Cosmic acceleration

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Topic: Cosmic acceleration

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In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)

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	Active Skim View of: 16. Highlights
		Further measurements of rare elements in the galactic cosmic rays and in the solar energetic particles may help to define the role of such fractionation in the acceleration processes.
		Diffuse gamma rays are generated by interactions of cosmic rays with the interstellar gas; the nonthermal radio emission comes from cosmic-ray electron synchrotron emission in the galactic magnetic fields.
		For example if it is a consequence of the diffusion and convection processes by which cosmic rays are transported out of the galactic confinement volume, then Al is predicted to continue to decrease as energy increases at a rate that reflects the spectrum of magnetic inhomogeneities in interstellar space.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309035791&chap=121-142

	Session G6 - The Cosmic-Ray Connection.
		The energy region around 100 TeV is crucial for understanding the origin of galactic cosmic rays because this is a characteristic maximum energy for diffusive acceleration by supernova blast waves, which are likely sources of galactic cosmic rays.
		But cosmic ray acceleration out of the ISM could have contributed significantly to Li-6 production via reactions of accelerated alpha particles with He.
		Therefore, the bulk of the cosmic rays responsible for the production of B and Be must have been accelerated from freshly nucleosynthesized matter, most likely in Type II supernovae, before mixing in the ISM.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR97/BAPSAPR97/abs/S710.html (620 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2002025893
		7.2 Mass, energy and momentum 7.3 Angular-momentum representation 7.4 Energy-momentum four-vector 7.5 Problems 7.6 References 8 Velocity, Acceleration and Cosmic Distances 8.1 Preliminaries 8.2 Velocity and acceleration four-vectors 8.3 Acceleration and distances 8.4 Energy in ESR versus cosmic distance in CSR 8.5 Distance-velocity four-vector 8.6 Conclusions.
		B.11 References C Cosmic Temperature Decline C.1 Introduction.
		B.2.3 Velocity as an independent coordinate B.2.4 Effective mass density in cosmology B.3 The accelerating Universe B.3.1 Preliminaries B.3.2 Expanding Universe B.3.3 Decelerating, constant and accelerating expansions.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy031/2002025893.html (174 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
		Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d).
		Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e).
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /cosmic.html (1358 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
		Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d).
		Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e).
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /cosmic.html (1346 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
		Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d).
		Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e).
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /cosmic.html (1266 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
		Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d).
		Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e).
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /cosmic.html (1266 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
		Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d).
		Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e).
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /cosmic.html (1266 words)

	sh31c in fm97
		The pick-up ions are thought to be accelerated at the termination shock to become the anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs), which are currently being observed by spacecraft from 1 AU to ~69 AU.
		A summary of these observations from the heliospheric cosmic ray network will be presented along with ongoing studies of the recovery period from solar maximum to solar minimum over the last 3 solar cycles.
		At the first meeting a number of key questions concerning the elemental and charge composition, the injection and pre-acceleration in interplanetary space, and the acceleration and propagation in the outer heliosphere were identified, and plans for a number of studies were outlined that are expected to lead to progress on most of these questions.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm97&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm97/fm97&maxhits=200&="SH31C" (1266 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays don't take pretty pictures, but studying the quantity and type of these particles helps us to understand the acceleration processes involved and to measure the composition of the Sun, as well as sources at the far distant reaches of the galaxy.
		Cosmic ray acceleration could also occur directly as the supernova is ejecting matter into interstellar space, as in (d).
		Some of the nuclei in the gas are accelerated to cosmic ray speeds, possibly by the shock waves from supernovae (e).
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /cosmic.html (1266 words)

