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	Cosmos (satellite) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosmos is name of a series of satellites which were launched by the Soviet Union and are being launched now by Russia.
		If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes which would be left in Earth orbit would be given a Cosmos designation, which allowed the Soviets to claim a more successful record for their planetary exploration programs, and also may have helped further disguise genuine military satellites of the Cosmos series.
		Cosmos 954 - failed and deorbited with a full nuclear payload, contaminating an area in northern Canada
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmos_(satellite) (335 words)

	[No title]
		Cosmos 954 was also a Killer Satellite, similar to Cosmos 929 except in one respect: Cosmos 954 was armed with a Neutron Particle Beam, and it was intended for a very special task.
		The crew capsule of Cosmos 954 with its power-pack was designed to survive re-entry, but other parts of the complex satellite were allowed to disintegrate in the atmosphere.
		Cosmos 954 had lost the ability to restore its orbit, but the crew did still have sufficient re-entry control to select a landing site not very different from one in the Soviet Union.
	www.etext.org /Politics/Beter.Audio.Letter/dbal30 (6420 words)

	[No title]
		On Jan. 24, 1978, remnants of the Soviet intelligence satellite Cosmos 954 impacted a remote arctic portion of Canada's Northwest Territory, spreading radioactive debris, which prompted Canadian officials to fine the Soviet Union a negotiated sum of $3 million (Canadian).
		Cosmos 954 was a naval spy satellite, and its intense orbital radar systems required an active nuclear reactor with 100 pounds of radioactive fuel as a power supply.
		But in reality, Cosmos 954 malfunctioned badly—hitting the atmosphere with its reactor still onboard and threatening to carry deadly radiation on any portions of the craft that failed to burn up during reentry.
	techrepublic.com.com /5102-22-5176677-2.html (837 words)

	Chapter 30 -- Space Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cosmos 954 was a Soviet Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite (RORSAT) which was powered by a nuclear reactor.
		Cosmos 954 had a special problem; it went out of control and the technicians were unable to separate the reactor from the spacecraft's parent body.
		In late January 1978, Cosmos 954 came crashing into the Great Slave Lake area of Canada spewing debris along a 500 mile footprint.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter30.html (2605 words)

	God's Ocean Newsletter -- St. Michaels Academy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		That was an event that surely would have happened, had Cosmos 954 exploded over Washington, D.C. Instead, God, like an invisible pitcher, used a meteor and threw a perfect strike at Cosmos 954, sending it spiraling less harmfully to the barren wastelands of Canada and the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, near Jupiter, Florida.
		NORAD reported 5,000 observations of Cosmos 954, as well as resulting analysis by their computers around the world of the subsequent Killer Satellite’s last three days of orbiting.
		Cosmos 954 didn’t do us in -- not because the Soviet Union didn’t want to, or because we had the capabilities to deflect their missiles.
	www.stmichaelacademy.org /page4.html (7404 words)

	Northern UFOs - Cosmos 954 crash
		Previous Soviet missions using such technology would split the reactor from the parent body of the spacecraft and boost the radioactive material into a higher orbit where the reactor would remain for 300-1000 years once the short lifetime of the satellite was over (which was well beyond the life of the radioactive material).
		Cosmos 954 had a special problem however - it went out of control and the technicians were unable to separate the reactor from the spacecraft's parent body.
		The Russian nuclear-powered satellite, COSMOS 954, re-entered the earth's atmosphere early on 24 January, 1978, watched first by the tracking instruments of NORAD and then by the startled eyes of a few residents of the NWT.
	www.ssimicro.com /~ufoinfo/satellite.html (1923 words)

	STAR WARS & REACTORS IN SPACE: A CANADIAN VIEW
		The disintegration of Cosmos 954 over the Northwest Territories on Jan. 24, 1978, thrust the issue of nuclear powered satellites (NPS) into the political spotlight.
		(26, 29, 30) Both the Cosmos 954 and Cosmos 1402 accidents are blamed on failures of the rocket systems that should have boosted these satellites into long-lived orbits.
		The major opportunity afforded by Cosmos 954 for a historic breakthrough in the protection of the outer space environment has all but slipped away.
	www.animatedsoftware.com /spacedeb/canadapl.htm (2711 words)

	Soviet nuclear satellite crashes in Canadian North - Norad: Watching the Skies - CBC Archives
		Cosmos 954, a Soviet satellite, crashes near Great Slave Lake, scattering radioactive waste across a 124,000 square kilometre swath of the Northwest Territories, Alberta and Saskatchewan.
		CBC Radio's The House examines the political fallout from Cosmos 954.
		• Cosmos 954, a maritime surveillance satellite, was launched on Sept. 18, 1977.
	archives.cbc.ca /IDC-1-71-1552-10473/conflict_war/norad/clip5 (368 words)

