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Topic: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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	Diphtheria
		CDC describes diphtheria as "an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane of the tonsil(s), pharynx, and/or nose".
		The diphtheria toxin causes the death eukaryotic cells and tissues by inhibition protein synthesis in the cells.
		The relative absence of diphtheria in the United States is due primarily to the high level of appropriate immunization in children, and to an apparent reduction in toxin-producing strains of the bacterium.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /diphtheria.html (2891 words)

	Diphtheria, corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria, vaccines, disease, vaccine, vaccination & immuniza
		Diphtheria, corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria, vaccines, disease, vaccine, vaccination and immuniza
		Diphtheria is a bacterial toxinic infection that is highly contagious via the airways; it is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
		The paediatric forms containing diphtheria anatoxin may be bivalent (combined with tetanus valence), trivalent (combined with acellular or whole-organism whooping cough and tetanus valences), tetravalent, pentavalent or hexavalent, depending on whether the trivalent diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine is combined with Hæmophilus Influenzae b, hepatitis B or inactivated poliovirus.
	www.diphtheria.org (1531 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 32
		Diphtheria is a paradigm of the toxigenic infectious diseases.
		The pathogenesis of diphtheria is based upon two primary determinants: (1) the ability of a given strain of C diphtheriae to colonize in the nasopharyngeal cavity and/or on the skin, and (2) its ability to produce diphtheria toxin.
		A remarkable aspect of mass immunization with diphtheria toxoid is that as the percentage of the population with protective levels of antitoxin immunity (0.01 IU/ml) increases, the frequency of isolation of toxigenic strains from the population decreases.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch032.htm (3275 words)

	Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
		Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
		Although diphtheria disease is rare in the United States, it appears that Corynebacterium diphtheriae continues to circulate in areas of the country with previously endemic diphtheria.
		Diphtheria toxoid is available combined with tetanus as pediatric DT or adult Td, and with both tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine as DTaP.
	www.drlera.com /bacterial_diseases/diphtheria_.htm (3571 words)

	Diphtheria
		Diphtheria is an acute bacterial disease that usually affects the tonsils, throat, nose or skin.
		Diphtheria is transmitted to others through close contact with discharge from an infected person's nose, throat, skin, eyes and lesions.
		Diphtheria vaccine is usually combined with tetanus vaccine and acellular pertussis vaccine to form a triple vaccine known as DTaP.
	www.health.state.ny.us /diseases/communicable/diphtheria/fact_sheet.htm (431 words)

	eMedicine - Corynebacterium Infections : Article by Lynda A Frassetto, MD
		C diphtheriae infection is classically characterized by a local inflammation, usually in the upper respiratory tract, associated with toxin-mediated cardiac and neural disease.
		The characteristic membrane of diphtheria is thick, leathery, grayish-blue or white, and composed of bacteria, necrotic epithelium, macrophages, and fibrin.
		Corynebacterium striatum and C pseudodiphtheriticum (or C hofmannii) are normal inhabitants of the anterior nares and skin.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic459.htm (6230 words)

	Respiratory Diphtheria Caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans -- Terre Haute, Indiana, 1996
		Diphtheria is a potentially severe illness; among unvaccinated persons, the case- fatality rate may be 5%-10%, even with appropriate treatment.
		Patients with severe diphtheria are at high risk for complications or death; therefore, to reduce morbidity and mortality, diphtheria antitoxin should be administered promptly based on the clinical presentation and presumptive diagnosis.
		Diphtheria antitoxin is the treatment of choice, and prompt administration is the most important factor in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with mild or severe diphtheria cases.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0051752/m0051752.asp (1402 words)

	Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		diphtheriae is a facultatively anaerobic [1] Gram positive organism, characterized by non-encapsulated, non-sporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of 0.3 to 0.8 µm, which form ramified aggregations in culture (looking like "Chinese characters").
		diphtheriae produce a proteic exotoxin with a molecular weight of 62 kilodaltons which ADP-ribosylates host EF-2, which is responsible for the signs of diphtheria.
		The three subspecies differ slightly in their ability to metabolize certain nutrients, but all may be toxigenic (and therefore cause diphtheria) or non-toxigenic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae (225 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Molecular epidemiology of C. diphtheriaestrains during different phases of the diphtheria ...
		diphtheriae ribotypes decreased to 12, with the Rossija (49.1%) and Cluj ribotypes (20.8%) being prevalent.
		diphtheriae population whilst the proportion of the Moskva ribotype decreased to 11.0%.
		diphtheriae with the prevalent ribotypes being Cluj and Rossija (49.1% and 20.8%, respectively) and correlated with the long-term circulation of non-toxigenic strains of the ribotypes Rossija and Cluj.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2334/6/129 (2769 words)

