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	Cork cambium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cork cambium is a tissue found in woody plants as part of the periderm.
		Cork cambium is one of the plant's meristems - the series of tissues consisting of embryonic (incompletely differentiated) cells from which the plant grows.
		Synonyms for cork cambium are bark cambium, pericambium or phellogen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cork_cambium (200 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Print Preview - Tree
		The constant divisions of the cambium gradually increase the circumference of the axis.
		As the axis continues its expansion, the layers of cork frequently develop characteristic fissures at the surface, and as each cork cambium is split by the expansion of wood, a new cork cambium develops to replace it.
		At maturity, the tree axis normally consists of several layers of cork cells, the outer part of which is fissured: the cork cambium, a few layers of crushed phloem, a few layers of functioning phloem, the cambium, and many layers of xylem.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761577657___5/Tree.html (916 words)

	Vascular cambium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vascular cambium is a tissue found in the stems of perennial dicots.
		The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that develops as a hollow cylinder or as longitudinal strands, replacing the primary vascular tissues in dicotyledons and gymnosperms.
		The vascular cambium is the source of both the growth of secondary xylem tissues (growth inwards) and secondary phloem tissues (growth outwards), and is hence located between these tissues in the stem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cambium (166 words)

	SECONDARY GROWTH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vascular cambium is wholly or partly the reactivation of an undifferentiated portion of the procambium found between the xylem and the phloem.
		The cork cambium forms externally to the active phloem and produces layers of cork to the outside and layers of parenchymatous cells to the inside.
		Unlike the vascular cambium, the cork cambium is not continuous nor is it the direct extension of an existing meristem.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rar1/Bot105/Secondary-growth.html (398 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: SMZ1500 Fluorescence Digital Image Gallery - cork cells
		Cork (phellem) is a non-living, water-resistant, protective tissue that displaces the stem epidermis as the plant undergoes an increase in diameter during the secondary growth phase.
		The increasing number of cork cells produced by the meristematic tissue of the cork cambium push the older, non-dividing phloem cells toward the outer margins of the stem where they are crushed causing them to eventually die and slough off.
		Depending upon the species of woody plant, the cork cell may be filled with air or may contain traces of lignin, tannins, or fatty acids and may vary in thickness from one to the next.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/smz1500/corkcellssmall.html (384 words)

	ANATOMY II
		The vascular cambium derives from the procambium which in the stems of dicots persists between the phloem and xylem of the bundles and as interfascicular cambium.
		In the root the cambium arises partly in the pericycle and partly in the arches between xylem and phloem.
		A second cambium arises in the cortex of the stem and the pericycle of the root.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hcs300/anat2.htm (721 words)

	exam2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The stem vascular cambium arises from the ____.
		The ____ is the innermost layer of the cortex in the root, whose cells are characterized by casparian strips containing ____ and function as an osmotic barrier.
		Cork cambium cells divide ____ to produce ____ toward the organ center and ____ toward the organ surface.
	www.valdosta.edu /~rcarter/exam2.htm (1271 words)

	Biological Foundations 112, Lecture 4
		The cambium is active from the spring to the fall and is inactive in the winter
		Increase in diameter of the stem occurs with the activity of the vascular cambium
		The cylinder of cork cambium increase in diameter as the stem increases in diameter
	www.puc.edu /Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botlec04.htm (612 words)

	How Tree Rings Form (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vascular cambium is a thin layer cells that produces conducting cells – xylem and phloem.
		The cork cambium is a thin layer cells that ultimately produces the bark of the tree.
		The bark is composed of several types of tissue produced (both toward the inside and the outside of the tree) by the cork cambium layer.
	www.museum.state.il.us /muslink/forest/htmls/popups/how_tr_form.html (313 words)

	Forest Biology Lectures File #8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A second type of lateral meristem, the cork cambium, develops from cells in the cortex close to the epidermis, usually in the first year of growth of a shoot.
		As secondary growth continues, new, discontinous cork cambia (plural of cambium) arise to the inside of the original cork cambium.
		The arrangement of successive cork cambia and the thickness of the cork give rise to the characteristics of mature bark we observe on older trees, whether they are thick or thin, scaly, in plates, or deeply ridged.
	courses.forestry.ubc.ca /frst200/lectures/KRLecture8.html (1113 words)

	Garden Terms: Definition of cork cambium
		A lateral ring of meristematic tissue found in woody seed plants, producing cork on the outside of the ring and parenchyma on the inside of the ring.
		In places the cork cambium generates loose and disorganized cells so that the outer cork has pores (lenticels) that allow for oxygen uptake by the stem.
		In some trees the cork cambium forms a more or less continuous ring, leading to a smooth bark.
	davesgarden.com /terms/go/2020 (213 words)

	Secondary growth in stems
		As the vascular cambium adds cells to the secondary xylem and the core of the xylem increases in width the cambium is displaced outward.
		As the vascular cambium moves outward the primary phloem is pushed outward and crushed.
		Cork cells are dead at maturity and the inner walls are lined with suberin and wax, which makes impermeable to water.
	arnica.csustan.edu /boty1050/Secondary/secondary.htm (731 words)

