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Topic: Corona satellite

	Samos (satellite) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At least two different generations of the satellite were made, and at least four different types of cameras were used.
		Film-return satellites would remain the standard until the KH-11 satellite with digital imaging capability emerged in the 1970s.
		The satellites as launched varied in mass from 1845 to 1900 kilograms.
	www.butte-silverbow.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Samos_(satellite) (496 words)

	The CORONA Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		CORONA is the name for the first operational space photo reconnaissance satellite.
		The CORONA launch sequence - The Corona vehicle was launched by a THOR booster and used the AGENA spacecraft as the upper stage.
		The CORONA recovery sequence - The recovery vehicles were de-orbited and recovered by Air Force C-119 aircraft while floating to earth on a parachute.
	www.nro.gov /corona/sysinfo2.htm (174 words)

	Spy satellite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A spy satellite (officially referred to as a reconnaissance satellite or recon sat) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.
		Until the 1970s and even the 1980s, many reconnaissance satellites that took photographs would eject canisters of photographic film, which would descend to earth and be retrieved in mid-air as they floated down on parachutes.
		A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case of KH-11 photographs which were sent to Jane's Defence Weekly in 1985.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spy_satellite (233 words)

	Corona (spy satellites)
		A Corona satellite would be placed in a polar orbit by a Thor-Agena rocket in order to take photographic swaths as it passed over the Soviet Union.
		Corona showed that the supposed missile gap which Kennedy played upon in his presidential campaign was a myth—a fact he would have learned at the time had he taken up Eisenhower’s offer of intelligence briefings.
		Corona allowed the United States intelligence community to catalog Soviet air defense and antiballistic missile sites, nuclear weapons-related facilities and submarine bases along with military installations in China and Eastern Europe.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/Corona_satellite.html (420 words)

	Antiquity: CORONA satellite photography: an archaeological application from the Middle East.@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		CORONA satellite photography: an archaeological application from the Middle East.
		While the value of satellite imagery to archaeology is increasingly apparent, most current applications involve its use for environmental reconstruction (e.g.
		The resolution issue may explain the rarity of publications which document the systematic use of satellite imagery...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:84341480&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (172 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Fearing a surprise nuclear attack from the Soviet Union, President Eisenhower authorized a top-secret spy satellite called "Corona." To disguise its purpose, it was given the name "Discoverer" and was reported to be a scientific research satellite.
		Corona proved to be a turning point in the Cold War.
		Corona satellites used film, which had to be returned to Earth.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/experience/technology/inventions.timeline/corona.html (206 words)

	CORONA Summary
		The Corona vehicle was launched by a THOR booster and used the AGENA spacecraft as the upper stage.
		CORONA and the Intelligence Community - Declassification's Great Leap Forward Kevin C. Ruffner Studies in Intelligence 1996 Vol.
		An Illustration of the Use of Declassified Corona, Lanyard, and Argon Photography in Environmental Studies Dennis Hetrick, Danielle Ehlen, and Paul Seevers, USGS EROS Data Center
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/imint/corona.htm (957 words)

	ADCI Speech 2/24/95 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		CORONA was conceived in the late 1950's, an era when facts were scarce and fears were rampant.
		Satellite imagery gave the United States the confidence to enter into negotiations and to sign arms control treaties with the Soviet Union.
		Satellite imagery confirmed that North Korea was developing an offensive nuclear capability in the early nineties and gave us early warning when Saddam Hussein deployed two elite Republican Guard Divisions to the Kuwaiti border last Fall.
	crispexi.info /cia/public_affairs/speeches/1995/dci_speech_22495.html (1576 words)

	Vojska -corona
		CORONA spacecraft were built from 1959-72 by Lockheed Space Systems under Central Intelligence Agency and U.S. Air Force contracts spanning 145 launches that provided intelligence the government has called "virtually immeasurable."
		CORONA's payload was a vertical-looking, reciprocating, 70-degree panoramic camera developed by Itek that exposed Eastman Kodak film by scanning at right angles to the line of flight.
		The satellites were designed to deorbit a film capsule (referred to as a "bucket")from space with mid-air recovery of the returning capsule by a specially equipped aircraft.
	galeb.etf.bg.ac.yu /~preki/vojska/corona.html (704 words)

