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Topic: Cosmic noise

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	an Ultimate Pi
		Whereby: Cosmic noise wavelength = 0.000022222, time 212.1320344 degree Fahrenheit = 1 / 212.1320344 degree Fahrenheit that of boiling point of liquid.
		Wherefore: Earth's circumference is constantly bombarded by Cosmic rays that produce Pi mesons.
		For Exp: 0.004072935 - 1 km that of cosmic rays = 245.5231879 Pi mesons / 2,000 = 0.122761596 Pi mesons.
	www.sq648.com (768 words)

	X-ray diffraction noise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In real life, the signal to noise ratio is worse than predicted by counting statistics because additional sources or variation are introduced during the measurement of the signal.
		Cosmic noise is a rare event that affects only very few pixels in each image.
		For the weakest, mostly high resolution reflections, the statistical noise is dominated by the contribution from the background radiation.
	eagle.mmid.med.ualberta.ca /tutorials/data_collection/noise.html (1541 words)

	Technology Demonstration: Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To demonstrate that the noise and ability to detect transits is not dependent on any one unique set of pixels or location on the CCD, the image was translated from one end of the CCD furthest from the readout registers to the end nearest the readout registers.
		A ten-day test was conducted with the all the confounding noise factors: 4th magnitude bright star, spacecraft jitter at 1/3 the baseline value (best estimate of performance) and cosmic rays added but not deleted.
		The max allowed noise is from Table 1 line 5, except that the required value for stars brighter than 12th magnitude is taken to be no better than that for 12th.
	www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov /tech_results.html (2334 words)

	Spiritual Knowledge Of Ashtavakra Gita An insight vision by GS Virk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He realized that the external noise subtle of the environments is only names of various qualities of the interior cosmic noise of the brain of the melody.
		When he deeply continues the vision with the meditation, in the brain of the melody, on the interior cosmic noise, it very disappeared and he carried out the interior knowledge of the true elements of life of the soul.
		It is kind of element which is container of all of cosmic laws of nature and seed for all kinds of body life, of the elements subtle ones, elements and the shapes of matter in universe and accounts of karma of all kinds of life.
	www.heavenlygardens.org /astavakra-gita/Chapter2/stage2.5.htm (1619 words)

	IBM experiments in soft fails in computer electronics (1978-1994)
		Then, since the cosmic ray flux increases in intensity with altitude, any changes in SER rate with altitude would be due to the sensitivity of the chips to cosmic rays.
		It was decided to evaluate the altitude dependence of LSI sensitivity to cosmic rays on the basis of the predictions of Figure 8.
		The cosmic ray component was isolated by looking for fail rates as a function of the altitude of the memory modules, since this was presumed to be the unique signature of cosmic ray fails (Denver has four times the cosmic ray intensity of New York City).
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/401/curtis.html (6686 words)

	Cosmology - Penzias and Wilson's Discovery is One of the Century's Key Advances (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The discovery in 1963 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the cosmic microwave background of the Big Bang set the seal of approval on the theory, and brought cosmology to the forefront as a scientific discipline.
		The cosmic microwave background hails from the earliest observable event in the history of the universe, some 300,000 years after its birth.
		Although the original temperature of the cosmic microwave background was much higher, the expansion of the universe has cooled it to its present value of 2.7 degrees Kelvin.
	www.bell-labs.com /project/feature/archives/cosmology (981 words)

	Effect of Cosmic Ray Showers on Gravitational Detectors
		Giazotto (1988) has considered the effect of momentum deposition on internal oscillations of the mirror and its surface in an interferometer and concluded that such an effect is dominated by the heating term (see his equation (7)).
		The density spectrum is closely related to the cosmic ray energy spectrum and has a similar power-law shape.
		When a cosmic ray event deposits energy in a bar, the energy is degraded to heat and causes the bar to expand.
	www.atnf.csiro.au /pasa/14_2/clay/paper/node3.html (632 words)

