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Topic: Cosmological Principle

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	Cosmological Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cosmological Models The aim of this set of lectures is a systematic presentation of a 1+3 covariant approach to studying the geometry, dynamics, and observational properties of relativistic cosmological models.
		Cosmological models (Cargèse lectures 1998) The aim of this set of lectures is a systematic presentation of a 1+3 covariant approach to studying the geometry, dynamics, and observational properties of relativistic cosmological models.
		Cosmological applications of loop quantum gravity After a brief introduction to classical and quantum gravity we discuss applications of loop quantum gravity in the cosmological realm.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Cosmological_Principle.html (567 words)

	Anthropic principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In philosophy, the anthropic principle in its most basic form states that any valid theory of the universe must be consistent with our existence as carbon-based human beings at this particular time and place in the universe.
		The term "anthropic principle" was first proposed in 1973 by Brandon Carter during the symposium "Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data" in Kraków celebrating Copernicus’ 500th birthday, as if to proclaim that humanity does hold a special place in the universe after all.
		Later, in 1983, he claimed that, in its original form, the principle was meant only to caution astrophysicists and cosmologists of possible errors in the interpretation of astronomical and cosmological data unless the biological constraints of the observer were taken into account.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthropic_principle (1681 words)

	Chapter II
		The cosmological principle states in general that the universe is self-consistently composed of a statistically homogeneous and isotropic distribution of mass and energy in space-time.
		The principle of congruence that I have adopted is implied in the cosmological principle, such that the physical properties governing the distribution and interaction of mass, energy and space-time hold in all areas.
		The cosmological principle implies an ideal-state cosmological model of the universe in which all local departures from its average equilibrium are canceled out, and the density of matter and energy in the universe is regarded as constant in the large.
	www.lewismicropublishing.com /Publications/CosmologyReality/CR2.htm (10449 words)

	Cosmological Principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This principle is consistent with observations of the universe.
		An extension proposed by Fred Hoyle is the Steady-State Principle, also known as the Perfect Cosmological Principle, which is that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic both in space and in time.
		The original steady-state principle is inconsistent with the Big bang and is widely seen as having been disproved by the mid-1970s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmological_Principle (210 words)

	Cosmological Argument
		Leibniz uses the principle to argue that the sufficient reason for the “series of things comprehended in the universe of creatures” (§36) must exist outside this series of contingencies and is found in a necessary being that we call God.
		Kant contends that the cosmological argument, in identifying the necessary being, relies on the ontological argument, which in turn is suspect.
		Kant held that the cosmological argument, in concluding to the existence of a necessary being, argues for the existence of a being whose nonexistence is absolutely inconceivable.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/cosmological-argument (9555 words)

	Cosmos & Basic Cosmology - Numericana
		The Cosmological Principle: The Universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
		For cosmological distances and/or curved signal propagation, this is defined in terms of the velocities of the observer and the source with respect to local comoving points at rest in the CMB: The "radial" speed v is actually the difference between the projections of these velocities on the local tangents to the signal's "path".
		This observed cosmological distance is thus not a simple concept and it's fairly useless in theoretical speculations, where the distance of an object to the [arbitrary] origin is best defined as the value of a space-coordinate when the time-coordinate is the same [we're talking curvilinear coordinates in curved space, here].
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/cosmos.htm (3497 words)

	Anthropic principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In philosophy, the anthropic principle in its most basic form states the truism that any valid theory of the universe must be consistent with our existence as carbon-based human beings at this particular time and place in the universe.
		If any of the basic physical constants were significantly different, then life as we know it would not be possible.
		According to critics, this is simply a tautology, a very elaborate way of saying 'if things were different, they would be different'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthropic_Principle (1668 words)

	Apologetics.com: The Cosmological Argument: A Current Bibliographical Appraisal
		Hence, the cosmological argument, while not a successful proof, may still be reasonable and hence of some value to the project of theism.
		He claims that the principle that "nothing comes from nothing" is clearly not a priori and that therefore the existence of an uncaused being is perfectly conceivable.
		One of the difficulties in assessing the cosmological argument is that the new versions of the argument in the twentieth century have been about as frequent as the authors who have written about it.
	www.apologetics.com /default.jsp?bodycontent=articles/theistic_apologetics/beck-cosmology.html&pagetitle=The%20Cosmological%20Argument:%20A%20Current%20Bibliographical%20Appraisal (7003 words)

