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	Cosmological constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because the cosmological constant has negative pressure, according to general relativity a positive cosmological constant--which means empty space has positive energy--causes the expansion of empty space to accelerate (see dark energy for details).
		Ironically, the cosmological constant is still of interest, as observations made in the late 1990's of distance-redshift relations indicate that the universe is accelerating.
		This is the cosmological constant problem, the worst problem of fine-tuning in physics: there is no known natural way to derive the infinitesimal cosmological constant observed in cosmology from particle physics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmological_constant (535 words)

	Cosmological argument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Currently, the theory of the cosmological history of the universe most widely accepted by astronomers arguably includes an apparent first event—the Big Bang—the immense explosion of all known matter and energy from a superdense point at some finite time in the past.
		According to the cosmological argument, the cause of the first event would necessarily be a being which is capable of causing other events, but which is not itself caused.
		Though contemporary versions of the cosmological argument assume that there was a beginning to this chain of causes, Aquinas' formulation did not make such an assumption, due to his view that it was impossible to prove that the universe did have a beginning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmological_argument (2140 words)

	Cosmological Argument
		Kant contends that the cosmological argument, in identifying the necessary being, relies on the ontological argument, which in turn is suspect.
		Kant held that the cosmological argument, in concluding to the existence of a necessary being, argues for the existence of a being whose nonexistence is absolutely inconceivable.
		Accordingly, the cosmological argument presupposes the cogency of the ontological argument.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/cosmological-argument (9555 words)

	The Cosmological Argument
		Michael Suddoth explores both the kalam cosmological argument and the argument from contingency, concluding that the argument from contingency constitutes some evidence for God’s existence, but is insufficient on its own to establish the truth of theism.
		The cosmological argument is the argument that the existence of the world or universe is strong evidence for the existence of a God who created it.
		In the case of the kalam cosmological argument, the distinction drawn between the universe and God is that the universe has a beginning in time.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /cosmological.html (1065 words)

	cosmological argument - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about cosmological argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas argued that the universe could have not existed, so there must be a being that could not but exist – that is, exists necessarily – on which it depends.
		Like the ontological argument, most versions of the cosmological argument rely on existence being a property or predicate, which Immanuel Kant claimed was impossible.
		Another weakness is that the argument attempts a causal inference from the universe to God, when it only makes sense to speak of causal relations as holding between observable states of affairs.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /cosmological%20argument (241 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cosmological decade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A cosmological decade (CÐ) is a division of the lifetime of the cosmos.
		There have been 60.9 cosmological decades between the Planck epoch, CÐ -43.2683307, and the current epoch, CÐ 17.6355.
		In this definition, in the 100th cosmological decade, there are 10**100 years.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cosmological-decade (291 words)

	Robert C. Koons: Phl 356 Lecture #2
		There is an interdepency between the cosmological argument (the argument to a first cause) and the design argument (the argument to a cosmic designer/creator).
		If the cosmological argument is successful, it provides the means for answering certain important objections to the design argument.
		It is quite possible that there are a number of different cosmological arguments, each valid, and all converging on compatible and complementary results.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/koons/docs/lec2.html (1674 words)

	Cosmological Kalamity
		The cosmological argument could be made successful if it could be shown that NBE contains exactly one item from a plural set of possibilities, and if the winning candidate turns out to be a personal creator.
		Likewise, in the cosmological argument, the clause "begins to exist" should not mean the same thing when applied to "the universe" that it means when applied to individual "things" within the universe.
		But in the cosmological argument, "everything" does not refer to "all things that exist," because it is followed by the limiting clause "that begins to exist," implying (as we have seen) that there are some things (NBE) that are not a part of this particular set.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/dan_barker/kalamity.html (4446 words)

	The Cosmological Constant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cosmological constant is an extra term in Einstein's equations of general relativity which physically represents the possibility that there is a density and pressure associated with "empty" space.
		They are designed to offer an overview of how the cosmological constant alters standard cosmology, and to discuss whether a non-zero cosmological constant exists today.
		Was the inclusion of the cosmological constant Einstein's "biggest blunder"?
	super.colorado.edu /~michaele/Lambda/lambda.html (254 words)

	The Cosmological Constant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A sufficiently large cosmological constant will cause galaxies to appear to accelerate away from us, in contrast to the tendency of ordinary forms of energy to slow down the recession of distant objects.
		A positive cosmological constant increases the volume of space in between us and a source at any fixed redshift, and therefore the probability that such a source undergoes lensing by an intervening object.
		The value of the cosmological constant is an empirical issue which will ultimately be settled by observation; meanwhile, physicists would like to develop an understanding of why the energy density of the vacuum has this value, whether it is zero or not.
	pancake.uchicago.edu /~carroll/encyc (1913 words)