	Cosmic Ray Veto Methods
		To the extent that local cosmic radiation causes noise (remembering that it also may come as gamma-rays from the source to be detected and may thus retain characteristics of the source), a charged-particle detector monitoring cosmic ray bursts will be a useful noise veto.
		Their simulation indicates a significant reduction in noise from cosmic ray muons may be achieved if a second longitudinal mode veto is also applied.
		Their cosmic ray detector system consists of layers of limited streamer tubes and the trigger logic responds to high energy muons and hadrons as well as extensive air showers.
	www.atnf.csiro.au /pasa/14_2/clay/paper/node5.html (897 words)

	ADASS 2003 Conference Proceedings
		The actual on-orbit data will doubtless suffer from geometric distortion and cosmic rays at some level, while calibration is required to simultaneously derive the sky and flat field in the presence of these effects to a level of better than a part in 10,000.
		As cosmic rays will appear in the data at some level, routines to reject them were developed, based on the assumption that they may not be completely removed by the standard pipeline.
		The results of simultaneously using both the distortion-removal and rejection routines are shown in Table 3 for all combinations of shot noise, cosmic rays, and added distortion for 720-frame datasets.
	adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass03/P6-7 (1359 words)

	How do scientists see gamma-rays? - Introduction
		Cosmic gamma-rays are difficult to detect for at least two reasons: (1) there are not many of them compared to other things that "look" like cosmic gamma-rays to a detector, but aren't; and (2) they have so much energy that it is hard to "capture" one at all!
		The noise or background against which a "real" cosmic gamma-ray must be seen is about 1000 times stronger or brighter or more intense than the gamma-ray the scientist is looking for.
		The primary source of the noise is cosmic rays.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/science/know_l1/observations.html (357 words)

	Chandra :: Chronicles :: Out Of The Noise :: February 15, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Throughout this journey a thin rain of cosmic rays - high-energy particles - produce a background of ionizing radiation on Earth.
		As cosmic rays, which are mostly high-energy protons, tear through Earth's upper atmosphere, they initiate nuclear reactions that change the nuclei of certain atoms.
		Cosmic rays produce cosmogenic nuclides of beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 in quartz crystals of rock and sand while they are exposed to the cosmic weather.
	chandra.harvard.edu /chronicle/0102/cosmic_effect (989 words)

	WMAP Cosmology 101: Cosmic Microwave Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When the visible universe was one hundredth of its present size, the cosmic microwave background was a hundred times hotter (273 degrees above absolute zero or 32 degrees Fahrenheit, the temperature at which water freezes to form ice on the Earth's surface).
		In addition to this cosmic microwave background radiation, the early universe was filled with hot hydrogen gas with a density of about 1000 atoms per cubic centimeter.
		Cosmologists studying the cosmic microwave background radiation can look through much of the universe back to when it was opaque: a view back to 400,000 years after the Big Bang.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html (1150 words)

	Cosmic Ray Rejection with NGST
		Test results, in which over 99% of of the cosmic rays are identified and removed without significant degradation of the accumulated image data, are also presented.
		By ``rejecting'' cosmic rays, we are referring to techniques to digitally analyze image data and identify and discard cosmic ray events in the detector, preserving only clean data.
		The cosmic ray removal process left 1.4% of the image as completely lost, and, because it threw out data reads, reduced the signal-to-noise in 10.2% of the image (including false-positive identifications).
	monet.ncsa.uiuc.edu /adass98/Proceedings/offenbergjd (1460 words)

	Cosmic Ray Induced Noise in Gravitational Wave Detectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cosmic radiation is capable of depositing significant quantities of energy and momentum in gravitational wave antennas at times which will generally be random with respect to gravitational signals.
		Such cosmic ray effects may generate noise signals at detectable levels compared to antenna design thresholds at rates of a few per year but, since antennas will not be capable of absorbing all the cosmic ray energy, it should be readily possible to construct vetoing cosmic ray detectors.
		We consider here some of the principles involved in the generation of gravitational antenna noise by cosmic ray particles and we describe a veto system to be installed at the Perth gravitational wave observatory.
	www.atnf.csiro.au /pasa/14_2/clay/paper (164 words)