	The Directorate of Science and Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Corona was the world's first imaging reconnaissance satellite and operated during the height of the Cold War to collect pictures over the denied areas behind the Iron and Bamboo Curtains.
		Corona's success was not only a result of those who built and operated the satellite system, but also of those who found ways to exploit and use Corona's imagery to extract intelligence information.
		Corona's experience demonstrates that technology can be a force multiplier for intelligence, and it is necessary to understand existing technologies if we are to apply them to the problems at hand.
	www.cia.gov /cia/dst/corona.html (6658 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 1 Page 7
		In 1958, the Weapons System designation was dropped due to President Eisenhower's stated space policy of "freedom of the skies" and "the peaceful uses of space." Using WS nomenclature might be misinterpreted by the Soviets as a non-peaceful use of space.
		The first DMSP satellite was launched in 1962, and by 1964, four weather satellites were operational, still awaiting the full capability of the NASA system.
		Most initial military satellites systems were designed for strategic use, but the DMSP system was the first spacecraft that both the Air Force and the Navy made tactical use of its weather data, primarily in strike aircraft mission planning.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /AppA/Part1_7.html (902 words)

	The Cold War Museum - CORONA and Spy Satellites
		Unnerved by the Soviet launch of their own artificial satellite Sputnik in October 1957, President Eisenhower authorized the C.I.A. to secretly develop spy satellites to protect the interests of the United States both at home and abroad.
		During these 13 years, the CORONA satellites took pictures of military targets and returned the exposed film back to Earth in reinforced capsules, providing American leaders with essential information otherwise unobtainable.
		Since the first successful launch of a CORONA satellite returned more photos of the Soviet Union than the 24 combined U-2 spy missions, satellite reconnaissance rapidly occupied an essential position in the determination of U.S. foreign policy towards cold war adversaries like the Soviet Union.
	www.coldwar.org /articles/60s/corona.html (612 words)

	[FPSPACE] Time To Declassify Historical Imagery
		Corona imagery also has provided priceless insight into foreign strategic programs of various nations, including North Korea, The Peoples Republic of China, Taiwan, Pakistan, India, the former Soviet Union and Iran, among others.
		Corona imagery, combined with U-2 imagery and the still yet-to-be-declassified follow-on film-based imagery could provide scientists with an unprecedented, critical historical record of what Earth looked like and how it has changed.
		Everyone concerned acknowledges Corona imagery and the follow-on systems is a unique resource which security researchers and analysts have barely begun to exploit.
	www.friends-partners.org /pipermail/fpspace/2000-November/000828.html (915 words)

	Media Technologies and Society / Jour 705 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A manmade or artificial satellite is a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter that is launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth.
		The satellites will be farther out in space and harder to detect than the massive spy probes that currently orbit the Earth.
		With a bigger constellation of satellites, the probes will be able to revisit and take pictures of an area more frequently than the current versions.
	www.jour.unr.edu:16080 /j705/IN.BANNING.SATELLITES.HTML (514 words)

	Corona DirecTV, Save Money, California Installation
		Satellite signals are considered to be the highest quality as they are first generation (directly from the Broadcaster to you).
		Cable packages range from neighborhood to neighborhood, whereas satellite packages are the same across the nation.
		Using the most advanced satellite technology, we deliver more than 225 channels of programming to homes and businesses that have DIRECTV receiving equipment, which features a small satellite dish, a digital set-top receiver and a remote control.
	www.get-direct.tv /california/coronadirectv.htm (467 words)

	Satellite photographs reveal ancient road system
		The ancient roads, which are clearly seen in CORONA satellite surveillance photographs, indicate that the settlement was an important city.
		CORONA satellite imagery permits archaeologists to measure the size of ancient sites with great precision because it enables measurement of uneven, irregular walls such as the site of ancient Nineveh in Iraq, across the Tigris river from modern day Mosul.
		Archaeologists at the University of Chicago’s Oriental Institute have used recently declassified satellite surveillance images to show that subtle land depressions–which had gone largely unnoticed by scholars–are actually the remnants of ancient roadways that knitted together the fabric of emerging civilizations in the ancient Near East.
	www-news.uchicago.edu /releases/03/030128.ancientroads.shtml (704 words)

	[No title]
		The U.S. responded by launching the Navy's Vanguard satellite in early December, which in full television view of the American public, malfunctioned and was destroyed by fire on the launching pad.
		CORONA was moved to Lockheed's Sunnyvale, California, plant in 1969.
		Collection by satellite was therefore considered to be within the responsibilities assigned to the CIA under the National Security Act of 1947, as amended.
	www.netwrx1.net /skunk-works/v05.n279 (6826 words)

	Chronology of Spy Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The project, now carrying the name "Corona," undergoes what the Central Intelligence Agency calls "covert reactivation"Ñ only a small number of govern ment officials, Lockheed em ployees and employees at oth er defense contracting compa nies are briefed on the new ef fort.
		Jan. 21, 1959: The first attempt to launch a rocket designed to carry the Corona satellite, as sembled at the Hiller Aircraft plant in Menlo Park, ends in failure 60 minutes before blast off at Vandenberg Air Force Base near Santa Barbara when explosive bolts are triggered accidentally, damaging the rocket.
		During the life of the pro gram, Corona mapped 750 mil lion sguare miles of the Earth's surface, mostly ih the Soviet Union and China; the resolution of its cameras improved from initially distinguishing objects on the ground no smaller than 20 feet to picking out objects just five feet across.
	infomanage.com /international/intelligence/spychron.html (643 words)