	Wood and Bark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vascular cambium is meristematic; it is sometimes called a lateral meristem (not to be confused with lateral bud or lateral root).
		Divisions of the cork cambium initials tangentially and radially allow the periderm to keep up with later years of expansion in the trunk caused by the activity of the vascular cambium and its derivatives.
		The cork cambium over-produces cork in certain areas of the stem surface, this causes ridges and cracks to appear.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /Plants_Human/secondary.html (1550 words)

	Humgen
		This process is accomplished by a vascular cambium which forms between the primary xylem and phloem (meta xylem and phloem).
		Also near the outside of the stem the outer cortex cells may become meristematic and form a cork cambium which produces cork to the outside.
		cortex, epidermis, cork, cork cambium primary xylem, primary phloem, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, pith.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/bio109n/humgen.html (395 words)

	Stems
		The original formation of cork cambium occurs within the cortex, although additional layers of cork cambium may develop later from cells within the secondary phloem.
		The cells of the cork cambium divide, producing several layers of cork cells to its exterior.
		The cork cambium may also produce a few layers of phelloderm to the inside.' The cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm are known collectively as the periderm, which is a secondary dermal tissue, replacing the epidermis in these stems.
	www.esu.edu /~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_6_stems/Stems.html (911 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Massive stem trunks of trees and shrubs are produced by cyclic periods of cell division + cell expansion in vascular cambium (& cork cambium) a.
		As development and accretion of new seconday xylem increases girth of stem, new vascular cambium cells develop to maintain continuity of the vascular cambium cylinder C. Secondary Growth via Cork Cambium 1.
		Most of the cells derived from cork cambium are a.
	www.cas.muohio.edu /~meicenrd/dendrology/dln16n.txt (230 words)

	Phelloderm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although by this time the epidermis cells have been vastly more long-lived than in any other group of plants, as cork cambium cells, they must again be long-lived because they are never replaced.
		Cacti form only this one cork cambium, new ones are not later formed in the cortex or secondary phloem.
		Because the cork cambium arises from the epidermis, and because there is always a hypodermis just below the epidermis, the hypodermis acts as a marker: in these micrographs you can see that there are many cells between the cork cells and the hypodermis collenchyma cells.
	www.sbs.utexas.edu /mauseth/weblab/webchap17bark/17.1-5.htm (175 words)

	stem
		A cylinder (ring) of parenchyma cells in the outer cortex also revert to meristems, forming cork cambium.
		Cork cells, cork cambium, and the underlying phelloderm (parenchyma) comprise the periderm.
		The bark of a tree consists of all the tissues to the outside of the vascular cambium (cork, cork cambium, phelloderm, cortex, secondary and primary phloem).
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/gbowes/bsc2010/stem.htm (545 words)

	Chapter 16 Remarks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The cork layer protects the inner living layers of the stem and root against herbivore attack, against water loss, and, in some cases, against damage by fire.
		The artwork incorrectly shows the cork cambium (red/brown layer) developing in the innermost layers of the cortex (tan).
		The cambium would have a similar overall look, but the walls should be thinner and "typical" staining procedures would not render the cambium as red.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /Plant_Biology/Ch16.html (1928 words)

	Biology - Physiology - Plant Development
		cork cambium arise from parenchyma cells in the cortex
		In roots parenchyma cells in pericycle join with cambium remaining rom primary growth to form vascular cambium.
		Cork cambium also forms in pericycle (as opposed to cortex in stems).
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hort/biology/pplandeve.html (1674 words)

	2002F_lect7_stem2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Secondary growth of stem is accomplished by secondary meristems, including vascular cambium and cork cambium
		interfascicular cambium (in the first year stem) and vascular cambium (older stem, from a continuous ring of interfascicular and fascicular cambium)
		___ Secondary phloem cells are produce by cork cambium, while primary phloem cells are produced by vascular cambium.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/kitajima/BOT2010/2002F_lect7_stem2.html (465 words)

	chap27 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		· Increase in width is called secondary growth and results from 2 meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
		· Vascular cambium cells are one of 2 forms.
		cork (phellem)—outermost layer of bark; these cells are suberized, making the tissue impermeable to water and gases; cork cells are dead at maturity.
	www.northern.edu /ramsayj/Botany/chap27.html (446 words)

	plant anatomy
		Dermal Tissue: epidermis, periderm (cork, cork cambium, phelloderm)
		vascular cambium —> 2° xylem and 2° phloem
		cork cambium: produces cork to the outside and phelloderm to the inside
	faculty.weber.edu /sharley/1203/anatomy.html (1324 words)

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - cork cambium
		Click here to search all of MSN Encarta
		Search for "cork cambium" in all of MSN Encarta
		plant tissue: a zone of actively dividing tissue near the outer surface of a woody plant that produces cork
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861688353/cork_cambium.html (58 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		3 Describe how and where the cork cambium originates: (10 pts)
		Some items in the list may be used twice, or not at all.
		___origin of cork cambia in old stems G.
	www.biology.eku.edu /CLARK/test2arch.htm (1303 words)

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