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	Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosimo I de' Medici in Armour by Agnolo Bronzino.
		Cosimo I de' Medici (June 12, 1519[1] – April 21, 1574) was the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1537 to 1574, during the waning days of the Renaissance.
		Cosimo was born in Florence, the son of the famous condottiere Giovanni dalle Bande Nere from Forlì.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosimo_I_de_Medici (860 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Cosimo
		Medici, Cosimo I de' MEDICI, COSIMO I DE' [Medici, Cosimo I de'] 1519-74, duke of Florence (1537-69), grand duke of Tuscany (1569-74); son of Giovanni de' Medici (Giovanni delle Bande Nere).
		Medici, Cosimo II de' MEDICI, COSIMO II DE' [Medici, Cosimo II de'] 1590-1621, grand duke of Tuscany (1609-21); son and successor of Ferdinand I de' Medici.
		Medici, Cosimo III de' MEDICI, COSIMO III DE' [Medici, Cosimo III de'] 1642-1723, grand duke of Tuscany (1670-1723); son and successor of Ferdinand II de' Medici.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Cosimo (657 words)

	Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621) ruled as Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1609 to 1621.
		He was the oldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Christine of Lorraine.
		Maria was a daughter of Charles II of Austria and Maria Anna of Bavaria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosimo_II_de'_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany (276 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Galileo \| Patrons \| Medici Family
		Cosimo's son, Ferdinand II (1610-1670) was just ten years old when he became Grand Duke, and until his majority the government was carried on by the two Grand Duchesses, Cosimo's mother Christina of Lorraine, and Cosimo's wife, Maria Magdalena of Austria, the sister of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
		Ferdinand II During the outbreak of the plague, in 1630, Ferdinand distinguished himself, but he was not a strong ruler and was unable to protect Galileo from the Inquisition in 1633.
		Cosimo II's wife, Maria Magdalena, was the sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
	galileo.rice.edu /gal/medici.html (1482 words)

	Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) ruled as Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670.
		He was the son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Magadalena of Austria.
		Cosimo (August 14, 1642 – October 31, 1723), who married in 1661 to Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of the King Louis XIV of France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinando_II_de'_Medici (220 words)

	Medici family history
		Cosimo was the first true Duke of Florence, later created Grand Duke by Pope Pius V, and it was he who laid the foundations of the Medician principality that was to continue without interruption for the next two centuries.
		Cosimo III and the decline of the Grand Duchy
		Cosimo III arranged for her a marriage with the palatine elector of the Rhein, Johann Wilhelm of Saxony.
	www.tuscany-toscana.info /history_of_the_medici_family.htm (4175 words)

	The Medici, Michelangelo, and the Art of Late Renaissance Florence
		In 1537 the young Cosimo de’ Medici (1519–1574) was plucked from relative obscurity in the Tuscan countryside to lead Florence after the assassination of his cousin Duke Alessandro de’ Medici (1511?–1537).
		Cosimo’s control of Florence was equally ruthless, but he eventually won the grudging support of the Florentine citizenry––not simply for the economic and political expansion he had garnered for the city but for its greater military security.
		Cosimo appointed Niccolò Tribolo to redesign the gardens of the Medici villa at Castello (outside of Florence) and the Boboli Gardens (behind the Palazzo Pitti) with fountains, grottoes, water tricks, and areas of trimmed and wild plantings.
	www.artic.edu /aic/exhibitions/medici/themes.html (2703 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tuscany
		Tuscany, or Tuscia as it was called in the Middle Ages, became a part of the Frankish Empire during the reign of Charlemagne and was formed a margravate, the margrave of which was also made the ruler several times of the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino.
		Cosimo II ruled in the same spirit as his father and raised the prosperity of the country to a height never before attained.
		During the War of the Spanish Succession the grand duke desired to remain neutral, although he had accepted Siena in fief once more from Philip V. In this era the land was ravaged by pestilence, and the war-taxes and forced contributions levied on it by the imperial generals completely destroyed its prosperity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15103b.htm (2041 words)

	MEDICI FAMILY PAPERS
		Cosimo the Elder (1389-1464), was a merchant banker of Florence, a famous patron of the arts and letters, immensely rich, and the virtual head of the republic of Florence although his power was relayed through his supporters.
		Their son, Cosimo (1519-1574), was later known as Cosimo the Great, also Cosimo I, Duke of Tuscany, after the assassination of Alessandro I. Cosimo the Great added German and Spanish infantry to his own troops, attacked and defeated Siena in 1557.
		Cosimo relinquished the government in 1564 to the older son, Francesco (1541-1587), who married the arch duchess Giovanna of Austria in 1565.
	specialcollections.wichita.edu /collections/ms/93-07/93-7-BIO.HTML (1088 words)

	Tuscany, Florence and the Medici family
		Tuscany is one of the regions of central Italy and includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Massa, Carrara, Pisa and Siena.
		Tuscany, or Tuscia as it was called in the Middle Ages, became a part of the Frankish Empire during the reign of Charlemagne and was designated a margravate, the margrave of which was also made the ruler of the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino several times.
		During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Grand Duke desired to remain neutral, although he had accepted Siena in fief once more from Philip V. During this period, Tuscany was ravaged by plague and the war taxes and forced contributions levied on it by the imperial generals completely destroyed its prosperity.
	www.tuscany-toscana.info (1973 words)

	Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
		Giambologna's equestrian bronze of Ferdinando I de' Medici for the Piazza della SS.
		Ferdinando was the fifth son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Eleonora di Toledo (1519-62), the daughter of Don Pedro Alvarez de Toledo, the Spanish viceroy of Naples.
		He was ordained a Cardinal in 1562 at the age of 14 and succeeded his brother Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1587 at the age of 38.
	www.parsnava.com /biography/sdmc_Ferdinando_I_de'_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany (575 words)

	The Medici, Michelangelo, and the art of Florence - Museums Today USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education) ...
		In 1537, the young Cosimo de Medici was plucked from relative political obscurity in the Tuscan countryside to lead Florence after the assassination of his cousin, Duke Alessandro de Medici.
		Cosimo's control of Florence was equally ruthless, but, despite intimidating tactics, he eventually won the grudging support of the citizenry--not simply for the city's economic and political expansion, but for its greater military security.
		Pontormo, who had served Allesandro de Medici, was awarded numerous important commissions by Cosimo I, notably the decoration of the Villa Castello, the choir of the Church of San Lorenzo, and at least two tapestry designs.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2692_131/ai_96268299?... (832 words)

	The Medici Archive Project: News and Notes
		Cosimo I was born on 15 June 1519 to a beleaguered cadet branch of the Medici family.
		In 1539, Cosimo married Eleonora de Toledo (1522-62), daughter of the Spanish Viceroy of Naples.
		Cosimo I de’ Medici in granducal regalia; engraving by Cesare Alberto dal Borgo, 1585-86.
	www.medici.org /news/dom/dom072002.html (1153 words)

	Cosimo II de' Medici — FactMonster.com
		Medici, Cosimo II de', 1590–1621, grand duke of Tuscany (1609–21); son and successor of Ferdinand I de' Medici.
		Although Cosimo played a role in the War of the Mantuan Succession, he generally avoided intervention in foreign affairs; in domestic policy he was less energetic than his father, particularly in economic matters, but he maintained a large fleet.
		Ferdinand I de' Medici - Medici, Ferdinand I de', 1549–1609, grand duke of Tuscany (1587–1609); brother and...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0832465.html (200 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: House of Medici
		But in 1530, after the famous siege, the city was compelled to surrender to the imperial forces, and Charles V made Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate son of the younger Lorenzo, hereditary head of the Florentine government.
		All republican forms and offices were swept away, and Alessandro ruled as duke until, in 1537, he was assassinated by his kinsman, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, who fled to Venice without attempting either to assert his own claims to the succession or to restore the republican regime.
		Cosimo's descendants reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany in an unbroken line until 1737, when, on the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, their dominions passed to the House of Austria.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10120a.htm (1449 words)

	Tallyrand's Culinary Fare - History : Catherdine Medicis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Medici (family) {med'-i-chee} : The Medici, the most famous of Italian dynasties, governed FLORENCE under a veiled despotism from 1434 to 1494 and from 1512 to 1527 and as overt hereditary rulers from 1530 to 1737.
		Cosimo was succeeded by his son, Piero de'Medici, 1416-69, who in turn was succeeded by his son Lorenzo the Magnificent, b.
		The Medici dukes created a strong bureaucratic state in Tuscany and continued to be influential in the dynastic politics of early modern Europe.
	www.geocities.com /NapaValley/6454/medicis.html (1685 words)

	Crafting the Medici
		The exhibition, entitled Crafting the Medici: Patrons and Artisans in Florence, 1537-1737, places portraits of the Medici family in the context of the breadth of Florentine craftsmanship, in media ranging from painting to printmaking, gold- and silversmithing, leatherwork, and textile manufacture all in the service of crafting a public image for the Medici rulers.
		From the time of the first Grand Duke, Cosimo I–who ruled Florence beginning in 1537–until the last Medici died in 1737, the Medici were absolute rulers of one of the most luxurious and powerful courts in Italy.
		Crafting the Medici will also include a selection of pattern and ornament prints lent from the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and, examples of 16th and 17th century Italian lace, silversmith’s work, jewelry, and edged weaponry lent by the RISD Museum.
	www.brown.edu /Facilities/David_Winton_Bell_Gallery/medici.html (492 words)

	Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany...
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	wikipedia.cas.ilstu.edu /index.php/Cosimo_III_de'_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany... (146 words)

	Medici, Italian family. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		This cultural flowering was accompanied by tremendous economic prosperity and expansion and also by territorial aggrandizement (see Tuscany) that reached its climax in the 16th cent.
		The rule of the Medici, though denounced by their enemies as tyrannical, was at first generally tolerant and wise, but became stultifying and bigoted in the 17th and 18th cent.
		His elder son, Cosimo, founded the senior line, which included Piero (1416–69); Lorenzo (Lorenzo il Magnifico); Piero (1471–1503); Pope Leo X; Giuliano, duke of Nemours; Lorenzo, duke of Urbino; Catherine de’ Medici, queen of France; Ippolito de’ Medici; Alessandro de’ Medici; and Pope Clement VII.
	www.bartleby.com /65/me/Medici.html (408 words)

