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	Cosmic microwave background radiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cosmology, the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation discovered in 1964 that radiates throughout the universe in the microwave range.
		The period after the emission of the CMB and the observation of the first stars is semi-humorously referred to by cosmologists as the dark age, and is a period which is under intense study by astronomers.
		Of these experiments, the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite that was flown in 1989-1996 is probably the most famous and which made the first detection of the large scale anisotropies (other than the dipole).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation (1655 words)

	COBE - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its goals were to investigate the cosmic background radiation of the universe and provide measurements that would help shape our understanding of the cosmos.
		The cosmic microwave background fluctuations are extremely faint, only one part in 100,000 compared to the 2.73 kelvin average temperature of the radiation field.
		The cosmic microwave background radiation is a remnant of the Big Bang and the fluctuations are the imprint of density contrast in the early universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer_satellite (2216 words)

	Cosmic microwave background radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe.
		In addition, the Sachs-Wolfe effect causes photons from the Cosmic microwave background to be gravitationally redshifted.
		Some supporters of non-standard cosmology argue that the primodorial background radiation is uniform (which is inconsistent with the big bang) and that the variations in the CBR are due to the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect mentioned above (among other effects).
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/c/co/cosmic_microwave_background_radiation.html (1024 words)

	Blackbody Radiation
		A uniform background radiation in the microwave region of the spectrum is observed in all directions in the sky.
		The discovery of the 3K microwave background radiation was one of the crucial steps leading to the calculation of the standard "Big Bang" model of cosmology, its role being that of providing estimates of relative populations of particles and photons.
		The scale of the fluctuations is larger than the horizon at the time the background radiation was emitted, indicating that the fluctuations are primordial, dating from a time before the separation of radiation and matter, the transparency point.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/bkg3k.html (913 words)

	Cosmology: A Research Briefing
		The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), discovered in 1964, is a telltale remnant of the early universe.
		Preliminary feasibility studies indicate that a midsize Explorer satellite in an orbit far from Earth is an attractive and relatively inexpensive possibility.
		However, variants of the Big Bang theory, such as theories involving cosmic strings (discontinuities in the structure of space), predict that important clues to the universe's history might be embedded in the CMBR at these angular scales.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/cosmology/2.html (2628 words)

	Cosmic microwave background radiation - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that fills the whole of the universe.
		The CMB was predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann in the 1940s and was accidentally discovered in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson, who received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 for this discovery.
		Some supporters of non-standard cosmology argue that the primordial background radiation is uniform (which is inconsistent with the big bang) and that the variations in the CMB are due to the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect mentioned above (among other effects).
	www.iridis.com /CMB (1343 words)

	The Cosmic Background Radiation
		The cosmic background radiation (sometimes called the CBR), is the afterglow of the big bang, cooled to a faint whisper in the microwave spectrum by the expansion of the Universe for 15 billion years (which causes the radiation originally produced in the big bang to redshift to longer wavelengths).
		As shown in the adjacent intensity map of the background radiation in different directions taken by the Differential Microwave Radiometer on NASA's COBE satellite, it is not completely uniform, though it is very nearly so (Ref).
		The highly isotropic nature of the cosmic background radiation indicates that the early stages of the Universe were almost completely uniform.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/cbr.html (660 words)

	Satellite Measurements of Cosmic Radiation Support Inflation Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The inflationary theory of the beginning of the universe received a boost last week when scientists reported that data from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite were consistent with the theory's predictions.
		The COBE results are significant because they contain observations of anisotropies, or non-uniformities, in the microwave radiation that pervades the universe, usually referred to as the cosmic background radiation.
		Guth said the non-uniformity in the mass density imprints itself on the cosmic background radiation by creating a gravitational potential well which causes photons to lose energy.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V112/N24/cobe.24n.html (556 words)

