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Topic: Cosmic light horizon

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	SPACE.com -- Spacewatch Friday: False Dawn: All about the Zodiacal Light
		The Zodiacal Light is caused by an enormous cloud of cosmic dust extending outward from the Sun and past the orbit of the Earth.
		Hence the reason for the name "zodiacal" light, is because it is usually seen projected against the zodiacal constellations, which were conjured by astronomers and poets to fit the ecliptic.
		This is a very faint oval patch of light about 10 to 20 degrees long and 6 to 8 degrees wide (overall, comparable in size to the Great Square of Pegasus) and situated exactly on the ecliptic at that point diametrically opposite to the Sun in the sky.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/zodiacal_light_021101.html (1050 words)

	Observable universe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The observable universe is a term used in Big Bang cosmology to describe a ball-shaped region of space surrounding the observer that is close enough that we might observe objects in it, i.e.
		For example, the cosmic microwave background radiation that we see right now was emitted about 13.7 billion years ago by matter that has, in the intervening time, condensed into galaxies.
		However, the concept of "now" is a theoretical construct related to the use of comoving coordinates and is, in principle, external to the observable universe in the space-time sense.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmic_light_horizon (1078 words)

	The Cosmic and the Sociological World-Sense
		The XX Century is advancing along with cosmic tasks in the sphere of creative work with nature, and in the areas of production and technology, about which the XIX Century with all its discoveries could not even dream, let alone suspect.
		Facing the social and political consciousness would be the world’s expanse, the problem of mastering and directing all the surface of the earthly orb, the problem of bringing together East and West, the meeting of all types and cultures, the unification of mankind through struggle, the interaction and communion of all races.
		The cosmic world-outlook is less so the happy, less so the rationalistically optimistic, and more untranquil, than is the sociological world-outlook, -- it foresees that there are great unanticipated events and is prepared to enter into a realm unseen and unknown.
	www.berdyaev.com /berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_235.html (2413 words)

	Birth of Cosmic Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Deep space, thousands of light years from Earth, from Paragon City, on the Rosette Nebula, a star is dying, after having shined brightly for eons this cosmic beacon will soon come to an end, never again to brighten up the cosmos.
		Radiation, dust clouds, asteroid remains, cosmic energies and even the stars themselves are being drawn in, but this is no ordinary fl hole, this is like nothing the universe has ever experienced, this is an anomaly.
		As the anomaly slowly starts to close, the being is bombarded by a powerful tidal wave of cosmic energy, and yet his body keeps absorbing these energies, increasing his mass, until it appears that he will explode, but then, the anomaly closes and the being is left alone.
	home1.gte.net /vze4qrya/cosmicfusion (401 words)

	horizon problem concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In particular, we detect the same intensity of cosmic radio waves (cosmic background radiation) from all directions of space, suggesting that the regions that emitted that radiation had the same temperature at the time of emission.
		However, at the time of emission, when the universe was about 1 million years old, those regions were separated by roughly 100 million light years, much exceeding the distance light or heat could have traveled since the big bang.
		The problem is seen most clearly in the cosmic background radiation, which is believed to have been released at about 300000 years after the big bang, and has been observed to have the same temperature in all directions to an accuracy of one part in 100,000.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/horizonproblem.html (380 words)

	Big Bang
		Based on measurements of the expansion of the universe using type I supernovae, measurements of the lumpiness of the cosmic microwave background, and measurements of the correlation function of galaxies, it is currently believed that the universe has an age of 13.7 ± 0.2 billion years.
		The horizon problem results from the premise that information cannot travel faster than light, and hence two regions of space which are expanding at faster than the speed of light relative to each other cannot communicate.
		This problem was partially resolved by cosmic inflation which reduced the horizon problem by arguing that the early universe suddenly underwent a period of massive expansion before which regions that would later not be in contact with each other could equalize their temperatures.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/b/bi/big_bang_1.html (4619 words)

	Solar Calculator Glossary
		Light from the sun is bent, or refracted, as it enters earth's atmosphere.
		This causes stars and planets near the horizon to appear higher in the sky than they actually are, and explains how the sun can still be visible after it has physically passed beyond the horizon at sunset.
		refraction - as light travels from one medium into a medium with higher or lower density, for example from air into water or from the vacuum of space into earth's atmosphere, the path of the light is bent slightly.
	www.srrb.noaa.gov /highlights/sunrise/glossary.html (2827 words)