	The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany
		Cosimo III married in 1661 a first cousin of Louis XIV, who bore him three children (two sons and a daughter) and returned to Paris where she almost outlived her husband.
		Cosimo III was now facing the probably extinction of his house, and started worrying about his succession, as the grand-ducal branch of the house of Medici was verging on extinction.
		Cosimo III initially did think of the prince of Ottaiano as successor (skipping over the Florence Medici whom he deemed too lowly), and he tried to put this proposal before the diplomats gathered the The Hague to negotiate an end to the War of Spanish Succession.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/tuscany.htm (3942 words)

	Tuscany and Umbria: In Depth : History : A Tuscan Grand Duchy \| Frommers.com
		It was largely due to Cosimo II's protection that Pisan scientist Galileo wasn't outright executed by the Inquisition for his heretical view that Earth revolved around the sun.
		The last Medici grand duke was Gian Gastone, an obese sensualist who spent the few hours he wasn't passed out in a wine-sodden stupor playing with nubile young men in bed.
		Gian Gastone was survived by his sister, Anna Maria de' Medici, a devout and dignified lady who, on her 1743 death, willed that the new Lorraine grand dukes would inherit the Medici's vast and mind-bogglingly valuable collection of art, manuscripts, furniture, books, and jewelry.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/tuscanyandumbria/0247030445.html (434 words)

	The Medici Family
		Figure 6: Cosimo II Cosimo's son, Ferdinand II (1610-1670) was just ten years old when he became Grand Duke, and until his majority the government was carried on by the two Grand Duchesses, Cosimo's mother Christina of Lorraine, and Cosimo's wife, Maria Magdalena of Austria, the sister of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
		Figure 7: Ferdinand II During the outbreak of the plague, in 1630, Ferdinand distinguished himself, but he was not a strong ruler and was unable to protect Galileo from the Inquisition in 1633.
		His power was such that when the Medici family was expelled in 1494, he ruled the city and became a major power in Italy.
	www.classbrain.com /artteensb/publish/printer_medici_family.shtml (1529 words)

	Candida Martinelli's Italophile Site(The Medici 1)
		The Late Renaissance, The Grand Duke and Duchess of Tuscany: Cosimo de' Medici and Eleonora di Toledo
		Their family name and especial interest in plants could explain the popular association of poisons with the de' Medici family, which was further fueled by the sudden deaths of many of their enemies and less-liked relations.
		Cosimo the Elder had at least one illegitimate child, Carlo, who lived a long life linked to the family and the family business, and it was Cosimo the Elder who planned with the architect what was built under the church, including his own grave.
	italophiles.com /medici_1.htm (957 words)

	Postmark: Renaissance: Love and Venom in the Medici Courts
		Because the Medici grand dukes had ambassadors, agents, and correspondents in every major city and court in Europe and the Mediterranean world, their archive is international in scope, making it a source for the history and culture of an entire age.
		Under the auspices of the Medici Archive Project, this mountain of paper is being excavated, revealing the remarkable archival culture that developed at the Tuscan court during the reign of Cosimo I and flourished throughout the life of the Medici rule.
		Cosimo I de’ Medici was elected capo e primario of Florence in 1537 at the age of seventeen, three days after the assassination of his cousin Alessandro.
	www.neh.gov /news/humanities/2002-05/postmark.html (3554 words)

	Tuscany :: iG Busca
		patrons as Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Frederick V, Elector Palatine (the Winter King' of Bohemia...
		for the marriage of Cosimo's son Francesco (later Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany) to Joanna of Austria...
		In 1843 the Grand Duke of Tuscany invited him to Florence...
	farejador.ig.com.br /query.cgi?query=Tuscany&pagina=0&feedb...cid=6374300&domain_mode=1 (233 words)

	Aldus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1519-1574) was a statesman of eminent ability who ruled Florence as an absolute prince.
		The Vita di Cosimo de' Medici is the major work of the Aldine Press during its operations at Bologna.
		The work sufficiently impressed the reigning duke and son of Cosimo, Francesco de' Medici, that Aldus was offered the chair of belles-lettres at the University of Pisa.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~aldine/60Aldus.html (161 words)

	Worldroots.com
		In 1609 he succeeded his father as Grand Duke of Tuscany but, on 19 October 1608 in Florence, he increased the family's reputation for lavish entertainments when marrying Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, sister of the Emperor Ferdinand II.
		Cosimo II also shared his father's taste for building.
		On 28 February 1621 in Florence, Cosimo II died, aged only thirty, having achieved very little worthy of recording.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/bio/cosimo2medicibio1590.html (217 words)

	Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1670 to 1723.
		He was the son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II and Vittoria della Rovere.
		On June 20, 1661, he married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans and cousin of the French King Louis XIV, in Florence.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Cosimo_III_de'_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany (178 words)

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