	Wikinfo \| Cosmic microwave background radiation
		The CBR was predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann in the 1940s and was accidentally discovered in the 1964 by Penzias and Wilson, who received a Nobel Prize for this discovery.
		Since the cosmic microwave radiation is rather difficult to observe with ground-based instruments, CMB research makes increasing use of air and space-borne experiments.
		The results are broadly consistent with those expected from cosmic inflation as well as various other competing theories, and are available in detail at http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation (747 words)

	physics central physics in action - cosmic microwave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A trio of findings about cosmic background radiation may help explain why matter is irregularly distributed throughout the universe with the observed “large-scale structure” of galactic super-clusters.
		Today's cosmic background radiation is a faint "echo" of the much more intense radiation that filled the universe several hundred thousand years after the Big Bang/inflation event when it had cooled just enough to permit ordinary (electrically neutral) matter to form.
		The tiny hot and cold patches observed in the cosmic background radiation are not only the fading echoes of that awesome music of creation, they also suggest why stars and galaxies are arrayed as they are across the cosmos.
	www.physicscentral.com /action/action-01-4d.html (1006 words)

	Big Bang: Tutte le informazioni su Big Bang su Encyclopedia.it
		Nel 1989, la NASA lanciò il satellite Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) e i risultati iniziali, pubblicati nel 1990, erano consistenti con la teoria del Big Bang: aveva trovato che la temperatura della radiazione era di 2,726 K, che era sostanzialmente isotropa, ed aveva confermato l'effetto di "foschia" all'aumentare della distanza, previsto dalla teoria.
		Il satellite inoltre escluse numerosi modelli inflazionari, ma i risultati erano in generale consistenti con la teoria dell'inflazione.
		All'inizio degli anni '90, ci fu eccitazione e nervosismo quando i dati del satellite COBE non trovarono inizialmente alcuna anisotropia, e numerosi modelli inflazionari furono invalidati.
	www.encyclopedia.it /b/bi/big_bang.html (4256 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background Activity
		This is the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background as measured with the FIRAS instrument on NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite in the early 1990s.
		By carefully measuring the peak of the intensity spectrum as a function of frequency and applying Wien's displacement law, the temperature of the CMB today is T = 2.725 +/- 0.001 K. Use this law to calculate the peak wavelength (in cm) and the peak frequency (in GHz) of the CMB.
		Today, 14 billion years after recombination, the surface of last scattering is 14 billion light years away, the intervening space is transparent and nearly empty, and the cosmic background has been redshifted into the microwave (radio) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	geology.wcupa.edu /mgagne/ess355/cmb-lab1.html (1179 words)

	COBE - Cosmic Background Explorer
		NASA's COBE (Cosmic Bakground Explorer) satellite was developed to measure the diffuxe infrared and cosmic microwave background radiation from the early Universe to the limits set by our astrophysical environment.
		1992) has found anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background on all scales from the nominal beam size of 7-degrees up to the full sky at a typical level of one part in 100,000 to a few parts per million.
		FIRAS has shown that the cosmic microwave background spectrum matches that of a flbody of temperature 2.726K with a precision of 0.03% of the peak intensity over a wavelength range 0.1 to 5 mm.
	aether.lbl.gov /www/projects/cobe (520 words)

	COBE - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was the first satellite built dedicated to cosmology.
		The need to control systematic error in the measurement of the CMB anisotropy and measuring the at different elongation angles for subsequent modeling required that the satellite rotate at a 0.8 rpm spin rate (Boggess, 1992).
		The density ripples are believed to have produced structure formation as observed in the universe today : clusters of galaxies and vast regions devoid of galaxies (NASA).
	leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Cosmic_Background_Explorer (2235 words)

	Footprints of Creation
		In 1989, an instrument aboard the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite measured the cosmic background radiation with unprecedented accuracy.
		COBE measured a cosmic background radiation spectrum that fits perfectly with the predicted flbody spectrum at 2.735 degrees Kelvin.
		Until 1992, the cosmic background radiation was thought to vary by no more than one part in 10,000.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/Cosmos/Footprints.html (791 words)