	Disease Listing, Diphtheria, Technical Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		Respiratory diphtheria presents as a sore throat with low-grade fever and an adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx, or nose.
		Myocarditis, polyneuritis, and airway obstruction are common complications of respiratory diphtheria; death occurs in 5%-10% of respiratory cases.
		Respiratory diphtheria has become a rare disease in the U.S. (0-5 cases per year.) An increasing proportion of cases occurs among older children and adults; in the prevaccination era, younger children were most often affected.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/diptheria_t.htm (454 words)

	diphtheria - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The bacteria lodge in the mucous membranes of the throat, producing virulent toxins that destroy the tissue.
		The resultant formation of a tough gray membrane is one of the most dangerous aspects of diphtheria, since it can spread to the larynx and cause suffocation.
		Diphtheria was once a common and dreaded disease with a high mortality rate; it is now rare in countries where infants are vaccinated (see vaccination).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-diphther.html (390 words)

	Corynebacterium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These organisms colonize the mucus membranes of the respiratory tract and produce the enzyme neuraminidase which splits N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAN) from cell surfaces to produce pyruvate which acts as a growth stimulant.
		Diphtheria exists throughout the world and occasional outbreaks occur almost yearly.
		This test involves the injection of a minute amount of the diphtheria toxin under the skin.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/coryn.htm (348 words)

	Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae are irregular-shaped (pleomorphic), aerobic, Gram-positive bacilli responsible for the disease diphtheria that attacks only human hosts.
		diphtheriae would not be the dangerous microbe that it is. Other members of the same genus may occasionally be infected with beta corynephage and can produce the diphtheria toxin, but that occurs only in very rare circumstances.
		Diphtheria vaccine is part of the tetanus-whooping cough vaccination (DPT) given, starting in infancy, but it does not give lifelong immunity requiring a booster shot every ten years.
	www.innvista.com /health/microbes/bacteria/coryne.htm (860 words)

	lab4
		diphtheriae that are lysogenized by a temperate bacteriophage, corynephage
		In diphtheria, the bacteria spread from the nasopharynx to the larynx and trachea and cause severe disease.
		Although diphtheria is primarily a disease of the upper respiratory tract, primary or secondary lesions can occur in other parts of the body.
	www.mc.uky.edu /oaa/curriculum/iid98/manual/00lab4.htm (3076 words)

	eMedicine - Diphtheria : Article by Elzbieta Pilat, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		C diphtheriae typically provokes a localized mucosal infection of the upper respiratory tract; however, occasionally, it is responsible for a severe systemic disease mediated by the production of an exotoxin.
		Diphtheria antitoxin is a horse-derived hyperimmune antiserum that neutralizes circulating toxin prior to its entry into the cells.
		Diphtheria disease does not confer immunity; thus, initiation or completion of immunization with diphtheria toxoid is necessary.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic138.htm (3833 words)

	Analysis of a Heme-Dependent Signal Transduction System in Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Deletion of the chrAS Genes ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Corynebacterium diphtheriae hmuO gene encodes a heme oxygenase
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae genes required for acquisition of iron from hemin and hemoglobin are homologous to ABC hemin transporters.
		Expression and characterization of a heme oxygenase (HmuO) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/11/7406 (4318 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The individual and common repertoire of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators of ...
		Corynebacterium glutamicum and its closest phylogenetic relative Corynebacterium efficiens are both widely known for their capacity to produce amino acids by large-scale fermentation processes [7,8].
		On the other hand, Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the etiological agent of the acute, communicable disease diphtheria and apparently the most important human pathogen of the genus Corynebacterium [9], which also includes a growing number of nosocomial pathogens, such as the multiresistant Corynebacterium jeikeium [10].
		Holmes RK: Biology and molecular epidemiology of diphtheria toxin and the tox gene.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/6/86 (5653 words)

	Corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis: sustained potential of a classical pathogen.
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis: sustained potential of a classical pathogen.
		This communication concerns a case of endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
		Because diphtheria generally is considered only of historic interest, few laboratories perform tests to identify it and instead report all isolates as diphtheroids or Corynebacterium.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1984/aug/M8480031.html (375 words)

	Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials \| Full text \| The first case of septicemia due to nontoxigenic ...
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae is well known as an agent of localized respiratory tract disease potentially complicated by systemic effects of exotoxin [1,2].
		diphtheriae biotype gravis isolated from blood cultures was identified and biotyped with use of morphological and biochemical methods as described elsewhere.
		Diphtheria is still endemic in Eastern Europe and other regions of the world although it has virtually disappeared in developed countries following mass immunization in the 1940s.
	www.ann-clinmicrob.com /content/4/1/8 (1778 words)

	Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae: An Emerging Pathogen in England and Wales? - Statistical Data Included ...
		Confirmed isolates of nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in England and Wales increased substantially from 1986 to 1994.
		Clusters of cases of sore throat associated with isolation of nontoxigenic Corynbacterium diphtheriae were detected in gay men attending a genitourinary medicine clinic, military recruits, and children from a religious community in England and Wales in the late 1980s to mid-1990s (1-4).
		Nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae was reported as the predominant organism in 171 (72%) of the 238 throat swabs (Table 3) but was mixed with betahemolytic streptococci in 67 (28%).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_6_6/ai_69653556 (1079 words)

	Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
		Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated disease caused by
		Diphtheria was once a major cause of morbidity and mortality among
		DTaP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine)
	www.tjclarkminerals.com /bacterial_diseases/diphtheria_.htm (2471 words)

	Efficient Discrimination within a Corynebacterium diphtheriae Epidemic Clonal Group by a Novel Macroarray-Based Method ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated in Romania, northwestern Russia and the Republic of Moldova.
		Diphtheria in the Republic of Georgia: use of molecular typing techniques for characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains.
		Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated from patients in Belarus during an epidemic period.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/4/1662 (4162 words)

	Corynebacterium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile actinobacteria.
		Some nondiphtheria species of Corynebacterium produce disease in specific animal species, and some of these are also human pathogens.
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the cause of diphtheria in humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corynebacterium (164 words)

	Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Diphtheria is a toxigenic infection in which the causative organism colonizes the throat and produces a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.
		Locally, dead epithelial and white blood cells can cause the formation of a pseudomembrane which has the potential for obstructing the trachea.
		Diphtheria has been largely eliminated in the US by vaccination with diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DPT vaccine and also a component of Td vaccine which is used to boost immunity to tetanus (and diphtheria) in adults.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/corydiap.html (315 words)

	BD - Diagnostic Systems: Tinsdale Enrichment, Desiccated, 15 mL
		Diphtheria, an acute infectious disease primarily of the upper respiratory tract but occasionally of the skin,
		is caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
		The differential principle is based on the capacity of C. diphtheriae to produce a brown or fl halo around the colonies.
	www.bd.com /ds/productCenter/234210.asp (541 words)

	Assembly of Distinct Pilus Structures on the Surface of Corynebacterium diphtheriae -- Gaspar and Ton-That 188 (4): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		diphtheriae NCTC13129 that encode sortases (srtB and srtC) and sortase-mediated pilus assemblies (spaDEF).
		diphtheriae strain NCTC12139 or its isogenic derivatives carrying deletion of spa genes were treated with muramidase (M) or formic acid (F) or were left untreated (–) prior to extraction with hot SDS sample buffer.
		Assembly of pili on the surface of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/188/4/1526 (4673 words)

	Construction and Characterization of Transposon Insertion Mutations in Corynebacterium diphtheriae That Affect ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Identification and characterization of three new promoter/operators from Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are regulated by the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and iron.
		Analysis of diphtheria toxin repressor-operator interactions and characterization of a mutant repressor with decreased binding activity for divalent metals.
		Characterization of a defective diphtheria toxin repressor (dtxR) allele and analysis of dtxR transcription in wild-type and mutant strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/184/20/5723 (6544 words)

	Diphtheria toxin; unnicked (from Corynebacterium diphtheriae) from BIOMOL Research Laboratories - Biocompare Buyer's ...
		Diphtheria toxin; unnicked (from Corynebacterium diphtheriae) from BIOMOL Research Laboratories
		Diphtheria toxin catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 inhibits the translocation reaction which halts protein synthesis and ultimately results in cell death.
		Diphtheria toxin is cell permeable and can translocate across endosomal membranes in response to low pH.
	www.biocompare.com /itemdetails.asp?itemid=3348 (141 words)

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