	[No title]
		It has been reported that the Cosmos 954 accident in 1978 may have been caused by a collision in space, though it is not known if the collision was with a man-made or natural object.
		Cosmos 954 decayed in 1978 and dropped charred parts over some 78,000 sq km (30,000 sq mi) in Canada.
		In 1983, Cosmos 1402, carrying a nuclear reactor (RTG) disintegrated in the upper atmosphere over the South Atlantic Ocean and probably spread radioactive debris into the atmosphere.
	home.att.net /~sue.worden/SeeSat-FAQ/Chapter-11.txt (1187 words)

	Hazardous Encounters with Orbital Space Debris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Astronauts Mattingly and Hartsfield were warned in advance, but they could not catch a glimpse of the big Intercosmos rocket as it whizzed by their spacecraft at 7000 mi/h.
		Like its sister ship Cosmos 954, it was a spy satellite -- powered by a nuclear reactor fueled with radioactive uranium.
		But, unlike its sister ship, Cosmos 954 crashed to earth on the sovereign territory of an innocent nation.
	www.aticourses.com /news/encount.htm (438 words)

	Dangerous space reentries of spacecraft.
		To this day, the most frightening satellite reentry remains that of Cosmos 954, a secret Soviet-navy satellite launched on September 18, 1977.
		On January 24, 1978, Cosmos 954 reentered over Canada, with debris hitting the ground in frozen and scarcely populated areas in Canadian Arctic.
		Cosmos 1402 did fall on January 23, 1983, hundreds of miles (kilometers) south of the island of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, leaving no known debris.
	www.space.com /news/spacehistory/dangerous_reentries_000602.html (1753 words)

	Re: Kecksburg On Sci-Fi Channel - Kaeser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cosmos 96 was the only catalogued object that came down at all that day.
		By 1965 the US and Soviets were both reporting their launches." This may not eliminate the possibility of some secret device that came down, but Johnson seems fairly confident in his assessment, and this is coming from someone who is not connected to the field and is merely examining the data that's available.
		There certainly could be a mundane explanation for the Kecksburg event, but the suggestion that it was Cosmos 96 appears to be eliminated at this point.
	www.virtuallystrange.net /ufo/updates/2003/oct/m28-010.shtml (293 words)

	NuclearSpace: Past Space Nuclear Power System Accidents
		In January of 1969, the launch failure of COSMOS 305 lunar mission with a lunar rover presumably powered by RTGs created detectable amounts of radioactivity in the upper atmosphere (Ref. 2, Ref. 3).
		In 1978, COSMOS 954 failed to boost into a nuclear-safe storage orbit as planned.
		The reactor core separated from the remainder of the spacecraft and was the last piece of the satellite to return to Earth in February 1983.
	www.nuclearspace.com /past_accidents.htm (1068 words)

	Radiation Geophysics - Operation Morning Light - A personal account
		In January 1978, a news item surfaced about a Soviet nuclear-powered satellite, Cosmos 954, that had become unstable and was gradually descending from its normal orbit.
		At first there was only minimal interest, but as the days went by, news of the impending re-entry of this satellite and the fate of the nuclear reactor which it carried, moved onto the front pages.
		It took off again and set a course for Cosmos Lake, but it wasn't long before there was a strong smell of gasoline all through the cabin.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /gamma/ml_e.php (10294 words)

	In 1978, Russian nuclear satellite crashed in Canada, spreading radioactivity :: UnderReported.com :: Surprising ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is Cosmos 954, a Soviet maritime-surveillance satellite, glowing with its fiery re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.
		This is a problem because Cosmos 954 runs on nuclear power, delivered by a tiny, on-board reactor.
		The search for Cosmos 954 is conducted by scientists using a gamma-ray spectrometer loaded in a CC-130 Hercules from 435 Transport Squadron.
	www.underreported.com /modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=926&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 (663 words)

	Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		On January 24, 1978, a Soviet nuclear-powered military satellite (Cosmos 954) deorbited and disintegrated during reentry into a shower of radioactive debris which spread over some 30,000 square miles of northwest Canada.
		By comparison, the failed Soviet Cosmos 954 satellite generated only about 1% of the radioactivity of a single Hiroshima weapon [2].
		It is therefore evident that the deployment of SP-100 nuclear reactors in earth orbit represents a dramatic increase in the potential for radioactive contamination of the earth's environment.
	engineering.union.edu /me_dept/faculty/treaty1.html (900 words)

	Science News: Cosmos 1402's uranium remains. (measurements of... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		When a Soviet satellite called Cosmos 1402 was launched into orbit around the earth on Aug. 30, 1982, it carried a nuclear reactor containing up to 50 kilograms of uranium-235.
		After the satellite had finished its job, the reactor--used to power an ocean-reconnaissance radar system-- was supposed to be separated from it and boosted to a higher orbit, where its radioactive core would presumably stay aloft for centuries.
		A particularly widely reported reentry was that of the Soviet Cosmos 954 satellite in 1978, which deposited radioactive debris over a large area of northwestern Canada.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:6103049&refid=holomed_1 (468 words)