	SPACE.com -- NASA Satellite to Probe Big Bang
		Another NASA satellite, the Cosmic Background Explorer or COBE, collected this type of data in 1992, for example.
		During its two-year mission, it would map the temperature of the background radiation at points across the sky to an accuracy of a millionth of one degree, with resolution some 30 times higher than that of the COBE craft.
		In a feat of cosmic surveying, MAP scientists plan to draw a theoretical triangle between us on Earth and two points at opposite edges of one of these hot regions in the young universe.
	space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/cosmic_background_000524.html (1068 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (NAS Colloquium) The Age of the Universe, Dark Matter, and Structure Formation (1998)
		In 1992 the cosmic background explorer (COBE) satellite finally detected the anisotropy of the radiation—fingerprints left by tiny temperature fluctuations in the initial bang.
		Measurements by the cosmic background explorer (COBE) satellite show that the CMBR spectrum between wavelengths of 5 mm and 0.5 mm is the same as that of a flbody emitter with an accuracy of ±0.01% (1), in surprisingly good agreement with predictions based on the hot Big Bang model.
		While the COBE satellite was still taking data the CMBR community was beginning to discuss a space mission to make medium-scale CMBR anisotropy measurements.† Full-sky maps of the sensitivity and angular resolution needed to realize the full scientific potential of the anisotropy signal are best done from space.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309060265/html/29.html (6820 words)

	George Smoot
		The most famous of these is COBE (the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer satellite) which has shown that the cosmic background radiation intensity has a wavelength dependence precisely that of a perfectly absorbing body indicating that it is the relic radiation from the Big Bang origin of the Universe.
		Max Planck Surveyor is the forthcoming (~2007) third-generation CMB anisotropy satellite.
		Mather, et al., “A preliminary measurement of the cosmic microwave background spectrum by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite,” Ap.
	www.physics.berkeley.edu /research/faculty/Smoot.html (756 words)

	The Jaws of Death
		Last edited July 4, 2000 ________________________________________________________________________________________ FIREBALL ABOVE THE GALAXY In December, 1989 the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite began mapping infrared radiation emitted by the cosmic dust between the stars and galaxies.
		It may be the result of the rare cosmic collision of a neutron star with a fl hole or some other strange event.
		That burst of "blood" was a grand cosmic display of heavenly anguish, the foretaste for divine pain in a most auspicious place and the memorial of a murder never to be forgotten in the primal reach of human history.
	petragrail.tripod.com /jaws.html (2475 words)

	SPACE.com -- Astronomers Weed Out Milky Way Light to Reveal Glowing Universe
		An infrared view of the universe taken by the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment instrument on board the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite.
		In the April 14 issue of Science, Craig Hogan of the University of Washington reported a new technique for summing up the "background glow" of light in space; that is, the total amount of starlight produced from the birth of the universe (the so-called "Big Bang") until today.
		"After the cosmic microwave background, the cosmic infrared background is the second largest radiation field in the universe," said Edward Wright, a University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) astronomer who contributed to the background glow discovery.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/background_glow_041700.html (589 words)

	The Cosmic Microwave Background - A Relic from the Origin of the Universe
		The Cosmic Microwave Background, accidentally detected in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, is widely believed to be the radiation remnant of the Big Bang; The origin of the Universe, postulated by Georges-Henry Lamaître between 1927 and 1933.
		The Cosmic Microwave Background was predicted in 1948 by Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, they calculated that it should have by now cooled down to some 5° Kelvin (0° K = -273° C, 5° K = -268° C).
		This false-color image shows tiny variations in the intensity of the Cosmic Microwave Background measured in four years of observations by the Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR) on the NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE).
	www.oarval.org /COBEen.htm (566 words)

	Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Sunyaev and Yakov Zel'dovich study the inverse Compton scattering of microwave background photons by hot electrons (see Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect)
		1990 - The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite shows that the microwave background has a nearly perfect fl-body spectrum and thereby strongly constrains the density of the intergalactic medium
		2003 - the WMAP satellite produces a high resolution map of the cosmic microwave background.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/t/ti/timeline_of_cosmic_microwave_background_astronomy.html (263 words)

	LAMBDA - COBE Mission Overview
		The COBE satellite was developed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe to the limits set by our astrophysical environment.
		The COBE CIB measurements constrain models of the cosmological history of star formation and the buildup over time of dust and elements heavier than hydrogen, including those of which living organisms are composed.
		DMR - The CMB was found to have intrinsic "anisotropy" for the first time, at a level of a part in 100,000.
	lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov /product/cobe (261 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background- A Beginners Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		COBE is a satellite that was launched on November 18, 1989 by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
		Its objective was to look for and map as accurately as possible the cosmic microwave background.
		Another satellite launched by NASA called MAP and a satellite by ESA called Planck are planned to be launched, both which will look at small angles along the sky at the CMB.
	www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk /www_astro/submm/CMB6.html (157 words)

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