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Topic: Corneal reflex

	- Northwestern Memorial Hospital - Chicago
		A reflex is an involuntary muscular response to a sensory stimulus.
		Absent or abnormal reflexes in an infant, persistence of a reflex past the age where the reflex is normally lost, or redevelopment of an infantile reflex in an older child or adult may suggest significant neurological problems.
		Abnormal infantile reflexes are usually discovered by the health care provider during exams performed for other reasons, and the affected individual (or the parents in the case of an infant) may not have been aware of the condition.
	www.nmh.org /nmh/adam/adamencyclopedia/HIEArticles/003292.htm (701 words)

	Assessing Anesthesia in Reptiles
		A toe pinch reflex is lost at a variable period during the anesthetic episode; however, at surgical planes of anesthesia the toe-pinch reflex should be abolished.
		The vent stimulation reflex (movement of the tail or leg in response to squeezing the vent) is lost at deeper planes of anesthesia and is often still present at light anesthesia.
		The palpebral reflex is generally lost at light planes of anesthesia while the corneal reflex should be present at light surgical anesthesia.
	www.anapsid.org /herppain4.html (299 words)

	Reflex action - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An example is the escape reflex (e.g., the sudden withdrawal of a hand in response to a pain stimulus), or the patellar reflex (the jerking of a leg when the kneecap is tapped).
		Within the spine a reflex arc switches the signals straight back to the muscles of the body (in this case the arm or the leg) (effectors) via a motor nerve cell, and the muscle contracts (the arm or leg jerks upwards).
		For a reflex, reaction time or latency is the time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reflex (542 words)

	Corneal Ulcers In Dogs And Cats
		Corneal cells are the only cells in the body that are transparent.
		Corneal abrasion (scraping) causes the entire cornea to swell (edema) and the cornea to turn white in color.
		One predisposing cause of corneal ulcers is a lack of adequate tear flow.
	www.2ndchance.info /cornealulcer.htm (1885 words)

	The Eye in Childhood - September 1, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		Displacement of the light reflex from the center of the pupil, or asymmetry, demonstrates abnormal alignment if the infant is fixating on the light and the observer is directly behind the light.
		The simultaneous red reflex test (Bruckner test) is also a rapid and simple screening tool for alignment, detecting asymmetry of the red reflex as abnormal when observing through the peephole of the ophthalmoscope with fixation on the light (Figure 2b).
		Simultaneous observation of the red reflex of both eyes (Bruckner test), using the ophthalmoscope with a bright large illumination spot while the patient fixates on the light, allows assessment of the ocular media (cornea, lens, vitreous, retina) and may detect media opacification (corneal scar, cataract) or leukocoria (white reflex) resulting from retinoblastoma or coloboma.
	www.aafp.org /afp/990901ap/907.html (4195 words)

	Corneal reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cornea -- Accornero et al. 30 (7): 782 -- Neurology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Corneal reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cornea -- Accornero et al.
		Corneal reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cornea
		In 18 patients with trigeminal lesions, the reflex was
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/30/7/782 (127 words)

	Corneal reflex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an automated involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation (such as touching or a foreign body) of the eyeball's cornea.
		The evolutionary purpose of this reflex is to protect the eyes from foreign bodies.
		The examination of the corneal reflex is a part of some neurological tests in particular the coma exam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corneal_reflex (148 words)

	Module 31 Overview
		Observe the corneal reflex on each eye relative to its position on the pupil or the iris.
		4 Estimate the magnitude of the deviation by estimating the millimeter displacement of the reflex.
		Loose prisms are used to move the reflex on the deviating eye to a position that is symmetrical with the reflex on the fixing eye.
	www.eyetec.net /group6/M29S3.htm (564 words)

	Integration of cornea and cardiorespiratory afferents in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat -- Boscan and ...
		Corneal nociceptive sensory afferents project directly to the ventral area of laminae I and II of the caudal and intermediate
		the corneal afferent-induced inhibition of the excitatory synaptic
		Responses of medullary dorsal horn neurons to corneal stimulation by CO pulses in the rat.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/4/H1278 (5327 words)

	Cranial Nerve > Abnormal
		A patient with an absent corneal reflex either has a CN 5 sensory deficit or a CN 7 motor deficit.
		The corneal reflex is particularly helpful in assessing brainstem function in the unconscious patient.
		Using a tongue blade, the left side of the patient's palate is touched which results in a gag reflex with the left side of the palate elevating more then the right and the uvula deviating to the left consistent with a right CN 9 & 10 deficit.
	medlib.med.utah.edu /neurologicexam/html/cranialnerve_abnormal.html (1363 words)

