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Topic: Corticospinal tract

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	Medical Neurosciences
		In contrast, the cells of origin of the lateral corticospinal tract lie in the contralateral cerebral cortex.
		This is because the lateral corticospinal tract influences the musculature on the same (ipsilateral) side of the body.
		Cerebrovascular accidents (“strokes”) commonly damage the corticospinal tract in the motor cortex or the posterior limb of the internal capsule (a compact bundle of axons through which almost all neural traffic to and from the cortex passes).
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/01Pyramid.html (974 words)

	Curriculum2000 templatee: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The direct activation pathway is a monosynaptic tract from the cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord (corticospinal tract) or brain stem (corticobulbar).
		Although the four corticospinal pathways (2 laterals and 2 anteriors) supply all segmental levels of the cord, a majority of the fibers terminate in the cervical (brachial plexus) and lumbosacral (lumbosacral plexus) regions of the cord.
		In the cerebral white matter (corona radiata) and internal capsule, the corticospinal fibers are intermingled with corticostriate (cortex to basal ganglia), corticothalamic (cortex to thalamus), corticorubral (cortex to red nucleus), corticopontine (cortex to nuclei of the pons), cortico-olivary (cortex to olivary nucleus) and corticoreticular (cortex to reticular formation) fibers.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m1/neurosci/Web_Neuro_2001/protected/curriculum/Unit_09_01_Motor_Systems/Motor_Pathways.htm (4198 words)

	Lateral Corticospinal Tract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The lateral corticospinal tract is the larger of the 2 pathways.
		Other fibers remain ipsilateral and form the anterior corticospinal tract, which is located in the anterior portion of the white matter of the spinal cord; most of these fibers cross at the local spinal level.
		Some of the fibers of the lateral corticospinal tract terminate directly on the motor neurons (anterior horn cells) of the spinal cord, particularly those involved in fine motor control of the fingers and hand.
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/med/hendelman/anatomy/latcort.htm (219 words)

	Lateral corticospinal tract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The majority (~85%) of the corticospinal tract decussates at the pyramids forming the lateral corticospinal tract.
		The lateral corticospinal tract passes through the cerebral peduncle, basal pons and medullary pyramid before terminating in the anterior horn or intermediate region of the spinal cord.
		The lateral corticospinal tract is best seen in cross-section at the leve of the first motor decussation; there, it lies ventromedially to the descending nucleus of the fifth nerve, immediately lateral to the caudal region of the third ventricle.
	homepages.nyu.edu /~obernt01/sciencepage/neuroanat/latcorticospinaltract.html (202 words)

	Motor Systems
		From the ventral surface of the midbrain within the cerebral peduncles, the tract continues through the pons to the ventral surface of the medulla, where it is visible as a pyramidal shaped bundle of fibers on each side known as the pyramids (thus the other name, pyramidal tract).
		The tectospinal tract, the medial and lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts, and the anterior corticospinal tract form the medial tracts.
		These tracts descend in the medial, ventral white matter of the spinal cord and terminate in the medial regions of the ventral horns where motor neurons that innervate axial and proximal limb musculature are located.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /cns/histo/systems/motor/main.htm (815 words)

	2. Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The corticospinal pathway is mainly involved in manipulation and fine movements of the distal parts of the limbs (ie it puts purposeful movements onto the posture).
		The neurones of the corticospinal tract project directly from the motor cortex, and are topographically represented on the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
		The fibres from the pons descend in the pontine reticulospinal tract and are mainly ipsilateral.
	d-mis-web.ana.bris.ac.uk /calnet/UMN/page2.htm (1733 words)

	Motor Systems
		The axons of the corticospinal tract the condense to form the pyramids.
		This tract is known as the corticobulbar tract.
		The major cerebellar tracts are the Spinocerebellar, connecting the spinal cord and the cerebellum, the Vestibulospinal, connecting the vestibular system and the cerebellum, Corticopontocerebellar, connecting the cortex, pons and cerebellum and the Dentatorubrothalamic connecting the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, the red nucleus and the thalamus.
	pathology.mc.duke.edu /neuropath/nawr/motor-systems.html (1173 words)

	ch8
		corticospinal tract: the system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord.
		lateral corticospinal tract: the system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the contralateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the distal limbs.
		ventral corticospinal tract: the system of axons that originates in the motor cortex and terminates in the ipsilateral ventral gray matter of the spinal cord; controls movements of the upper legs and trunk.
	www2.truman.edu /shaffer/321ch8_2001.htm (1779 words)