	Reconnaissance - Satellites - Articles - R-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Robinson reviews the U.S. spy satellite program from the early days to the present, and notes the role of the National Reconnaissance Office in collecting and collating the imagery received from space.
		This is primarily a look at the early days of the Corona photo-reconnaissance satellite project through the eyes of Walter Levison and Frank Madden.
		The conference, "Piercing the Curtain: Corona and the Revolution in Intelligence," was held in Washington, DC, on 23 May 1995, under the sponsorship of George Washington University and the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence.
	intellit.muskingum.edu /recon_folder/reconsats_folder/reconsatsartsr-z.html (1366 words)

	Piercing the Veil of Secrecy
		hotographs from the Corona missions enabled the United States to count the number of bombers and missiles in the Soviet arsenal and also alerted American experts to nuclear weapons tests and pending space launches.
		This is a 1960 Corona image of a Soviet launch complex, the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
		It claimed that the satellites were for scientific exploration and gave them the generic name Kosmos.
	www.nasm.si.edu /galleries/gal114/SpaceRace/sec400/sec441.htm (170 words)

	Spy Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The project, now carrying the name "Corona," undergoes what the Central Intelligence Agency calls "covert reactivation"¥ only a small number of government officials, Lockheed employees and employees at other defense contracting companies are briefed on the new effort.
		May 25, 1972: The final Corona mission is launched, with the fi nal capsule recovered on May 31.
		During the life of the pro gram, Corona mapped 750 mil lion square miles of the Earth's surface, mostly ih the Soviet Union and China; the resolution of its cameras improved from initially distinguishing objects on the ground no smaller than 20 feet to picking out objects just five feet across.
	www.unexplainable.net /artman/publish/printer_712.shtml (622 words)

	40 years ago the top-secret U.S. spy satellite CORONA snapped a series of photographs of selected missile sites in the ...
		Though CORONA has been declassified for five years, the names and contributions of all the men who designed, built and launched it and other spy satellites have remained largely in the shadows.
		CORONA itself was fraught with difficulty, Leghorn recalled.
		The satellite proved conclusively that the Soviets' missile force did not number in the hundreds, as the public had feared, but rather amounted to somewhere between 25 and 50.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/nro_at_forty_000926.html (1241 words)

	Corona Program
		The Corona, Argon, and Lanyard satellites were U.S. photographic surveillance satellites used from the late 50's through the early 70's.
		The satellites were designed to assess how rapidly the Soviet Union was producing long-range bombers and ballistic missiles, and where they were being deployed.
		The first launches of the Corona program were announced by the USAF as satellites in the Discoverer series.
	samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov /msl/Programs/corona.html (698 words)

	:: Welcome to the National Reconnaissance Office ::
		Corona was the nation's first photo reconnaissance satellite system, operating from August 1960 until May 1972.
		At the present time, CORONA program documents and imagery are being reviewed and processed for transfer to the National Archives and Records Administration.
		The Index of the Declassified CORONA, ARGON, and LANYARD Records is available.
	www.nro.gov /corona/facts.html (224 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		These satellites collected images over many parts of the world between 1960 and 1972.
		The satellite would de-orbit a capsule or bucket that contained the satellite film and a specially equipped aircraft would catch the returning capsule in mid-air.
		The CORONA satellite imagery to be used for this research was collected in 1965, prior to the flooding of Lake Nasser and has a spatial resolution of 1-3 meters.
	www.utdallas.edu /~allie/Thesis/corona.html (115 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites (Smithsonian History of Aviation and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This book chronicles in satisfying detail the origins of U.S. satellite reconnaissance by focusing on the pioneering Corona program, under which some 800,000 satellite images were made between 1960 and 1972.
		A history of the top secret CORONA spy satellite missions (not officially revealed until 1992), believed by many experts to be the most important modern development in intelligence gathering.
		The CORONA program was initially conceived as a way of keeping a close eye on the Soviet military without violating Russian borders.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1560987731?v=glance (1355 words)

	Corona Spy Satellite Program CIA Files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		CORONA is the program name for a series of satellites with increasingly more accurate cameras, which provided coverage of the Soviet Union, China, and other areas from the Middle East to Southeast Asia, from the late 1950s until its retirement in 1972.
		Satellite imagery from Corona was used for a variety of analytical purposes from assessing military strength to estimating the size of grain production.
		This volume of documents presents the history of the CORONA program, provides a brief look at how the interdepartmental Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance formed to coordinate satellite collection, and gives an example of a nonmilitary use of satellite imagery.
	www.paperlessarchives.com /corona.html (158 words)

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