	Cosmology
		Among them are the total matter density, the radiation density, the cosmological constant and the present-day relative expansion rate of the Universe, termed Hubble constant.
		Cosmological parameters can be precisely measured from the statistical properties of these fluctuations.
		The universe expands in an accelerated way, which is enabled by the cosmological constant in the context of the Friedmann models.
	www.ita.uni-heidelberg.de /~msb/cosmology/index_en.html (704 words)

	The Five Cosmological Elements Free Essays
		A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE BIG BANG The cosmological theory called the big bang theory implies that the universe began from a singular state of infinite density.
		Most people draw the conclusion they are because they both are cosmological religions and both have cyclical view of the...
		This mystery is especially relevant to astronomers, who construct hypotheses called cosmological models to try to find the answer to this ancient question.
	www.mytermpapers.com /search/60435.html (773 words)

	Cosmological Distance Ladder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The significance of measuring the cosmological distance is to calculate the Hubble constant, an important term in Hubbleís Law.
		Specifically, Hubble constant has an important value to the cosmological studies as it hides the key to discover the age of the universe (an inverse of Hubble constant gives the approximation), expansion rate (Hubble constant itself) and the cosmological density (through the use of the expansion rate).
		Cosmological distance ladder has its name because the distance measured toward far objects depends on calibration knowledge of a nearby distance through a primary technique.
	astro.uchicago.edu /home/web/olinto/courses/A18200/kawai/main.html (657 words)

	The Cosmological Argument - Charles W. Johnson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cosmological argument for God, also known as the argument from First Cause, has been one of the most frequent defenses of the rationality of theism throughout its long history.
		Modern cosmological theory states that the beginning of the Universe is, by definition, also the beginning of time.
		The Kalam Cosmological Argument is a spin on the First Cause argument which draws from medieval theology and subsequent philosophical cosmology.
	www.eskimo.com /~cwj2/atheism/cosmo.html (2087 words)

	The Cosmological Argument: The First Cause or Prime Mover
		Of course, the traditional cosmological arguments offered by Aquinas and others have largely been supplanted by contempory versions of the argument, such as the Kalam cosmological argument, cosmological arguments based on big bang and quantum cosmology, and arguments based on philosophical considerations concerning time and causation.
		According to one form of the Kalam Cosmological Argument, as expounded by William Lane Craig, there cannot be a beginningless temporal world because the application of Cantorian set theory of transfinite arithmetic to the real world generates counterintuitive absurdities, thereby disclosing that an infinite set of real entities is metaphysically impossible.
		In "The Kalam Cosmological Argument: The Question of the Metaphysical Possibility of an Infinite Set of Real Entities," Guminski showed that the argument by William Lane Craig and others that real infinites are metaphysically impossible presupposes the standard version (SV) of how Cantorian set theory presumably applies to the real world.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/theism/cosmological.html (2834 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions in Cosmology
		If the expansion of the Universe is accelerating due to a cosmological constant, then the expansion was slower in the past, and thus the time required to expand by a given factor is longer, and the distance NOW is larger.
		A further argument in favor of cosmological redshifts for quasars is the essentially perfect rank ordering implied by the fact that quasar absorption line system always have redshifts less than or equal to the quasar emission line redshift.
		This effect is caused by the cosmological background density within the Solar System going down as the Universe expands, which may or may not happen depending on the nature of the dark matter.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/cosmology_faq.html (4741 words)

	COSMOLOGICAL RED SHIFT
		This shift is proposed as the main cause of the cosmological red shift.
		Since the dampening effect is actually extremely small if the cosmological red shift is a manifestation of this phenomenon, it follows that either the universe is not infinite, or that there is a cut off point beyond which gravity can not be felt.
		The periodicity of the red shift whereby distant stars seem to show distances which show sudden jumps [7] would seem to suggest that there are quantum components to the effect of gravity on the red shift.
	www.geocities.com /isoptera.geo/redaw.html (2511 words)

	Hellenistic Astrology [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Thinkers in the skeptical Academy and Pyrrhonic schools sought to attack the theoretical underpinnings of the practice of astrology, using a variety of arguments centering around freedom, the ontological status of the stars and planets, and the logical or practical limitations of astrological claims.
		While borrowing freely from Stoic, Pythagorean and Platonic thought, the astrologers who would soon emerge varied theoretically on issues such as which aspects of earthly existence may or may not be subject to Fate and the influence of the stars, and whether or not the soul is affected by celestial motions and relationships.
		The cosmological schemes, particularly the ontological hierarchies, in Middle Platonic, Gnostic and Neopythagorean thinkers typically allows for the place of astrology, if not in a strictly deterministic way for the entire human being, for the transcendent soul descends and ascends through the cosmos and one's own actions determine future ontological status.
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/astr-hel.htm (19004 words)

	The Cosmological Constant and the Redshift of Quasars
		The Cosmological Constant and the Redshift of Quasars
		We have seen in section IV that the equivalent of a cosmological constant is just as necessary in the case of the Big Bang model as in the case of Einstein's static universe.
		In principle, it is not necessary to use a cosmological constant that neutralizes the gravitational forces at large distances.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /QUASARS/Quasars.html (5848 words)