	Singularity Watch (Understanding Accelerating Change)
		This idea of universal acceleration was first popularized by Carl Sagan (in Dragons of Eden, 1977) with his powerful metaphor, the Cosmic Calendar (a.k.a., the "accelerating cosmic timeline"), which highlights the ever-faster emergence of important physical-computational events throughout the last six billion years of universal history.
		For Moravec and Kurzweil, one key metric of acceleration is the price performance of computation (computing power purchasable every year, in constant dollars).
		For the forseeable future, predictable technological acceleration will be the dominant planetary phenomenon, one that any serious future-thinker should incorporate into their models and policy considerations.
	www.singularitywatch.com (1266 words)

	SNR and Cosmic Ray Acceleration
		Cosmic rays are the atomic nuclei (mostly protons) and electrons that are observed to strike the Earth's atmosphere with exceedingly high energies.
		Cosmic rays produce Carbon 14, a small source of radiation but one which is critical for dating (for example establishing the age of fossils).
		Although you may never yourself be bombarded by a primary cosmic ray (we are shielded from them by the Earth's magnetosphere), we are bombarded all the time by the secondary cascades of cosmic rays that are created when cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/features/topics/snr_group/cosmic_rays.html (2443 words)

	Galactic cosmic ray
		Because the cosmic rays eventually escape the supernova remnant, they can only be accelerated up to a certain maximum energy, which depends upon the size of the acceleration region and the magnetic field strength.
		About 90% of the cosmic ray nuclei are hydrogen (protons), about 9% are helium (alpha particles), and all of the rest of the elements make up only 1%.
		The HEAO Heavy Nuclei Experiment, launched in 1979, collected only about 100 cosmic rays between element 75 and element 87 (the group of elements that includes platinum, mercury, and lead), in almost a year and a half of flight, and it was much bigger than most scientific instruments flown by NASA today.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/Galactic-cosmic-ray.htm (2443 words)

	Chandra :: Chronicles :: Out Of The Noise :: February 15, 2002
		Cosmic rays produce cosmogenic nuclides of beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 in quartz crystals of rock and sand while they are exposed to the cosmic weather.
		As cosmic rays, which are mostly high-energy protons, tear through Earth's upper atmosphere, they initiate nuclear reactions that change the nuclei of certain atoms.
		Throughout this journey a thin rain of cosmic rays - high-energy particles - produce a background of ionizing radiation on Earth.
	chandra.harvard.edu /chronicle/0102/cosmic_effect (989 words)

	Physics Today April 2003
		Cosmic acceleration could be signaling that Einstein's theory requires modification, perhaps due to the influence of unseen additional spatial dimensions.
		The discovery of cosmic speedup, perhaps one of the most important in all of science over the past 25 years, saved a beautiful theory--inflation--and presented theorists with a wonderful puzzle--"dark energy," the stuff causing cosmic speedup.
		Central to inflation is a very early, tremendous burst of expansion, powered by the potential energy associated with a hypothetical scalar field called the inflaton.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-56/iss-4/p10.html (1891 words)

	Cosmic Violence Cosmic Variance
		Cosmic acceleration is a cosmological phenomenon of central importance, tied to fundamental physics in a deep way and effective at (and discovered by looking at objects that are at) redshifts less than 2.
		I’d have thought that anything distant is useful because it helps fill in the gaps in structure evolution between decoupling (where the state of the universe is imprinted in the CMB) and the structure that we see today.
		I sort of get into the bad habit of thinking of those 13.5 billion years as astrophysics (which is not to devalue it in any way), and push the term “cosmology&; back earlier and earlier in the universe& life… I shouldn’t.
	cosmicvariance.com /2005/09/12/cosmic-violence (2073 words)

	VERY HIGH ENERGY COSMIC GAMMA RADIATION
		The great potential of this discipline offers impressive coverage of many "hot topics" of modern astrophysics and cosmology, such as the origin of galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays, particle acceleration and radiation processes under extreme astrophysical conditions, and the search for dark matter.
		Preference is given to three topical areas: (i) origin of cosmic rays; (ii) physics and astrophysics of relativistic jets; (iii) observational gamma ray cosmology.
		The recent observational results and exciting theoretical predictions provide a strong rationale for a deep study of cosmic radiation with forthcoming satellite-borne and ground-based detectors in the so-called very high energy domain of the electromagnetic spectrum above 10
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/4657.html (509 words)

