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Topic: Cosmas Indicopleustes

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	Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) Introduction.
		Cosmas does not say whether in the course of this voyage he reached India, which was his destination when he embarked.
		Cosmas, when all his travels were over, returned to Alexandria, perhaps after paying a visit to Jerusalem; and, abandoning the secular life, retired to the seclusion of the cloister, where he devoted his leisure to the composition of works on descriptive geography, cosmography, and Scriptural exegesis.
		But while Cosmas regarded as impious the doctrine that the heavens revolve, he admitted the revolution of the celestial luminaries, which, he held, were propelled in their courses by the angels, who do not live in heaven but are restricted to the aerial spaces below the firmament, until the resurrection.
	www.ccel.org /p/pearse/morefathers/cosmas_00_2_intro.htm (4979 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes
		Cosmas probably received only an elementary education, as he was intended for a mercantile life, and in his earlier years was engaged in business pursuits.
		The earth rises towards the north and ends in a cone-shaped mountain behind which the sun continues its wanderings during the night, and the nights are long or short according as the position of the sun is near the base or the summit of the mountain.
		Cosmas, with the aid of his travelling companion, Menas, took a copy of it in 522 for the governor of the Christian king Elesbaan of Abyssinia, retaining a replica for himself.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/cosmas_indicopleustes.html (890 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography. Preface to the online edition.
		Cosmas Indicopleustes ('India-voyager') of Alexandria was a Greek sailor in the early 6th century who travelled to Ethiopia, India and Sri Lanka.
		Cosmas is often referred to in the literature as a Nestorian.
		Winstedt suggests this shows that Cosmas' literary executor added two books from his papers, and 'corrected' the order into that favoured among Nestorians, and perhaps added other notes at various points, found only in L and S. Cosmas wrote his own notes, so supplementary paragraphs cannot be distinguished from the original with ease.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/cosmas_00_0_eintro.htm (2038 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosmas Indicopleustes ("India-voyager") of Alexandria was a Greek sailor in the early 6th century who travelled to Ethiopia, India and Sri Lanka.
		It advances the idea that the world is flat, and that the heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid.
		While stray scraps in classical literature prove that there was some trade between the Roman Empire and India, Cosmas was one of the individuals who had actually made the journey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes (485 words)

	Slide #202 Monograph
		Cosmas' personal history, however, is rather contradictory to his later narrow interpretation of geography because he was originally a traveling merchant by profession.
		In calling it worldly, Cosmas explained, St. Paul was indicating a sort of pattern of the world; the candlestick represents the luminaries of the heavens (sun, moon, stars); the table was an analogy to the earth itself and the shew-bread symbolized the fruits produced from the world.
		The subtleties of Cosmas were left to the Greeks, for the most part; the western geographers who pursued his line of thought were usually content to stop short at the merely negative dogmas of the Latin fathers; and no great support was given to the constructive tabernacle-system of the Indian merchant.
	www.henry-davis.com /MAPS/EMwebpages/202mono.html (2444 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 865 (v. 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We learn from Cosmas himself, that he composed a Universal Cosmography^ as also Astronomical tables^ in which the motions of the stars were described.
		Cedrenus (in Constantino et Romano} mentions Cosmas as a patricius and logotheta dromi, the hippodromus being the name of the highest court of justice in Constantinople.
		COSMAS (Kocr^as), a monk, according to the title in Brunck's Analecta, but according to that in Stephen's edition of the Planudean Anthology, a mechanician, is the author of one epigram in the Greek Anthology.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/0874.html (940 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 23-90. Book 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Scholia of Cosmas on the Inscription of Ptolemy.
		Cosmas, besides, does not here tackle, as he must have done in accordance with what he says, the assumption that there was a place outside heaven and earth.
		Cosmas was mistaken in thinking that the inscription on this celebrated chair was a continuation of the inscription on the basanite tablet afterwards mentioned, in which Ptolemy Euergetes recorded a series of conquests which he had made in Asia in the earlier years of his reign.
	www.earlychristianwritings.com /fathers/cosmas_02_book2.htm (15797 words)

	Christianism Addition 28
		The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes is one of the prodigies of literature.
		He [Cosmas Indicopleustes] may thus not inaptly be compared to a two-headed Janus, with one face turned to the light of departing day, and the other to the shadows of the coming night." ["ix"].
		But while Cosmas regarded as impious the doctrine that the heavens revolve, he admitted the revolution of the celestial luminaries, which, he held, were propelled in their courses by the angels, who do not live in heaven but are restricted to the aërial spaces below the firmament, until the resurrection.
	www.christianism.com /additions/28.html (1975 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It advances the idea that the world is (Scenery consisting of a wooden frame covered with painted canvas; part of a stage setting) flat, and that the heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid.
		But Cosmas was one of the rare souls who had actually made the journey.
		He happened to be in Ethiopia at the time when the King of (Click link for more info and facts about Axum) Axum was preparing a military expedition to attack Jewish Arabs in the (A republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990) Yemen.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/cosmas_indicopleustes.htm (408 words)

	COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES, Ethiopia, Orthodox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas Indicopleustes was an Egyptian merchant, probably from Alexandria, who visited the Aksumite Empire.
		While in Adulis, Cosmas witnessed the departure of an Aksumite fleet against Dhü Nuwäs of Himyar, an event which is generally dated to 523.
		There is an English translation by J. McCrindle, The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk (London, 1897), and an edition with geographical notes, entitled The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, by E. Winstedt (Cambridge, 1909).
	www.dacb.org /stories/ethiopia/cosmas_indico.html (233 words)

	Mailing List 'B' Respondent No. 1
		Cosmas Indicopleustes tried to prove the literal accuracy of the Biblical picture of the universe, asserting in particular that the Earth is flat and trying to refute Mr.
		Cosmas Indicopleustes viewed the ‘Tabernacle of Moses’ as a model of the universe, the Earth being a rectangular plane surmounted by the sky, above which was heaven.
		Cosmas Indicopleustes sailed around the shores of the Indian Ocean and for some time was engaged in trade in Ethiopia and Asia.
	www.actualfreedom.com.au /richard/listbcorrespondence/listb01a.htm (8637 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas Indicopleustes, who wrote a Christian Topography (AD 547-549), argued that the cosmos was a rectangular, vaulted arch with the earth as a flat floor.
		In other words, Cosmas was not known in the medieval West for whose alleged geographical ignorance he has been held responsible.
		Cosmas occupies two full pages of the hook, and 'after Cosmas came a legion of Christian geographers each offering his own variant on the Scriptural plan'.
	www.historywiz.com /images/exploration/roundworld.txt (3877 words)

	Cosmas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosmas is a Greek name, which was used by various people in the history:
		Cosmas of Prague, a 12th century Bohemian historian
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmas (99 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) Title Page, Contents, Editor's Preface
		H E Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes is one of the prodigies of literature.
		In its preparation we have lacked the advantage, generally enjoyed by translators of classical texts, that of having at hand for reference a variety of translations and commentaries to throw light on passages that are dark, dubious, or disputed, or otherwise perplexed.
		The passages of Scripture to which Cosmas refers are very numerous, and the words are cited at length both in the Greek text and in the Latin version.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/cosmas_00_1_preface.htm (1146 words)

	Chapter II - Geography
		Egypt was a great treasure-house of theologic thought to various religions of antiquity, and Cosmas appears to have urged upon the early Church this Egyptian idea of the construction of the world, just as another Egyptian ecclesiastic, Athanasius, urged upon the Church the Egyptian idea of a triune deity ruling the world.
		The surface of this table proves to him that the earth is flat, and its dimensions prove that the earth is twice as long as broad; its four corners symbolize the four seasons; the twelve loaves of bread, the twelve months; the hollow about the table proves that the ocean surrounds the earth.
		Cosmas Indicopleustes also attacked the doctrine with especial bitterness, citing a passage from St. Luke to prove that antipodes are theologically impossible.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter2.html (4645 words)

	The Flat Earth Myth by Thomas E. Woods, Jr.
		Some scholars actually used to argue that the views of Cosmas Indicopleustes were responsible for the alleged edge-of-the-earth fears of fifteenth-century navigators, even though Cosmas was completely unknown in the fifteenth century.
		The fact is that the earth’s sphericity was attested to by the overwhelming consensus of European Christian thinkers; the idea of a flat earth, to the extent it was raised at all, was positively ridiculed.
		Historian W.E.H. Lecky, a well-known nineteenth-century critic of the Catholic Church, was able as late as 1867 to discuss the views of Cosmas Indicopleustes without extrapolating from them to the idea that the Church fathers were flat earthers.
	www.lewrockwell.com /woods/woods46.html (1561 words)

	The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes
		Cosmas, a sixth century native of Alexandria, spent the earlier years of his life as a seafaring merchant.
		Book four, as its subtitle indicates, is Cosmas' description of the figure of the world, and his refutation of the Pagan (hoi ekso) doctrine of the sphere.
		Cosmas represents a strange confluence of Greek scientific and early Christian theological ideals.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~awiesner/cosmas.html (2557 words)