	GIC - Gravity from all sides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		For instance light from a star occluding the Sun is seen to bend toward the Sun, because the Sun's (b) effect has shortened the Sun's radius and contracted immediate nearby space by an amount equal to (R x b) where (R) is the Sun's radius.
		The next galaxy is on the other side of the light vector so it bends toward that other galaxy, then bends toward a third upward, toward a fourth downward, toward a fifth again on the same side of the light vector as was found the first galaxy.
		The light blue shifts as it yings and 'accelarates' toward the first galaxy, red shifts as it yangs away from the first galaxy, only to blue shift again as it yins toward the second galaxy.
	www.cosmicastronomy.com /public_html/gravity.htm (3874 words)

	Deep Field Survey
		The reddish galaxies are glowing in infrared light, and the bluish galaxies are glowing in visible light.
		By combining views in infrared light and visible light astronomers have a better idea of the shapes of galaxies in the remote universe, and of the fraction which are old or dust-obscured at early epochs.
		Red represents near-infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, such as the red glow of dust-enshrouded galaxies.
	www.cosmiclight.com /imagegalleries/deepfield.htm (3290 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background
		The magnitude of this effect--the so-called dipole anisotropy--allows astronomers to determine that the Local Group of galaxies is moving at a speed of about 600 km/sec in a direction that is 45 from the direction of the Virgo cluster of galaxies.
		Patches of light and dark represented temperature fluctuations that amount to about one part in 100,000--not much higher than the accuracy of the measurements.
		Clearly, whatever are the ultimate sources (hot plasma) of this radiation, the photons, traveling at the speed of light since their emission by the plasma, have only had time to reach the Earth now.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/cosmic_microwave_background.html (851 words)

	Universe - Deistpedia, the Deist Encyclopedia
		cosmic microwave background radiation which is the much-attenuated radiation that originated soon after the Big Bang.
		This is simply because light does not travel infinitely fast, and we make observations of the past.
		Since light travels at the same speed in any direction towards us, it is reasonable to suggest that we live at the center of our observable universe.
	templeofreason.org /test7/Universe.htm (1087 words)

	The Omega Zero of Accelerating Expansion
		If the acceleration overcomes gravitation and even particle forces, the outer event horizon would collapse inward on every point in space, and space-time is ended, yet it is the physical expansion of space that produces the collapse.
		A cold inflationary expansion in which every point in space is expanding away from every other at the speed of light stretches all matter and spatial curvature flat, and may even disallow the creation of virtual particles, thereafter erasing all record of physical existence, or so it would seem on the surface of understanding.
		Yet we know now with considerable certainty that cosmic evolution isn't being drawn toward any basin of attraction short of zero, located somewhere in between alpha and zero, but rather time's arrow is on a crash course, literally accelerating toward the target destination point of absolute zero.
	macrocosmicsymmetry.com /bpaper1.html (5653 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Ask Us -- Cosmic Rays
		Cosmic rays are sub-atomic particles that are moving at a good fraction of the speed of light.
		Cosmic rays passing through the spark chamber cause a flash of light (or spark) along the particle's trajectory, which is then detected with the use of light sensitive devices.
		Cosmic ray intensity changes by more than a factor of 2 with the 11 year solar cycle, and can increase for short times by a much larger factor when there is a solar flare.
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /qa_cr.html (6394 words)

	ESA - Space Science - ESA's 'Cosmic Vision'
		The Horizon 2000 long-term plan for space science, formulated 20 years ago (1984), is almost completed.
		Its successor, Horizon 2000+, approved ten years ago, comes now to fruition with a wealth of scientific satellites and space telescopes in orbit producing great results.
		This no longer looks at the light radiated by stars in the electromagnetic spectrum but detects the tiny ripples of space-time due to the fundamental force of gravity.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMA7J2IU7E_index_0.html (583 words)

	05.04.04: The Birth of the Universe: The Current State of Cosmology
		Astronomers have determined that the light from virtually all of the galaxies in the Universe are redshifted.
		The horizon problem is the issue that without inflation the universe would not have been able to be in thermal equilibrium at the time of the last-scattering surface.
		A light year is a distance, but we will convert light year into km/s for 1 year for the ease of cancellation with the Hubble constant.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/nationalcurriculum/units/2005/4/05.04.04.x.html (9076 words)

	The Horizon Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The radiation from the east and the radiation from the west are separated by 28 billion light years.
		The horizon problem gets worse if we travel back to the time when radiation was released from matter.
		The universe was 100,000 years old--meaning that the horizon was 100,000 light years across.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/Cosmos/HorizonProblem.html (345 words)

	Cosmic Africa explores Africa's astronomy
		Cosmic Africa, a co-production between Cosmos Studios, Åland Pictures and Anne Rogers is a unique 72 minute feature length documentary film that both explores and sheds new light on traditional African astronomy and in turn global understanding of the world's oldest science.
		Cosmic Africa is directed and filmed by the multi-award winning duo, Craig and Damon Foster.
		Cosmic Africa was released on November 14 by SterKinekor
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2003/november/cosmic.htm (1176 words)