	Cosmological Principle
		A corollary to the cosmological principle is that the laws of physics are universal.
		The greatest consequence of the cosmological principle is that it implies that all parts of space are causally connected at some time in the past (although they may no longer be connected today).
		Combined with the cosmological principle, the fact that the Universe is homogeneous at all points and all times, then the finite speed of light means that observation so distant galaxies are equivalent to lookback time.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/cosmo/lectures/lec05.html (1675 words)

	Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated - Cosmological Principle
		As popular cosmology stands today, until we can devise a method to observe the non-radial motion of galaxies, the cosmological principle stands and your model is the only one I have seen that upholds it.
		BBers should be attempting to observe such motion because the cosmological principle and the BB are not compatible.
		Here the cosmological princiciple breaks and a new picture of the universe is born.
	www.metaresearch.org /msgboard/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=492 (1056 words)

	A Big Bang Cosmological Argument For God's Nonexistence
		The cosmological theory I shall discuss in this paper is the so-called 'standard hot big bang theory,' which is based on Friedmann's solutions to the equations of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity and the Hawking-Penrose singularity theorems.
		Th e unpredictability that pertains to Hawking's principle of ignorance is an unpredictability that is a consequence of lawlessness, not of human inability to know the laws.
		The reason for holding some principles to be necessary, such as tautologies (all unmarried men are men), analytic principles (all unmarried men are bachelors) and synthetic a priori principles (all completely green objects are not simultaneously completely re d), is that they cannot coherently be conceived to be false.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/quentin_smith/bigbang.html (8580 words)

	JCA: Education: Cosmological Principles
		The Copernican Cosmological Principle (or often simply the "Cosmological Principle") is a logical extension of the the Copernican theory that the Earth is not the center of the universe.
		This principle is a fundamental assumption of the Steady-State Cosmological Theory.
		The Anthropic Cosmological Principle also assumes that the (on a large scale) the universe is both homogeneous and isotropic in 3-D space.
	jca.umbc.edu /~george/html/courses/glossary/cosmo_principle_copern.html (647 words)

	The Cosmological Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Application of the Theory of General Relativity to the large-scale structure of the Universe leads to various cosmological theories.
		Stated simply, this principle means that averaged over large enough distances, one part of the Universe looks approximately like any other part.
		However, well beyond those distance scales there is strong observational evidence for the cosmological principle.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/cp.html (137 words)

	The Impertinent Anthropic Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While the so-called anthropic coincidences are at least arguably important, the Anthropic Cosmological Principle -- which attempts to answer the anthropic coincidences -- seems a failed enterprise.
		The Weak Anthropic Principle (WAP) states simply, "If conditions weren't right for us to be here, we wouldn't very well be here to remark on the fact." Of course this is no answer to the presumed improbability of a universe which happens to contain us, or even intelligence at all (much less life!).
		Nick Bostrom (2) points out that the Anthropic Principle may be considered presumptive evidence for many universes "in the absence of any plausible alternative." Unfortunately, there is no observational or experimental ("scientific") evidence whatsoever for any universe besides the one we inhabit.
	www.bluffton.edu /~bergerd/essays/impert.html (1662 words)

	Citations: The Anthropic Cosmological Principle - Barrow, Tipler (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Citations: The Anthropic Cosmological Principle - Barrow, Tipler (ResearchIndex)
		This principle addresses the question of why the universe came to have the constants of nature that it has subsequent to the initial singularity by the argument that this defines the only world that could be observable.
		Barrow, J.D. and Tipler, F.J., 1986, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Clarendon, Oxford.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/3332/0 (2195 words)

	The Anthropic Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The anthropic cosmological principle asserts that the laws, constants and basic structure of the universe are not completely arbitrary.
		Theologically, the anthropic principle has led to a revival of the argument from design, which had lost its intellectual respectability when Darwin came along.
		Recent observations indicating that the universe will expand forever and that Einstein's cosmological constant is positive.
	www.winternet.com /~gmcdavid/html_dir/anthropic.html (1007 words)

	A Swift and Simple Refutation of the Kalam Cosmological Argument?
		John Taylor complains that the kalam cosmological argument gives the appearance of being a swift and simple demonstration of the existence of a Creator of the universe, whereas in fact a convincing argument involving the premiss that the universe began to exist is very difficult to achieve.
		Taylor's fundamental complaint is that the kalam cosmological argument gives the appearance of providing a swift and simple demonstration of the existence of a supernatural Creator of the universe, whereas in fact a convincing argument for such a conclusion would have to be much more complicated and laborious than a single syllogism.
		So although the kalam cosmological argument has the virtue of being formulable in a simple syllogism, the appearance of swiftness and simplicity which this apparently engenders in some should not lead one mistakenly to infer that the argument is simplistic or cursory in its treatment of difficult questions.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/billcraig/docs/kalam-oppy.html (6075 words)