	Welcome to Eurotimes
		The team divided the corneal topography into four meridians and evaluated refraction at predefined points on the 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° meridians, using diameters of 3.0 mm, 5.0 mm and 6.6 mm.
		Contraction of the pupillary sphincter muscle due to light induction increased corneal refraction by 0.25 D to 0.5 D, depending on the meridian and diameter evaluated.
		He noted that the observed differences in refraction were clinically irrelevant to the overall refraction, as the peripheral corneal zone is shielded from light by the iris when the pupil is narrowed.
	www.escrs.org /eurotimes/May2002/pupillary.asp (620 words)

	Biol 2401 Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Reflexes are rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli, they are mediated over neural pathways called reflex arcs.
		Reflex testing is a diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system.
		Distorted, exaggerated or absent reflex responses may indicate degeneration or pathology of the NS Spinal cord injury, reflex tests help pinpoint the are or level of injury.
	www.accd.edu /pac/science/hopper/biol2401/labunit4/reflexes.htm (576 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		If the pupillary light reflex (also known as the red reflex) is totally absent in one or both eyes, then corneal opacity, cataracts, retinal detachment, or a large hemorrhage should be suspected.
		Another is the corneal light reflex test in which the eyes are viewed with an ophthalmoscope to see if the corneas are symmetrical.
		Corneal size should be assessed since large corneas, together with excessive tearing and photophobia is a sign of infantile glaucoma.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s17c02.html (2205 words)

	Optical Response to LASIK Surgery for Myopia from Total and Corneal Aberration Measurements -- Marcos et al. 42 (13): ...
		This subregion is centered at the pupil center, not the corneal reflex.
		the corneal intersect of the keratometric axis and the corneal
		Corneal wave aberration contour maps for eye 10, after surgery, centered at the pupil center, after realignment (left) and centered at the corneal reflex (right), directly from corneal topography data without realignment.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/42/13/3349 (5081 words)

	Anesthetic Monitoring
		Light plane- More decreased reflexes, pupils constricted, brisk palpebral reflex, corneal reflex, absence of swallowing reflex, lacrimation still present, no involuntary muscle movement.
		A major problem faced by all anesthetists is to avoid both ‘too light’ anesthesia with the risk of sudden violent movement and the dangerous ‘too deep’ anesthesia stage.
		Corneal reflex: does not disappear until deep anesthesia.
	www.cvm.okstate.edu /courses/vmed5412/lect012.htm (3375 words)

	corneal light reflex - General Practice Notebook
		Corneal light reflexes are not what a neurologist would recognise as a true reflex.
		Instead, they describe the corneal reflections of a light held in front of a patient.
		In the normal patient these should be symmetrically displaced just to the nasal side of centre of the cornea with the same displacement in each eye.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=-758120444 (858 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Corneal sensitivity (corneal reflex) is tested by a small wisp of cotton gently touched to the cornea.
		Corneal sensory nerves are located mostly in the superficial cornea, and the nerves lose their myelination as they cross from the periphery into the center of the cornea.
		An "axon reflex" is thought to exist in the cornea such that when corneal touch and pain receptors are stimulated, miosis of the pupil, hyperemia, and increased protein levels in the aqueous humor occur.
	sacs.vetmed.ufl.edu /Ophtho/Basic_Ophtho/Basic_Ophtho.htm (11337 words)

	Eye Tests > Alignment tests -- EyeMDLink.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The examiner shines a light at the patient and examines the reflection of light from the cornea, known as the corneal light reflex.
		If the corneal light reflex is positioned lateral to center, that eye is deviated nasally (esotropia).
		If the corneal light reflex is positioned nasal to center, that eye is deviated laterally (exotropia).
	www.eyemdlink.com /Test.asp?TestID=1 (322 words)

	Measurement of Eye Position
		During the corneal light reflex test, the reflex is displaced about ____________ from the pupil center in an adult and nearly _____________ in an infant.
		A normal nasalward displacement of the corneal light reflex is about _______________ in an adult and _______________ in a newborn infant.
		If there is a strabismus or eye turn in which only one eye foveates the target and the other deviates, you will see the corneal light reflex of the turned eye displaced from the pupil center.
	www.opt.indiana.edu /v665/Quiz4.htm (599 words)

	Vision Screening Online Training Program - Retinal Reflex (Red Reflex)
		The retinal reflex is primarily checking for disease whereas the pupillary light reflex is screening for muscle or physiological abnormalities.
		From the reflex given by the eye, obstructions inside the eye may be detected.
		Reflexes are equal in symmetry of pattern, color and intensity.
	www.health.state.mn.us /divs/fh/mch/webcourse/vision/mod5a.cfm (420 words)

	SUPPORTIVE CARE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Keratopathy due to exposure of the cornea, corneal infections, and visual loss in patients in the ICU are well known.
		An intact corneal epithelium is an important barrier to prevent corneal infections and to help maintain a smooth surface that allows clear vision.
		Lack of eyelid closure and loss of a protective corneal reflex, as might occur in intubated, sedated, or paralyzed patients in an ICU, may be predisposing conditions to drying of the cornea.
	www.aacn.org /AACN/jrnlajcc.nsf/GetArticle/ArticleFive93?OpenDocument (2176 words)

