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Topic: Corporate Average Fuel Economy

	Corporate Average Fuel Economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975, exist to regulate and improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and sport utility vehicles) sold in the US in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo.
		It is the sales-weighted average fuel economy, expressed in miles per gallon (mpg), of a manufacturer's fleet of passenger cars or light trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 8,500 pounds (3,856 kg) or less, manufactured for sale in the United States, for any given model year.
		Both groups cite a correlation between increased CAFE standards and increased highway deaths, as well as independent studies which attest that there are "7,700 deaths for every mile per gallon gained in fuel economy standards".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy (930 words)

	Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
		To improve a car's fuel economy, one of two things must happen: The efficiency of the powertrain must be increased through new technologies, or the amount of work required by the engine to move the car must be lowered, usually by lessening wind resistance or by reducing the car's size and weight.
		CAFE standards require that the average fuel efficiency for domestic and imported fleets be calculated separately, with domestic fleets being defined as models that are made with at least 75 percent domestic parts.
		Despite its flaws, the CAFE program has significantly reduced U.S. gasoline consumption by first contributing to a rise in fuel economy and, in recent years, by maintaining fuel economy levels, even during periods when oil prices were dropping and demand for fuel-efficient cars and trucks was low, the committee said.
	www.thecre.com /fuel/nas_press.html (1404 words)

	EPA's Fuel Economy and Emissions Programs - Fuel Economy - On-road Vehicles and Engines - Cars and Light Trucks - OTAQ ...
		Fuel economy, or gas mileage, continues to be a major area of public and policy interest for several reasons.
		Fuel economy estimates are calculated from the emissions generated during the tests using a carbon balance equation.
		CAFE values are obtained using the same test data generated by the fuel economy tests used to determine the fuel economy estimates for the Guide and labels, but the test results are not adjusted to account for real-world conditions.
	www.epa.gov /fueleconomy/420f04053.htm (1438 words)

	Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards Big Energy Savings at a Modest Cost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The 1985 average fuel economy standard of 27.5 mpg for cars has not been raised in the intervening 16 years, and the light truck standard increased only about 1 mpg in the same period.
		Engineering analyses show that this level of fuel economy improvement over the next 10–15 years is feasible and could be achieved using "conventional" (non-hybrid) technologies through a combination of streamlining, reduced tire rolling resistance, engine improvements, optimized transmission, and effective use of the upcoming transition to higher voltage automotive electrical systems.
		Given the importance of dramatically improving new vehicle economy in the coming decades, federal participation should be expanded in research and development of highly efficient vehicles—both light and heavy duty—and technologies such as fuel cells, hybrid-electric drivetrains, and lightweight materials.
	www.aceee.org /energy/cafe.htm (884 words)

	Analysis of Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Light Trucks and Increased Alternative Fuel Use - Introduction
		An additional case that represents a 5 percent increase in fuel economy in 2005, followed by a 10 percent increase in 2010 is also examined.
		The higher fuel economy and lower incremental cost projections in the EIA S. Case compared to the NRC study reflect the improvements gained when weight reduction is included as an option to increase fuel economy.
		The NRC study estimates that average new light truck (less than 8,500 pounds gross vehicle weight) fuel economy could be increased to about 27.5 mpg at an incremental cost of $1,260 with no reduction in vehicle weight.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/servicerpt/cafe/introduction.html (3743 words)

	Energy Efficiency In Transportation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Improvements in the average fuel economy of new cars and light trucks from around 1975 through the mid-1980s, were significant.
		Unfortunately, the rated average fuel economy of new passenger vehicles declined from a high of about 26 miles per gallon (MPG) in 1988 to less than 24 MPG in 1999 due to increasing vehicle size and power, the rising market share for inefficient light trucks, and lack of tougher fuel economy regulations.
		Tougher fuel economy standards could again be met through technological improvements, both minor improvements to conventional vehicle designs and use of advanced technologies such as hybrid drivetrains and fuel cells.
	www.sustainableenergy.org /resources/technologies/transportation.htm (809 words)

	C A F E Overview
		Fuel economy is defined as the average mileage traveled by an automobile per gallon of gasoline (or equivalent amount of other fuel) consumed as measured in accordance with the testing and evaluation protocol set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
		After noting that the one-house veto provision in the CAFE statute was “clearly unconstitutional,” that Office concluded that that provision is severable from the rest of the statute and that, therefore, the Department “continues to have authority” to amend the passenger car CAFE standard.
		The fuel economy of a dedicated alternative fuel vehicle is determined by dividing its fuel economy in equivalent miles per gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel by 0.15.
	www.nhtsa.dot.gov /cars/rules/cafe/overview.htm (2720 words)