	Cosmological cell biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In his lectures on the teaching of cell biology in the upper grades of the waldorf schools, Rudolf Steiner suggested that cell biology be described from a cosmological perspective.
		One of the many other problems is of course the question of the dynamics of the process and the not altogether clear relation between the times the cell spends in each stage.
		Well, this has been a suggestion at least, to a partial answer to what could be meant by "describing the cell from a cosmological perspective".
	hem.passagen.se /thebee/SCIENCE/cosmcell.htm (1402 words)

	Cosmological Constant
		This term acts like a vacuum energy density, an idea which has become quite fashionable in high energy particle physics models since a vacuum energy density of a specific kind is used in the Higgs mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking.
		This led Einstein to refer to the cosmological constant as his greatest blunder, and to drop it from his equations.
		Cardona and Tejeiro (1998, ApJ, 493, 52) claimed that this effect could set limits on the vacuum density only ten or so times higher than the critical density, but their calculation appears to be off by a factor of 3 trillion.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/cosmo_constant.html (2107 words)

	Outline the Cosmological Argument-
		The Cosmological argument relies on the acceptance of certain principle is a person can accept these ideas then the argument works.
		For some the cosmological argument is true is answers the questions they pose about their existence.
		Causation is something of the spatio-temporal world we live in, this world relies on causation, each thing happens because it was caused, we are might have beens.
	www.coursework.info /i/1269.html (438 words)

	Cosmological Redshift
		We propose that, if the unit electrical charge within galaxies has been increasing down through cosmological ages, then the strength of electrical interactions between their constituent atomic nuclei and their atomic electrons has also been increasing.
		The sizes of atoms should have been decreasing and the energies of their electrons in orbit should have been increasing as side effects of the basic galactic condensation process.
		If we rigidly translate redshifts to distances, then newly condensing cosmological objects, (late bloomers) could conceivably be mis-labeled as being much further away and thus much more energetic that they actually are.
	www.ebicom.net /~rsf1/cosmo_rs.htm (1015 words)

	Stephon Alexander: Cosmological Constant II
		Well I realized that in general relativity the cosmological constant (here I mean the bare cosmological constant) plays a similar role in violating Parity by manifesting itself as a vacuum angle.
		One reason can be summarized with an analogy with superconductivity, the vacuum state with a huge cosmological constant is unstable-this instability is signalled by an energy gap which seperates this huge cosmological constant state and the small cosmological constant.
		Our Cosmological data is based on Positive Matter, but Negative Matter, or specifically Negative Energy contributes as the value that exists between all 'ordinary' matter, the Negative Vacuum Constant is varying, but the Positive CC is fixed.
	qd.typepad.com /17/2005/03/cosmological_co.html (1290 words)

	Cosmological Models
		The cosmological principle simply states that the universe is pretty much the same no matter where you are, that is, there is no preferred location in space.
		We do not have any observational evidence that supports a variation in the basic laws of physics or the fundamental physical constants such as electron or proton mass, charge, spin, fine structure constant etc. We can and do test this assumption by looking back in time when we see objects that are far away.
		The perfect cosmological principle wherein the universe itself does not evolve, that is, looks the same at all times, is no longer accepted by most astronomers.
	www.physics.uq.edu.au /people/ross/phys2080/galaxy/models.htm (1859 words)

	The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe
		He has authored various books, including The Kalam Cosmological Argument, The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz, and The Problem of Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents from Aristotle to Suarez, as well as articles in professional journals like British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Zeitschrift fur Philosophische Forschung, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, and Philosophia.
		The kalam cosmological argument, by showing that the universe began to exist, demonstrates that the world is not a necessary being and, therefore, not self-explanatory with respect to its existence.
		Therefore, on the basis of the kalam cosmological argument, I conclude that it is rational to believe that God exists.
	www.leaderu.com /truth/3truth11.html (7168 words)

	Comparison of Cosmological Distances with Historical, Paleontological, and Geological Time, as of 1993
		The distribution of Globular Clusters in the sky was the first solid evidence that the sun was not at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
		The velocity of light can be used to measure radial distance in the universe because of the velocity the expansion of the universe gives to all distant objects.
		The conspicuous cluster of galaxies in the constellation Virgo, with the giant elliptical galaxy M 87 at the center, is the heart of the Local (or Virgo) Supercluster.
	www.friesian.com /time2.htm (2762 words)

	Cosmology
		Four thousand years ago the Babylonians were skilled astronomers who were able to predict the apparent motions of the moon and the stars and the planets and the Sun upon the sky, and could even predict eclipses.
		In the fourth century BC, they developed the idea that the stars were fixed on a celestial sphere which rotated about the spherical Earth every 24 hours, and the planets, the Sun and the Moon, moved in the ether between the Earth and the stars.
		After it was discovered that the Universe was actually expanding, Einstein declared that introducing the cosmological constant was the greatest blunder of his life!
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Cosmology.html (1328 words)

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