	Cosmological principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		From the Copernican principle (we assume that we are not in a special place in the universe) it is probable that all other observers also see an isotropic universe.
		The cosmological principle is a working hypothesis of cosmology.
		If the cosmological princple is false then we cannot infer anything about the un-observable regions of the universe.
	homepages.which.net /~gk.sherman/cbaa.htm (293 words)

	JCA: Education: Anthropic Cosmological Principle
		The Strong Anthropic Principle takes this one step further to state that there could be many different universes (or regions in a single universe) where the laws of physics are different.
		As for the the Copernican Cosmological Principle, the Anthropic Cosmological Principle is essentially a metaphysical statement and, it is still unclear (perhaps never knowable) whether it is true
		However, as an extension to the Copernican Cosmological Principle, the sentient being reasons that out of all the possible loaves (ingredients, proportions, open temperatures, baking times etc), they exist in the loaf they do since the conditions were just right, to bake such a loaf.
	jca.umbc.edu /~george/html/courses/glossary/cosmo_principle_anthro.html (782 words)

	Barrow and Tipler on the Anthropic Principle vs. Divine Design
		In their massive study The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, [1986]{1} John Barrow and Frank Tipler provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of the so-called Anthropic Principle and its relation to the classic teleological argument for a Divine Designer of the cosmos.
		According to their analysis, the Anthropic Principle evolved out of the traditional design argument for God's existence, particularly one version of that argument, the eutaxiological version, which was based on the presence of discernable order and mutual harmony in nature in abstraction from any anthropocentric purpose being in view.
		WAP: The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable, but they take on values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirement that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so.
	www.leaderu.com /offices/billcraig/docs/barrow.html (2947 words)

	Anthropic principle
		The Anthropic Cosmological Principle">3 The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
		The universe we observe must be suitable for the development of intelligent life, for otherwise we could not be here to observe it.
		According to critics, this is simply a very eleborate way of saying 'if things were different, they would be different'.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/anthropic_principle (1338 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - cosmological principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		German astronomer Johannes Kepler, born in 1571, is a key figure in the history of physics.
		Both the big bang theory and the steady-state theory are based on what Bondi called the “cosmological principle.” This principle states that on a large...
		Cosmic radio emission, insofar as is known, comes entirely from natural processes, although from time to time radio telescopes are also used to...
	encarta.msn.com /cosmological_principle.html (134 words)

	ORIENTALIA - Indian Philosophy and Anthropic Cosmological Principle
		According to the weak anthropic principle, what one may expect from the observation should be restricted by the conditions necessary for the existence of ourselves as observers.
		According to the strong anthropic principle, the Universe, and hence the fundamental constants, should be of such a nature as to favor the constitution of observers at a given stage in its development.
		According to the founder of comparative philosophy, the idea of a formless principle without dimension and magnitude, being itself the condition of form, extension, and magnitude, is only an equivalent to the idea of Atman, or Brahman, which is also imperceptible, for it lies in the foundation of all perceptible things.
	www.orientalia.org /article589.html (8724 words)

	Cosmological Principle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A paper by Mario Livio and Martin Rees, the astronomer royal, explores the value of the cosmological constant, which measures...
		A paper by Mario Livio and Martin Rees, the astronomer royal, explores the value of the cosmological constant, a...
		By exploiting a basic principle of physics that involves the convergence...
	www.wikiverse.org /cosmological-principle (242 words)

	Anthropic Principle and the Theory of Everything - Anthropic Principle - Theory of Everything - Thermodynamics - ...
		The Big Bang produced numerous principles and laws that have yet to be broken in spite of a lot of projections and theoretical speculation about the eventual and final fate of the usable energy of our expanding universe.
		The principle of least action says that it is no coincidence that this near-perfectly symmetrical configuration is also the most energy-efficient means for dissipating energy, because this means that tendency toward "heat-death" is most economically restricted to the most-even distribution of energy possible.
		Dirac noted that the number of baryons, (protons plus neutrons), in the universe is equal to the square of the gravitational constant, as well as the square of the age of the universe, (both expressed as dimensionless numbers).
	www.geocities.com /naturescience (3284 words)

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