	Definition: cosmic noise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		cosmic noise: Random noise that originates outside the Earth's atmosphere.
		Note: Cosmic noise characteristics are similar to those of thermal noise.
		Cosmic noise is experienced at frequencies above about 15 MHz when highly directional antennas are pointed toward the Sun or to certain other regions of the sky such as the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
	www.atis.org /tg2k/_cosmic_noise.html (94 words)

	A Cosmic Noise Compilation -- various artists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When I first heard the title of this cassette, "Cosmic Noise Compilation", I had a strange little image pop into my head of half naked hippies dancing around a fire under the moonlight, howling like maniacs and banging noise out of their rugged acoustic instruments.
		This is where I first guessed that I was in for a pretty noisy listen, since the title of the tape itself proved a little misleading for me. One of the definitions of music is "pleasant natural sound".
		Noise, on the other hand, is defined as "sound, especially loud and unpleasant".
	www.lastsigh.com /reviews/cosmic.noise.htm (273 words)

	Lecture 3, Earth Segment
		Sky noise comprises cosmic (galactic) noise and noise resulting from absorption and re-radiation of energy by water and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere
		Noise power radiated by the Earth is collected by the sidelobes of the earth-station antenna and the main beam of the satellite antenna.
		Atmospheric attenuation noise caused by absorption and re-radiation of signal energy by water and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere; this noise increases rapidly with decreasing antenna elevation angle because the signal has to travel further through the atmosphere; it also increases when it is raining.
	www.satcom.co.uk /article.asp?article=5§ion=6 (309 words)

	Uniform Data Sampling: Noise Reduction & Cosmic Rays
		However, when a pixel is impacted by a cosmic ray during an observation, the cosmic ray essentially injects infinite variance and reduces the signal to noise to zero at that location.
		For example, a cosmic ray hit which just trims off the last sample in the sequence has minimal impact compared to a cosmic ray hit that occurs in the middle of the observation sequence.
		In general, we find that it is possible to find a valid result with a finite variance for any sequence broken up by cosmic ray events provided we have at least two consecutive ``good'' samples (for all practical purposes, we can ignore the situation where this is not the case).
	www.adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass00/P1-10 (1310 words)

	Hypnos CDs
		Recording Solar Noise spontaneously in the studio over a short period of time, they have turned out a surprisingly intricate and subtly beautiful work of experimental ambience.
		While the keyboard textures, with dark swirly synths, sample loops and sequences and a wide variety of instrument tones and noises set the scene, it is the processed guitar, abstract plucking sounds and atonal melodies that provide the variety and continual changes.
		Cosmic and ethereal, dark and atmospheric, at times even downright evil, listening to Solar Noise is like drifting through the astral planes on a wave of cosmic noise and pulses.
	www.hypnos.com /releases-vs-sn.htm (1756 words)

	News in Science - Holiday photos test galaxy theories - 15/09/2004
		Instead the researchers make random numbers using random noise from cosmic rays in images of space.
		The noise, which speckles space images, is usually something astronomers try to get rid of.
		One source was cosmic rays that hit the special piece of silicon used instead of film in a CCD, or charge-coupled device camera.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1198988.htm (596 words)

	How works a radiotelescope ?
		The antenna is adjusted in elevation to a given angle and the cosmic radio source allowed to pass through the antenna beam as the Earth rotates.
		It is easy to see that the noise from the early parts of the chain of amplifiers gets multiplied by more than the later stages.
		Even though we have tried very hard to not introduce much additional noise from our receiver into the signal, there will usually be much more of this unwanted noise at this point than the actual noise we are trying to measure.
	www.astrosurf.org /lombry/radioastronomy-rt.htm (2276 words)

	UFO News Blog - Current Sightings - Latest News
		It was "the same shape as a fried egg" and had "some kind of an aerial on top and it was brown in colour", local teenager Conor Dwyer told The Irish Times at the time.
		There was no noise coming from ?t either before or after they had seen it.
		He said: “It was something that I had never experienced in my life and I am still trying to explain it away rationally 48 hours after we had seen it.
	www.cosmicparadigm.com /ufonews (9813 words)