	"Cosmic Inflation" to be Focus of Rustgi Lecture - UB NewsCenter
		The recently discovered acceleration of the cosmic expansion has altered radically the picture of the universe, but also has helped to confirm the basic predictions of inflation.
		His theory of inflationary cosmology, a modification of the hot big-bang theory, offers possible explanations for a number of features of the universe, including its uniformity, the value of its mass density, and the properties of the faint ripples that are now being observed in the cosmic background radiation.
		In related work, Guth and colleagues at MIT have explored the theoretical possibility of igniting inflation in a hypothetical laboratory, resulting in construction of a new universe.
	www.buffalo.edu /news/fast-execute.cgi/article-page.html?article=75050009 (346 words)

	Westphal Group
		GCR were first detected almost ninety years ago (Hess 1912), but it has only been in recent years that a detailed acceleration mechanism been worked out which accounts for their main features.
		Galactic Cosmic Rays play important roles in the dynamics of the interstellar medium, including stabilization of interstellar gas against gravitational collapse (Rees 1987; Zweibel 1997), regulation of the collapse of protostellar clouds (McKee et al.
		The second, larger detector was placed on the outside of Mir and is designed to measure the elemental composition of elements heavier than tin in the galactic cosmic rays.
	ultraman.ssl.berkeley.edu (2554 words)

	Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic ray particles seem to be shortlived, thus they require a source of continuous acceleration.
		Thus the total energy in cosmic rays in the Galaxy is 1e50 Joules.
		To find the total cosmic ray energy we need to multiply by the volume of the Universe - so we assume that it’s a sphere with a radius of 30kpc - and that gives us a volume of 1e63 cubic metres.
	www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk /www_astro/lecturenotes/hea/cosmicrays/sld020.htm (175 words)

	SNR and Cosmic Ray Acceleration
		Cosmic rays are the atomic nuclei (mostly protons) and electrons that are observed to strike the Earth's atmosphere with exceedingly high energies.
		Cosmic rays produce Carbon 14, a small source of radiation but one which is critical for dating (for example establishing the age of fossils).
		Although you may never yourself be bombarded by a primary cosmic ray (we are shielded from them by the Earth's magnetosphere), we are bombarded all the time by the secondary cascades of cosmic rays that are created when cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/features/topics/snr_group/cosmic_rays.html (2443 words)

	Cosmic Rays - Richard Mewaldt
		Cosmic Ray Energies and Acceleration: The energy of cosmic rays is usually measured in units of MeV, for mega-electron volts, or GeV, for giga-electron volts.
		Cosmic rays are high energy charged particles, originating in outer space, that travel at nearly the speed of light and strike the Earth from all directions.
		Most cosmic rays are the nuclei of atoms, ranging from the lightest to the heaviest elements in the periodic table.
	www.srl.caltech.edu /personnel/dick/cos_encyc.html (1485 words)

	neutrino.htm
		One of the most likely explanations of the highest energy cosmic rays is acceleration in Fanaroff-Riley Class II radio galaxies as suggested by Rachen and Biermann (1993).
		Neutrinos from cosmic ray interactions with the microwave background: $- * - * - * -$ Protheroe and Johnson (1995); *** Hill and Schramm (1985) }.
		The spectrum of galactic cosmic rays is reasonably well known, as is the matter distribution in our galaxy.
	www.physics.adelaide.edu.au /astrophysics/theory/neutrino.htm (374 words)