	FlatEarth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th Century) — Also a convert to Christianity, he produced illustrations and documents of the flat Earth based on the literal interpretation of the biblical passage Hebrews 9:1-5, where the writer declared that the “earthly sanctuary” must resemble the ancient tabernacle of Moses.
		Accordingly, Cosmas drew Earth as a rectangular box covered by a lid that represented the heavens.
		As Stephen Jay Gould (the late, highly respected evolutionary biologist who went out of his way to defend theologians) concluded, the flat earth myth was invented by scientists to blame the Christian church for the supposed “Dark” age of human enlightenment.
	www.biblicalheritage.org /Beliefs/flatearth.htm (604 words)

	Christian Century: Imaginary mountains, invisible landscapes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas Indicopleustes had never actually seen this great World Mountain, anchoring the earth to its very foundations.
		For Indicopleustes, a sixth-century Christian from Alexandria, Egypt, it was a mountain defined by the darkness of unknowing rather than by any charts drawn with sextant, rule or compass.
		Cosmas Indicopleustes left as his legacy a bizarre piece of scholarship titled Christian Topography.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1058/is_n2_v112/ai_16412639 (1423 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas was a merchant who travelled to places like Ethiopia (525) and Ceylon (530).
		Cosmas eventually became a monk, and fragments of his Biblical exegesis also exist.
		He seems to follow Theodore of Mopsuestia and Diodore of Tarsus; for this reason, some scholars believe that Cosmas may have been a Nestorian.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/indicopleustes.html (182 words)

	AnswerBus Question Answering System - What is COSMAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas is an internationally recognized master of the mbira dzaVadzimu.
		Cosmas is considered to be Equal to the Apostles.
		Cosmas is building two mutually supportive institutions: his national association and a venture that manufactures special equipment for the disabled.
	questionanswering.com /cgi-bin/answerbus/answer.cgi?What+is+COSMAS (193 words)

	Article: The Nile and the Rivers of Paradise (by Henry Maguire)
		This extension of the four streams into our world was accomplished by some elaborate water-works, illustrated by Cosmas Indicopleustes in a map; which is preserved in three later medieval copies of his work.
		Cosmas explains that the land inhabited by mortals is surrounded by the ocean.
		12 As in the map of Cosmas Indicopleustes, our earth is shown as a rectangle surrounded by a narrow band portraying the ocean, which is signified in this case by a series of octagons containing a variety of sea creatures, such as dolphins, lobsters, crabs, cuttlefish and octopuses.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/ofm/mad/articles/MaguireNile.html (4115 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 91-128. Book 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The interpretation put upon the expression by Cosmas is manifestly disingenuous.
		The Garamantes were the inhabitants of the great oasis in the Libyan desert called Phazania, and now Fezzan, but the name was often used in a wider sense to denote the people of northern Africa who lived to the south of the Syrtis.
		Cosmas refers here to the work of Archimedes, which is still extant, on the Quadrature of the Parabola.
	www.earlychristianwritings.com /fathers/cosmas_03_book3.htm (6507 words)

	Christian Topography Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cosmas believed that the Earth was rectangular and that the sky was shaped like a horizontal half-cylinder resting on a box.
		Cosmas believed that it the Tabernacle constructed by Moses was based on the form of the universe.
		Cosmas uses scriptural arguments to justify his flat-earth cosmology.
	www.sacred-texts.com /earth/ct (156 words)

	Laputan Logic
		Cosmas Indicopleustes actually means "Cosmas the India Voyager" and back then the monk was a merchant who had traveled extensively around the coasts of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean.
		This eleventh volume bears little relationship to the earlier parts of the book and it is thought to have been excerpted from another larger work of his on geography which has, sadly, been lost.
		The accuracy of Cosmas' drawing of the rhinoceros leaves a fair bit to be desired but apparently the word arou that he gives as the name of the two-horned rhinoceros is still used in Ethiopia to this day.
	laputan.blogspot.com (13564 words)

	Flat Earth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosmas Indicopleustes (547) called Earth "a parallelogram, flat, and surrounded by four seas" in his Christian Topography, where the Covenant Ark was meant to represent the whole universe.
		The 6th century Egyptian monk Cosmas Indicopleustes of Alexandria in his Topographia Christiana argued on theological grounds that the Earth was flat, a parallelogram enclosed by four oceans.
		It is likely that this description was intended to humorously illustrate what not to do when engaging in Biblical Exegesis, rather than a true model for the earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flat_Earth (2007 words)

	Someplace Somewhere - idiots strike again (part III) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There was an age where people believed the earth was flat and opposed with zeal any heathen who claimed the earth was a sphere, and they were christians; it during the entrance to the dark ages and the dark ages.
		Cosmas indeed claimed that the earth was flat, or rather shaped like a tabernacle.
		His name was often invoked by the scientists of the 19th century (and morons of the 21st century) as proof that during the middle ages, people believed that the earth was flat.
	www.someplacesomewhere.com /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=26347& (5095 words)

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