	HyperBrain Syllabus Chapter 10
		Axons that are homologous to corticospinal fibers, but terminate in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves in the brain stem [e.g., nuclei V (#6198), VII (#6695), IX, X, XI and XII (#4311)], form the corticobulbar tract.
		The corticobulbar fibers accompany the corticospinal axons through the internal capsule (#6430) and cerebral peduncle (#6463) and then leave the corticospinal tract to enter the tegmentum of the pons and medulla.
		The course of the corticospinal tract can be followed from the internal capsule as far caudally as the pyramid in fig 10c, a section from a monkey brain.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus10.html (1959 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		A lesion in the lateral corticospinal tract will interfere mostly with closing the hand around the object, but will have little effect on the reaching motion, which is controlled more by the ventromedial corticospinal tract.
		The other descending pyramidal tract, the corticospinal tract, stimulates the motor neurons in the spinal cord that are responsible for moving the body's axial muscles, as well as the arms and legs.
		This ventral corticospinal tract is composed 10 to 20% of cortical axons.
	thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/i/i_06/i_06_cl/i_06_cl_mou/i_06_cl_mou.html (1106 words)

	[No title]
		Corticospinal tract neurons also contact interneurons that, in turn, synapse on motor neurons.
		At the most caudal level of the pyramid, there are only corticospinal axons because all of the corticobulbar axons have left the tract and terminated in the cranial motor nuclei.
		The lateral corticospinal tract originates from the arm and leg regions; the ventral corticospinal tract originates from the axial representations (neck and trunk).
	www.columbia.edu /itc/hs/medical/neuralsci/2006/Lab08_Quiz/Quiz.txt (934 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		The primary motor cortex projects its axons mainly to the corticospinal tract, which is composed of the lateral and ventromedial systems.
		The axons of this tract ultimately synapse on the motor neurons and interneurons of the dorsolateral portion of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
		This tract helps to maintain the head in the correct position relative to the shoulders, which is essential for continuing to look in a given direction while the body is moving.
	thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/a/a_06/a_06_cl/a_06_cl_mou/a_06_cl_mou.html (1509 words)

	Answers to MCQs on Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The lateral corticospinal tract contains 80 to 90 % of corticospinal fibres which decussate in the caudal part of the medulla oblongata.
		The small proportion of uncrossed fibres descend as the ventral corticospinal tract.
		Spinothalamic tracts (ventrolateral system) consists of axons of "tract cells" in the dorsal grey horn of the spinal cord.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /hb207/04Assessment/Exam02MCQ01Ans.htm (1004 words)

	corticospinal tract - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the internal capsule fibres occupy the posterior third of the anterior limb and the anterior two-thirds of the posterior limb.
		After descending through the internal capsule the corticospinal tract runs in the cerebral peduncles on the anterior apsect of the midbrain.
		Most corticospinal neurones synapse with interneurones which then connect with the motor neurones which innervate the muscles at the motor endplate.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/959774759.htm (210 words)

	Anterior corticospinal tract - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the direct pyramidal tract or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
		It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract.
		It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract (379 words)

	Ipsilateral Actions of Feline Corticospinal Tract Neurons on Limb Motoneurons -- Edgley et al. 24 (36): 7804 -- Journal ...
		Intact corticospinal tract fibers on the right side of the spinal cord are added, but RS neurons located on the left side are omitted for the sake of simplicity.
		Reticulospinal tract neurons evoke disynaptic EPSPs and IPSPs
		tract neurons with axons in MLF and lamina VIII excitatory and
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/36/7804 (7888 words)

