hallros/bi2023/lecture5.html (2358 words)

	AllRefer.com - meristem (Botany, General) - Encyclopedia
		Tissues derived from differentiated lateral meristem are known as secondary tissues.
		In one type of lateral meristem, called cambium, or vascular cambium, the cells divide and differentiate to form the conducting tissues of the plant, i.e., the wood, or xylem, and the phloem (see bark; stem).
		Other meristematic tissues include cork cambium, which divides to produce waterproofing and protective cork tissue at the surface of the stem and root; and intercalary meristems, modified apical meristems found in different positions than either apical or lateral meristems, e.g., in the stem nodes of grasses.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/meristem.html (274 words)

	Portugal's Cork Industry
		Cork products were exported in 1990 to the tune of 80,433,356,000 escudos (corresponding to 105,516 tons).
		The cork oak is one of the country's main forest species.
		Thanks to the cork oak, Portugal is the world leader in the cork industry, producing more and better than any of its competitors, and boasting the largest industrial and marketing structure.
	clubweb.interbaun.com /portugal-chamber/cork.htm (239 words)

	CHAPTER 6
		Cork is the soft tissue found in the inner bark of the cork oak (Quercus suber - family Fagaceae), an evergreen oak that occurs in the western Mediterranean region.
		Cork is a plant tissue composed of dead cells, generally 14-sided polyhedrons, and an intercell space filled with gas virtually identical to air but lacking carbon dioxide (CO It has a honeycomb-like structure that has a minimal quantity of solid matter and a maximal quantity of gaseous matter.
		Cork granules are also used in building construction as a thermal insulator in double walls, where it can reduce heat loss by 36 percent, and in roofing, where it can reduce heat loss by 53 percent.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4351E/y4351e0a.htm (6503 words)

	DR. LAWSON'S BIO2313_OBJECTIVES_3
		In some species, not only does the cork cambium form a cork or phellem tissue to the outside of the cambium, but a tissue known as the phelloderm, consisting of parenchyma-type cells, may be developed to the inside of the cambium.
		Cork is commonly found on stems and roots of seed plant species that undergo secondary growth.
		The brown “skin” of the potato is actually a phellem (cork) tissue that is important in allowing for the prolonged storage of this specialized, underground storage stem.
	www.colin.edu /science/DL_FOLDER/BIO2313_T3_OBJ-DL.htm (2038 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cork (material) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A stopper is a truncated conical piece of rubber or cork used to close off a glass tube, piece of laboratory glassware, a wine bottle or barrel and other containers with orifices.
		2,4,6-trichloroanisole Cork taint is a broad term referring to a set of undesirable smells or tastes found in a bottle of wine, especially spoilage that can only be detected after bottling, aging and opening.
		Associação Portuguesa da Cortiça is the Portuguese Cork Association, a consortium of cork growers and manufacturers.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/cork-(material) (992 words)

	Portugal's Cork Industry
		Cork products were exported in 1990 to the tune of 80,433,356,000 escudos (corresponding to 105,516 tons).
		The cork oak is one of the country's main forest species.
		Thanks to the cork oak, Portugal is the world leader in the cork industry, producing more and better than any of its competitors, and boasting the largest industrial and marketing structure.
	www.uwec.edu /Geography/Ivogeler/Travel/Portugal/cork-article3.htm (239 words)

	Cork (tissue) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cork is a tissue found in some plants, which consists of tightly packed dead cells.
		It allows improved insulation and prevents loss of water or nutrients on the inner bark of wooded plants.
		This tissue is often extracted from Cork oak and manufactured into various products (see cork (material)).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cork_(tissue) (100 words)

	Globus Cork / Cork Floor .com - Cork Flooring and Cork Wall Tiles - Cork Tiles - Cork Floors - Cork Floating Floor ...
		The cork oak tree is not destroyed and then replanted but rather the bark is harvested from the tree every 9 years, leaving the forest undamaged.
		Cork is harvested from the Cork Oak tree that is grown primarily around the Mediterranean basin.
		The benefits of cork were known to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians who used it for bottle stoppers for olive oil and wine, floats for fishing nets, sandals, insulation on shipping vessels and even roofing in Northern Africa.
	www.corkfloor.com /benefits.html (1012 words)

	A Genomic Approach to Suberin Biosynthesis and Cork Differentiation1[C][W][OA] - Science - RedOrbit
		Cork (phellem) is a multilayered dead tissue protecting plant mature stems and roots and plant healing tissues from water loss and injuries.
		Cork formation involves proliferation and commitment of the phellogen derivatives, cell expansion and extensive deposition of suberin and waxes, and an irreversible program of senescence ending in cell death.
		In the cork tree, the phellogen forms a continuous layer of cells that envelops the tree trunk and produces, each year, a 2- to 3-mm thick layer of almost pure cork that adheres to that of the previous year (Caritat et al., 2000).
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/959536/a_genomic_approach_to_suberin_biosynthesis_and_cork_differentiation1cwoa/index.html?source=r_science (8801 words)

	International Code of Cork Manufacturing Practice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pieces of cork whose dimensions are between 0.25 and 8.0 mm, classified by grain structure and volumetric mass.
		Cork bark that shows in part of the belly cells with a translucent appearance containing water after drying.
		To clean the cork, to extract water soluble substances from the surface, to increase the thickness, to reduce the density and improve the flexibility and elasticity.
	website.lineone.net /~estrategies/frames/clients/cork/code.htm (2049 words)

	Tissue Lab Review
		It shows (1) both xylem vessels and phloem tissue in the monocot stem, (2) sieve tube members and companion cells in a longitudinal section of a cucumber stem and (3) tracheids from a pine stem.
		The phloem tissue is located to the outside of the xylem and is composed of smaller cells.
		Note the reions of xylem and phloem tissue in the vascular bundle of a monocot stem, Zea.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /nlc_biology/2470/lab/tissue_lab_review.htm (685 words)

	Articles/Wine Making Process
		Corks are made from the bark of cork-oak trees which are stripped when they are 15-20 years old.
		The virgin cork is coarse, but as the cork renews its tissue, successive strippings at intervals of 10-15 years yields a closer grained product - cork tissue that is threaded with small ducts called "lenticels" which have woody walls.
		After your bottles have been corked, leave standing upright for 72 hours to allow the corks to dry and the pressure to escape.
	www.thehomevintner.com /articles/process.html (1301 words)

	lc07growth
		During primary growth, the apical meristem generates xylem at the center of the vascular tissue and phloem on the outside.
		Cork cambium is a lateral meristem located within the ground tissue of woody plants.
		This fractured epidermis is replaced by cork, a postmitotic ground tissue that arises from the cell divisions of the meristematic cork cambium.
	www.sbs.utexas.edu /shankland/lc07grow.htm (1119 words)

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