	National Institute for Discovery Science Essay Competition: SETI in the Eyes of Non-Professionalist
		The first of these amounts to showing that life is a cosmic and not an earthly phenomenon and one which is a necessary precondition for taking up the search for intelligent brothers.
		In the petition, the conditions which should be observed in transmitting information between cosmic civilisations have been passed over in silence, and it is only after a careful consideration of such conditions that searching methods which are adequate for SETI could be suggested.
		This dilemma finally leads us to take into account the conditions which must be observed in inter-civilisation communication and all that remains for us is to consider, at our stage of knowledge, is a possibility of communication between civilisations that are in the third stage of their technological and general civilisation development.
	www.nidsci.org /essaycomp/gtarnowski.html (5752 words)

	TN 0049: Mark IV Dark images and cosmic rays
		After eliminating obvious cosmic rays (I am using the term 'Cosmic Rays' as an all-embracing term of abuse) the dark images dark, 11ba, 11bb, 1b-26a, d142355, d142359, d150004 etc, appear more or less indistinguishable from gaussian noise.
		The white dots are cosmic rays from image 11ba and the fl ones are from image 11bb.
		The noise is modelled as a random superposition of electronic noise plus the random fluctuations in the dark and photoelectric charge.
	www.tass-survey.org /tass/technotes/tn0049.html (1255 words)

	Signal + Noise: Cosmic Soccer Ball?
		The CMB is the primordial radiation field left over from 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the temperature had lowered enough for neutral hydrogen to form and the photons throughout space “decoupled” from matter to fly free.
		In the 1990s, the COsmic Background Explorer (COBE) detected the fluctuations (“anisotropies”) caused by minute density variations in the very early universe.
		The “cosmic variance” in the observed spectrum is particularly large for the large wavelength oscillations.)
	signalplusnoise.com /archives/000271.html (1041 words)

	Citebase - Using the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect to determine the peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies
		In practice, when faced with both detector noise and considerable uncertainties in such modeling, a more robust approach is to choose a suitable frequency and estimate the impact of the dominant sources of contamination at that frequency.
		The cosmic noise is efficiently filtered out even for core radii comparable to or larger than the scale of the Doppler peaks.
		The expected noise level is of order or larger than the expected signal, and it is therefore essential to use the knowledge of the CMB "noise" properties and the gas distributions of the individual clusters (which can be obtained by the mission itself and from X-ray observations, respectively).
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9507077 (5772 words)

	Riometers [Oulu] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Riometers are used to measure variation in the cosmic radio noise absorption taking place in the D-region ionosphere (50-90 km).
		The variations are caused by changing ionization levels of the D-region, either because of auroral disturbances or solar particle events (especially over the polar caps, see PCA events).
		Previously the cosmic radio noise was typically measured at around 20-50 MHz with wide-beam antennas.
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/riometers.html (168 words)

	The Remarkable Ocean World: The Library: Somewhere in a Galaxy Far, Far Away...
		The first "discovery" of this background radiation, or Cosmic Noise, came in 1964 when two Bell Telephone laboratory scientists, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, were testing an antenna to communicate with satellites.
		Cosmologists now have a plausible link between Cosmic Noise and the structure of the Universe, and research continues to explain how this lumpiness occurred within the context of the Big Bang.
		The discovery of fluctuations in the Cosmic Background Radiation has given impetus to the "fluctuation" model of galaxy formation, but nothing is concrete at this point.
	www.cbv.ns.ca /sarty/ocean11/birth.html (3648 words)

	Alouette 1, 2
		Alouette 1 was a small ionospheric observatory instrumented with an ionospheric sounder, a VLF receiver, an energetic particle detector, and a cosmic noise experiment.
		Extended from the satellite shell were two dipole antennas (45.7- and 22.8-m long, respectively) which were shared by three of the experiments on the spacecraft.
		Alouette 2 was a small ionospheric observatory instrumented with a sweep-frequency ionospheric sounder, a VLF receiver, an energetic particle experiment, a cosmic noise experiment, and an electrostatic probe.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/alouette.htm (389 words)

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