	Dysarthria: Definition and Description; Etiology
		The pyramidal tract is the most direct of the upper motor neuron tracts; the extrapyramidal tract also consists of upper motor neurons.
		Approximately 80% of the cell bodies of the pyramidal tract are located on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe which is also known as the motor strip.
		Both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts send some axons to the pontine nuclei in the pons as they descend to synapse with lower motor neurons.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit11.html (1777 words)

	[No title]
		C. Acetylcholine is released in greater quantities from the corticospinal tract synapses.
		A. The axons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex.
		B. The axons of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/anderson/mcspinal.html (2759 words)

	Correlation between impaired dexterity and corticospinal tract dysgenesis in congenital hemiplegia -- Duque et al. 126 ...
		An index of peduncular symmetry was used to quantify dysgenesis and/or degeneration of the corticospinal tract.
		a compensatory overgrowing of the undamaged corticospinal tract.
		Galea MP, Darian-Smith I. Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations, and connections.
	brain.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/126/3/732 (6748 words)

	Clinical Problem Solving: Long Spinal Pathways and Cranial Nerves
		As the lesion enlarges, it may encroach upon 1) the anterior horn, damaging motor neurons and causing paralysis with muscle atrophy and/or on 2) the lateral corticospinal tract in the dorsolateral funiculus, causing weakness and paralysis of the distal limb.
		The Babinski sign and weakness could result from damage to the corticospinal tract at any place along the pathway from motor cortex (precentral gyrus), posterior limb of the internal capsule, central 2/3 of the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain, ventral pons, medullary pyramid, pyramidal decussation, dorsolateral funiculus, and neck of the dorsal horn.
		Thus, a single, relatively restricted lesion that could explain all of the observed signs would be located on the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord and would involve the dorsal root(s), corticospinal tract in the dorsolateral funiculus, and fasciculus cuneatus.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~neuro/neuro03/schedule/sptrcta.htm (1715 words)

	Spinothalamic tract - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord that transmits information about pain, temperature, itch and crude touch to the thalamus.
		The pathway decussates at the level of the spinal cord, rather than in the brainstem like the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway and corticospinal tract.
		The axons of the tract cells cross over to the other side of the spinal cord via the anterior white commissure, and to the anterolateral corner of the spinal cord (hence the spinothalamic tract being part of the anterolateral system).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spinothalamic_tract (541 words)

	Diffusion tensor imaging can detect and quantify corticospinal tract degeneration after stroke -- Werring et al. 69 ...
		The small closed white arrows in (A), (B), and (C) indicate the location of the damaged corticospinal tract in which anisotropy is lower than on the opposite side.
		In the coronal images (right side of figure) the intact corticospinal tract on the left side of the brain has high anisotropy (bright pixels) and coherent fibre orientation (red lines).
		This is by contrast with the loss of tract anisotropy and direction on the right side of the brain ipsilateral to the infarct.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/69/2/269 (2332 words)

	Diffusion tensor imaging detects corticospinal tract involvement at multiple levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- ...
		Figure 2 The predicted population FA means for age 55 years are plotted against corticospinal tract location for the controls (left and right hand sides) and patients (left and right hand sides).
		Greater variability is observed lower down in the corticospinal tracts and in the patient group.
		The corticospinal tract in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an MRI study.
	jnnp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/74/9/1250 (4958 words)

	BASIC MOTOR PATHWAY
		The corticospinal tract originates as the axons of pyramidal neurons in layer V of (mainly) primary motor cortex.
		These fibers were part of the original corticospinal tract, and made up 15-20% of the pyramids, but at the decussation, they did not cross.
		Fine finger movements and tap dancing are the exclusive domain of the lateral corticospinal tract, but push-ups and hula-hooping rely more on the anterior corticospinal tracts.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/basmot.html (1580 words)

	eMedicine - Motor Evoked Potentials : Article by Jasvinder Chawla, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fibers of the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract originate from the sensorimotor cortex around the central sulcus.
		A large part of direct pyramidal tract fibers actually cross the midline at the spinal cord level (ie, through the white anterior commissura), so that its projections are bilateral.
		In MS, a prolongation of CMCT may be explained by reduced stimulus conduction in the large-diameter corticospinal fibers; this phenomenon is caused by demyelination or incomplete remyelination.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic222.htm (6064 words)

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