	Fuel Economy of Vehicles at LAWDOG® Center
		Fuel Economy Guide data is derived from vehicle testing done at the EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan and by vehicle manufacturers who submit their own test data to EPA.
		Fuel economy values are calculated from the emissions generated during the tests using a carbon balance equation after measuring the carbon compounds expelled in the exhaust.
		Annual fuel costs are based on the combined fuel economy as adjusted, assuming 15,000 miles traveled per year and the estimated fuel cost from an unrealistic table.
	www.lawdog.com /transport/cp2.htm (1136 words)

	Ford Motor Company - Sustainability Report 2004/05 - Performance Data - Environment - Vehicle Fuel Economy and CO2 ...
		Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) is calculated in accordance with U.S. NHTSA and EPA regulations.
		The decrease in the CAFE level of 2004 domestic passenger cars is due primarily to a short 2004 model year of the Focus (which was abbreviated to allow a changeover to the new model) and reduced sales of alternative fuel vehicles.
		The projected 2005 combined CAFE status improvement is due to the inclusion of new vehicles with favorable fuel economy including the Escape Hybrid, Mercury Mariner, Ford Freestyle, Ford Five Hundred and Mercury Montego.
	www.ford.com /en/company/about/sustainability/report/envDataEconomy.htm (268 words)

	Bestselling author Michael Fumento reports: "The High Cost of Cleaner Cars."
		CAFE was enacted by Congress in 1975 and took effect in 1978.
		CAFE proponents have alleged that much of the relative danger of small cars comes about because of their disadvantage in collisions with larger cars and that as the fleet downsizes there will less danger, because there will be fewer large cars on the road.
		The decrease in the average fuel economy of imports, according to industry analysts, results from foreign manufacturers, particularly the Japanese with their new luxury divisions, taking over part of the market the American companies were forced to abandon due to CAFE.
	www.fumento.com /cleancarcost.html (2451 words)

	"Retooling CAFE" Feature Article, April 2004
		Corporate average fuel economy standards for light trucks are under the high beams.
		Corporate average fuel economy is the average mileage traveled per gallon of fuel by the cars and trucks that a company sells for a given model year.
		CAFE rules have always been a contentious issue, and any reforms are likely to raise arguments over safety, jobs, and the environment.
	www.memagazine.org /contents/current/features/recafe/recafe.html (2754 words)

	Basics of CAFE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The test results are reported in the fuel efficiency guides that the U.S. Department of Energy issues each year, and are shown on window stickers placed on all new vehicles.
		Auto manufacturers are regulated not for the fuel efficiency of each individual car but for their "fleet average".
		CAFE is enforced through civil penalties set at $5 per car for each one-tenth mpg that a manufacturer violates the standard.
	www.mpgplus.org /perspective/cafe.html (209 words)

	Detroit, Michigan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The average high and low temperatures in July are 85°F (29°C) and 65°F (18°C) respectively, and in January 33°F (1°C) and 20°F(-6°C).
		Average monthly precipitation ranges from about two to five inches (50 to 130 mm), being heaviest in the summer months.
		The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Detroit,_Michigan (7803 words)

	Story of CAFE- Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
		CAFE is an acronym for 'Corporate Average Fuel Economy'.
		Alternative fuel vehicles use something other than gas or diesel, which includes natural gas, hydrogen, propane, ethanol, bio-diesel etc. The CAFE standard for these is determined by dividing the fuel economy in equivalent miles per gallon of fuel (gas, diesel) by 0.15.
		The rating for those is the average of the fuel economy on gasoline or diesel and the fuel economy on the alternative fuel vehicle divided by.15.
	www.cars101.com /cafe.html (1129 words)

	Corporate Average Fuel Economy - Global Warming - Sierra Club
		Increasing the fuel efficiency of automobiles is the biggest single step the United States can take to reduce consumption of fossil fuels and the threat of global warming.
		Raising CAFE standards to 45 miles per gallon (mpg) for cars and 34 mpg for light trucks (trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles) is the biggest single step we can take to curb global warming.
		The fuel efficiency of America's automobile fleet is plummeting, and as it drops pressure is building to create new supplies of oil to fill the demand.
	www.sierraclub.org /globalwarming/cleancars/cafe/index.asp (401 words)

	HybridCars.com - Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
		CAFE proponents respond that unless we shift to greater efficiency and new technologies, American car companies and their employees will fail to compete with more fuel-efficient Japanese cars—especially if gas prices continue to rise.
		CAFE standards were enacted in response to the 1973-1974 Arab oil embargo.
		Despite the rapid recent rise of gas prices, and the return of lines at the pumps, the prospects for increasing CAFE are unlikely—given the vociferous opposition to CAFE, the strength of Detroit lobbyists, and the political consequences for legislators who show interest in anything beyond token increases in fuel economy levels.
	www.hybridcars.com /cafe.html (1113 words)