	Information Notice No. 88-71: POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF THE REENTRY OF COSMOS 1900 AND REQUEST FOR COLLECTION OF ...
		Tass noted that COSMOS 1900 carries a nuclear power plant which is believed to still be operating.
		If the satellite and nuclear power plant remain intact, it is believed that debris may reach the earth's surface like the 1978 reentry of COSMOS 954 which deposited a significant amount of radioactive debris on Canada.
		Discussion: This notice is primarily to alert licensees of the reentry of COSMOS 1900.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1988/in88071.html (879 words)

	media center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cosmos with Carl Jagan - The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean
		Cosmos with Carl Jagan - One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue
		Cosmos with Carl Jagan - The Persistance of Memory
	www.curie.cps.k12.il.us /media_center_new_videos.htm (157 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| The Ultimate Toy Story: Bush Lightyear to Infinity and Beyond
		The incident was described in the 1990 NIRP report Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear-Powered Satellites: 'In the early hours of 24 January 1978 Cosmos 954 commenced re- entering the earth's atmosphere over the Pacific.
		Because the Soviet space programme was bedevilled by launch pad accidents, the reactor powering Cosmos 954 was only made critical after the satellite had attained orbit.
		This did not prevent Cosmos 954 from dispersing lethal nuclear poisons when it fell from the sky.
	www.redorbit.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=87077 (2170 words)

	Oral Histories: Biophysicist Cornelius A. Tobias, Ph.D.: Footnotes
		(46)In January 1978, the Soviet military space satellite, Cosmos 954, broke up during an uncontrolled reentry and scattered radioactive parts and fuel from its on-board nuclear power plant over a 483-mile-wide swath in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada.
		Cosmos 954 was a Soviet radar ocean reconnaissance satellite (RORSAT) that had been sent into orbit to detect and track U.S. Navy aircraft carriers worldwide.
		The crash of Cosmos 954 in Canada resulted in no reported human injuries.
	www.eh.doe.gov /ohre/roadmap/histories/0480/foot0480.html (2603 words)

	Recovered Debris
		Probably from Soviet Cosmos 482, launched 31 March 1972, part of which reentered 2 April 1972.
		The debris consisted largely of rods (2 x 10 cm, average mass 55 g), and cylinders (10 x 40 cm, mass 3.6 kg) constructed mostly from beryllium.
		Identified as debris from Soviet Cosmos 954, launched 18 September 1977, which reentered 24 January 1978.
	www.reentrynews.com /recovered.html (2280 words)

	chap3.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Any more Cosmos satellites wandering around up there?" she asked as she turned her face to the sky.
		Now they are solar powered, but for the few years after Cosmos 954 the satellites ejected their cores in to higher orbits.
		Cosmos 715 was there towards the bottom of the predictions, but the times were the same as the sheet he had originally taken to the meeting.
	www.decemberdawn.com /chap3.htm (6348 words)

	Global Network - Past Space Nuclear Accidents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Soviet Cosmos 1402 crashes into South Atlantic ocean carrying 68 pounds of Uranium-235.
		Cosmos 954 blows up over Canada with 68 pounds of Uranium-235 and other nuclear poisons, much of which is thought to have vaporized and spread worldwide.
		Soviet Rorsat lands in the Pacific Ocean north of Japan.
	www.globenet.free-online.co.uk /pnacc.htm (171 words)

	Re: cassini flyby -COSMOS 954 Breakup comparison 1978 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Re: cassini flyby -COSMOS 954 Breakup comparison 1978
		The path of detectible radioactive material stretched for many miles on the ground, with parts found reading in the rems-per-hour range.
		>> I recall that in the winter of 1978 [?] a Russian satellite, COSMOS 954 reentered the earth's atmosphere and burned up showing debris over the frozen surface of Great Slave Lake in Canada.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/9908/msg00330.html (257 words)

	AUDIO LETTER(R) No (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cosmos Interceptor Satellites are orbiting the earth armed with
		Cosmos 954 was also a Killer Satellite, similar to Cosmos 929
		Cosmos 954 to find and correct the problem, they were
	peterbeter.host.sk /docs/all/dbal30.htm (5947 words)

	Cosmos 954 by Paulette Weaver
		The encrypted message contained classified information regarding Cosmos 954.
		It turned out to be a Soviet spy satellite, carrying 100 pounds of fissionable Uranium 235, enough radioactive material to match the payload of a nuclear bomb!
		Almost immediately, military authorities of both Canada and the US began searching for what might remain of Cosmos 954.
	www.prose-n-poetry.com /display_work/2317 (1149 words)

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