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| | Medici, Italian family. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 |
 | | Giovanni di Biccis younger son, Lorenzo (d.1440), founded the younger line, which included Lorenzino; Giovanni (delle Bande Nere); and the grand dukes of TuscanyCosimo I, Francesco (whose daughter was Marie de Medici), Ferdinand I, Cosimo II, Ferdinand II, Cosimo III, and Gian Gastone, last of the line. |
 | | His elder son, Cosimo, founded the senior line, which included Piero (141669); Lorenzo (Lorenzo il Magnifico); Piero (14711503); Pope Leo X; Giuliano, duke of Nemours; Lorenzo, duke of Urbino; Catherine de Medici, queen of France; Ippolito de Medici; Alessandro de Medici; and Pope Clement VII. |
 | | The rise of the Medici in Florence coincided with the triumph of the capitalist class over the guild merchants and artisans. |
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