	Cosmic dust bunnies \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cosmic dust is constantly raining down on the Earth from space, and in an average year, we pick up about 40,000 tons of the stuff.
		Cosmic dust forms far out in space, possibly from the residue of a supernova explosion, or in the upper atmosphere of a giant, cool star.
		Cosmic dust may even be leftover bits of the dust cloud that formed the Earth itself, and as such, may give us clues about how the whole process worked.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/0418/p25s02-stss.html (1657 words)

	Universe Summary
		Because cosmic inflation removes vast parts of the total universe from our observable horizon, most cosmologists accept that it is impossible to observe the whole continuum and may use the expression our universe, referring only to that knowable by human beings in particular.
		It can also be seen in the cosmic microwave background radiation which is the much-attenuated radiation that originated soon after the Big Bang.
		The edge of the cosmic light horizon is 13.7 billion light years (4.19 Gpc) distant.
	www.bookrags.com /Universe (2604 words)

	Cosmological horizon Summary
		Unlike the terrestrial horizon distance, the cosmological horizon distance is a dynamical quantity; it evolves in time, and does not expand at the same rate as the Universe expands.
		In physical cosmology, a cosmological horizon marks a limit to observability, and marks the boundary of a region that an observer cannot see into directly due to cosmological effects.
		The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model being discussed.
	www.bookrags.com /Cosmological_horizon (650 words)

	scienceNspace.com-nasa-big bang-matter-space-science
		In astronomy, the cosmic light horizon is a "horizon" which marks the edge of the visible universe.
		This horizon is the edge of a sphere, centered upon Terra, which is ~14-15B light years in radius; this figure is sometimes referred to as the "lookback distance" (because astronomers, who view distant objects, are "looking back" into the history of the universe -- see: speed of light).
		The general homogeneity of temperatures, at the edge of the cosmic horizon, is part of the evidence for the "Big Bang".The universe as we know it was initially almost uniformly filled with energy and extremely hot.
	sciencenspace.com (2344 words)

	Big Bang Theory - Origin of Universe - 0rig.in (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Big Bang theory predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation or CMB which is composed of photons emitted during baryogenesis.
		Using the Big Bang model it is possible to calculate the concentration of helium-4, helium-3, deuterium and lithium-7 in the Universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen, H. All the abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons.
		The horizon problem results from the premise that information cannot travel faster than light, and hence two regions of space which are separated by a greater distance than the speed of light multiplied by the age of the Universe cannot be in causal contact.
	www.0rig.in /cosmology/big_bang_theory.htm (4780 words)

	A ring
		light horizon A sphere, centered on the Earth, whose radius equals the distance traveled by light since the Big Bang.
		horizon The location around a fl hole where the escape velocity equals the speed of light; the boundary of a fl hole.
		focus (of a lens or concave mirror) The place at the focal length where light rays from a point object (that is, one that is too distant or tiny to resolve) are converged by a lens or concave mirror.
	www.coker.edu /chemistry/courses/PHY101/key_words/glossary.htm (4617 words)

	Universe - Theo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Using Planck units, the age of the universe is simply the inverse square of its temperature.
		The edge of the cosmic light horizon is 13.7 billion light years distant.
		We live in the centre of the universe that we observe, in apparent contradiction to the Copernican principle which says that the Universe is more or less uniform and it has no distinguished centre.
	forumhost.us /theo/index.php?title=Universe (1275 words)

	Blackbody Radiation
		An anisotropy of about 0.1% exists in the cosmic microwave background radiation which is attributed to a Doppler shift caused by the motion of the solar system through the radiation.
		The scale of the fluctuations is larger than the horizon at the time the background radiation was emitted, indicating that the fluctuations are primordial, dating from a time before the separation of radiation and matter, the transparency point.
		The "horizon" is the distance within which there can be causal connections, i.e., within light transit time of each other.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/bkg3k.html (947 words)

	Galaxies M83, and Centaurus A, are full of UV suprises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In fact, the dish, and a larger donut surrounding the dish below the dish's upper horizon, is reminiscent of the look and feel of a galaxy comet by one galaxy corehead plowing through another galaxy, a galaxy cometary head and shock wave is seen for barnstorming galaxy C153 plowing through a cluster of galaxies.
		The visible light global superform size of M83 is otherwise much the same as the UV galaxy.
		A residual second core, to the right of the main core, exists in the UV version, the 2nd core is in an implant area, seen in visible light without the indented core structure and core dome at its center.
	www.cosmicastronomy.com /public_html/centau-2.htm (1449 words)

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