	RefPubs.html
		"Cosmic Ray Decreases and Particle Acceleration in 1978-1982 and the Associated Solar Wind Structures", H.V. Cane, I.G. Richardson and T.T. von Rosenvinge, 1993, JGR, 98, 13295.
		"Measurements of Cosmic Ray Li, Be, and B nuclei in the Energy Range 100 MeV/nuc to 22 BeV/nuc", T.T. von Rosenvinge, J.F. Ormes and W.R. Webber, 1969, Astrophysics and Space Science, 3, 80.
		"Cosmic Ray Modulation and the Solar Magnetic Field", H.V. Cane, G. Wibberenz, I.G. Richardson, and T.T. von Rosenvinge, 1999, Geophys.
	lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov /users/tycho/vita/RefPubs.html (374 words)

	flashes.bib
		The shock wave theory of Colgate et al., the only detailed model of supernovae explosions to date, predicts a short, intense high energy gamma-ray pulse associated with the explosion and cosmic ray acceleration.
		Solar and InterplanetaryDynamics}, volume={}, number={}, year={1980}, month={}, pages={263-77}, abstract={ The author summarises the properties of X-ray transients and white light transients in the solar corona; it is tentatively concluded that the two kinds of transient are different manifestations of the same physical phenomena.
		A times series derived from a total of 1393 individual analyses shows a statistically significant modulation of the background signal that is clearly traceable to solar activity.
	nova.stanford.edu /~vlf/bibliography/flashes.bib (374 words)

	UNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space
		In addition to my work with the COMPTEL experiment, I have made measurements of ground-level cosmic ray neutrons and, in collaboration with Dr. Martin Lee, modeled the acceleration and transport of solar cosmic rays.
		Terrestrial, solar, and astrophysical cosmic and gamma rays.
		Currently, my research is focused on analyzing COMPTEL gamma-ray data from solar flares (and neutrons), gamma-ray bursts, and the Earth's atmosphere.
	www.eos.sr.unh.edu /Fac/People?FAC_ID=61 (374 words)

	Cosmic Acceleration, cosmology book, acceleration of the universe, cosmic repulsion, universal acceleration, The Big Bang, cosmology
		Light had been discovered to be an electromagnetic wave by the theory of Maxwell and the light-generating circuits of Hertz.
		However, his research and that which followed was flawed by the fatal distance factor, because intervening dust was obscuring and lowering the intensity of light from the clusters she used to calibrate these stars.
		Nevertheless, this is a drop in the bucket of the 50 billion estimated galaxies in the visible universe.
	www.empyreanquest.com /repulse.htm (374 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Astrophysics of Galactic Cosmic Rays
		It specifically deals with the astrophysical sources and acceleration processes of cosmic rays.
		Observations of cosmic rays, and theoretical models of their origin and propagation, are critically reviewed.
		The principal aims are to examine the cosmic ray phenomenon in the context of our evolving understanding of the Galaxy as an astrophysical system.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/140200107X (328 words)

	GundamOfficial :: Cosmic Era :: Gundam Seed :: Glossary :: Weapons and Technology
		Although there are several methods for accomplishing this, the mass drivers of the Cosmic Era use electromagnetic forces to accelerate their payloads, making them essentially giant railguns.
		A similar technology is used in the hull armor of ZAFT's space warships.
		After capturing four of the five prototype Gundams, ZAFT quickly duplicates the Alliance's beam saber technology and begins equipping its own mobile suits with these weapons as well.
	www.gundamofficial.com /worlds/ce/background/glossary_technology.html (3836 words)

	Berlin-04: Exploring the Cosmic Frontier
		The fundamental cosmic processes of nucleosynthesis, radioactivity and acceleration of cosmic rays are based on two natural energy scales: the nuclear binding energy up to about 8 MeV and the rest mass of the electron.
		The discovery of such a cosmic field is feasible with the SKA and would be a major step in understanding the Magnetic Universe.
		The Submillimeter Array (SMA) is a new interferometer dedicated to observations in mm and sub-mm wavelengths located on Mauna Kea, near the CSO and JCMT facilities.
	www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de /berlin04/abstract-files.html (12277 words)

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In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)