	Confirmation of Death
		One may test for evidence of a corneal reflex by touching the surface of the eyeball.
		Absence of a corneal reflex, failure to detect respiration, and absence of a heart beat for a period of more than 5 minutes should be used to confirm death.
		Lack of movement, absence of a heartbeat, respiration, or corneal reflex over an extended period of time provides further confirmation of death.
	lacs.vetmed.ufl.edu /HumaneEuthanasia/conf.htm (558 words)

	Clinical Rotation Template
		Although many diseases occur across species lines, some entities are more prevalent or unique to a particular species e.g., corneal sequestrum in cats.
		A very bright light is shone into the eye which should elicit an involuntary blinking and closing of the eyelids. This is a sub-cortical reflex, meaning that it will still be present in animals who are blind due to disease of the visual cortex.
		Begin with a Finoff transilluminator (or a direct ophthalmoscope set at 0 diopters) at arm's distance and establish both tapetal reflexes. This allows you to detect unequally sized pupils (anisocoria) and whether any opacities are present in the ocular media between you and the tapetal reflection.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /courses/ophthalmology/library/ophthalmic_exam.htm (921 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 1 - Examination of the Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The clarity of the ocular media and the contrast of the menacing object with its surroundings are important considerations in interpreting this response.
		I believe that it is a considerably more reliable indicator of the potential for vision than the menace reflex and is particularly useful in situations in which the ocular media are opaque.
		Corneal scars in the visual axis (particularly lower half of cornea).
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_1.html (7610 words)

	Welcome to Eurotimes
		He noted that in corneal topography, the patient looks through the visual axis, not the centre of the pupil, as he focuses on the fixation light.
		In that study, the authors used mathematical calculations to prove that the best outcomes were achieved by centring the surgical procedure on the line of sight and entrance pupil of the eye, not the visual axis.
		The authors marked and compared the geometric corneal centre, the entrance pupil centre, the visual axis, and the coaxially sighted corneal reflex as centration points after photographing the cornea in 50 volunteers.
	www.escrs.org /eurotimes/September2003/20.asp (751 words)

	Anesthetic Profile of Dexmedetomidine Identified by Stimulus-Response and Continuous Measurements in Rats -- Bol et al. ...
		reflex, tail-flick, tail clamp, and corneal reflex responses.
		to abolish the startle reflex, the tail clamp response, and corneal
		When the EEG measure reaches its maximal value, successively higher concentrations of dexmedetomidine are needed to abolish the startle reflex, the tail clamp response, and corneal reflex.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/291/1/153 (5224 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		Most of the peripheral processes of mesencephalic V neurons occupy the motor root of the trigeminal nerve and are distributed to muscle spindles in the muscles of mastication.
		The central processes of mesencephalic V neurons terminate within motor nucleus V. This connection establishes the stretch reflex originating in the muscle spindles of the masticatory muscles, together with a reflex for the control of the force of the bite.
		The response on the side that is stimulated is called the DIRECT corneal reflex while that on the opposite side is called the CONSENSUAL corneal reflex (analogous to the gag reflex).
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/17Trigeminal.html (612 words)

	Upper eyelid margin-to-corneal reflex distance in Arab boys » Clinical and Experimental Optometry
		The upper eyelid margin-to-corneal reflex distance (ULCRD) is used to define and quantify the degree of blepharoptosis.
		Evidence from previous studies indicates that both the vertical width of the palpebral fissure (VWPF) and the ULCRD are age-dependent.
		Asymmetry greater than 1.0 mm should be investigated further for evidence of blepharoptosis or exophthalmos.
	www.optometrists.asn.au /ceo/backissues/vol80/no5/1026 (299 words)

	The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Corneal edema is a frequent feature of this syndrome in dogs, especially when IOP approaches 40mmHg, but is a variable feature in cats and "always" less significant than in the canine patient.
		The corneal reflex involves the same general pathway as the palpebral but determines CN V function within the cornea rather than the eyelid/s.
		This reflex is mediated by the same pathways as those used for vision until immediately prior to the visual cortex.
	www.dcavm.org /04nov.html (12355 words)

	ENLmedical.com: Conditions And Concerns: Medical Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Absent or abnormal reflexes in an infant, persistence of a reflex past the age where the reflex is normally lost, or redevelopment of an infantile reflex in an older child or adult may suggest significant central nervous system, nerve trunk, or peripheral nerve problems.
		The tonic neck reflex is elicited when the head of a relaxed child, lying supine, is rotated to the side.
		(Abnormal infantile reflexes are usually discovered by the health care provider, and the affected individual, or the parents in the case of an infant, may or may not have been aware of its presence.)
	www.enlmedical.com /article/003292.htm (641 words)

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