	Corporate Average Fuel Economy Reform Act of 2006
		S. To amend the automobile fuel economy provisions of title 49, United States Code, to reform the setting and calculation of fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles, and for other purposes.
		To amend the automobile fuel economy provisions of title 49, United States Code, to reform the setting and calculation of fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles, and for other purposes.
		Each standard shall be the maximum feasible average fuel economy level that the Secretary decides the manufacturers can achieve in that model year.
	www.theorator.com /bills109/s2830.html (1147 words)

	Corporate average fuel efficiency
		Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE, standards were established by.
		And while fuel efficiency is desirable, corporate average fuel economy standards imposed to promote fuel efficiency indirectly have killed Americans by.
		Fuel efficiency, sometimes also referred to as fuel economy and commonly gas.
	www.seatbeltweb.com /corporate+average+fuel+efficiency.html (421 words)

	Increase Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards
		The average fuel economy of cars and light trucks has declined from about 26 mpg in 1988 to 24 mpg in 2000 due to increasing vehicle size and power, the rising market share of light trucks, and the lack of tougher CAFE standards.
		We recommend increasing the CAFE standards by 5% per year for 10 years so that they reach 44 mpg for cars and 33 mpg for light trucks in 2012, with further improvements beyond 2012.
		To facilitate compliance with the tougher standards, CAFE should be complemented by a combination of policies, including: implementing tax credits for purchasers of innovative, highly efficient vehicles; expanding taxes on gas-guzzling vehicles; increasing labeling and consumer education efforts; and continuing vigorous R&D on fuel-efficient, low-emissions vehicles.
	www.aceee.org /energy/cafekey.htm (189 words)

	Fuel Economy Standards
		In recent years, CAFE indisputably played an important role in maintaining higher fuel economy than would have resulted from the lower fuel prices that prevailed for most of this period.
		Fuel economy can be raised more for heavier vehicles than for light ones, and the resulting fuel savings will be much higher for the heavier vehicles also.
		All manufacturers would have incentive to raise the economy of all their vehicles, and the results are likely to be less costly than the current approach of treating each manufacture separately.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /ocga/testimony/Fuel_Economy_Standards.asp (1702 words)

	Working Truck Fuel Economy: The Facts
		It is not necessary for every truck sold to meet the CAFE standard. CAFE standards are based on the average fuel economy of a manufacturer’s entire fleet of trucks.
		Automakers are sitting on a large number of fuel-saving technologies that have the potential to increase the fuel economy of a full-size pickup from 20.3 mpg to 33.7 mpg over the next ten years, while maintaining the safety, performance, and utility on which buyers have come to rely.
		Increasing the fuel economy of a full-size pickup from 20.3 mpg to 33.7 mpg would save the owner more than $7,000 in fuel costs over the life of the vehicle at a gas price of $2.50 / gallon.
	www.ucsusa.org /clean_vehicles/cars_pickups_suvs/working-truck-fuel-economy-facts.html (308 words)

	Fuel Efficiency and the CAFE Standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		CAFE standards do not mean that all cars that consume more gas are banned from operating in the U.S. They indicate the average sales-weighted level of gas consumption that each automaker is required to achieve for its cars and light trucks sold in the U.S. in a given year.
		The automakers will stonewall any progress in fuel efficiency, unless it is achieved by the government handing over more taxpayer money to them in the form of tax credits that would increase demand for their cars.
		Because CAFE is based on the vehicles sold each year, whether a manufacturer meets the CAFE standard or not depends not only on what products are offered, but also on what products consumers purchase.
	inside.bard.edu /politicalstudies/student/PS260Spring03/cafe.htm (1274 words)

	Public Citizen \| Fuel Economy (CAFE) - Corporate Average Fuel Economy
		Under the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program, manufacturers’ fleetwide fuel economy averages for cars and light trucks are measured against a federal fuel economy standard for each category of vehicles.
		The fuel economy of the U.S. vehicle fleet peaked in 1988 and has been swiftly declining ever since, due to in large measure to the billions of dollars spent by the auto industry over the past decade in marketing SUVs.
		In the absence of meaningful fuel economy standards, automakers have also been free to use gains in engine efficiency to increase the size and weight of the heaviest, largest vehicles, with devastating consequences for the safety of occupants and others on the road.
	www.citizen.org /autosafety/fuelecon (617 words)

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