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Topic: Cossack Jews

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	Jews
		Jews first settled on Ukrainian territories in the 4th century BC in the Crimea and among the Greek colonies on the northeast coast of the
		Jews came to be perceived as the immediate overlords of the peasantry and the most important competitors to the urban Christian Orthodox population.
		Jews into the army was placed on the same basis as for other subjects of the empire (1856), which included the abolition of the conscription of children.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/J/E/Jews.htm (4975 words)

	Cossack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cossacks became first widely known in western Europe in the mid-seventeenth century as a result of the great revolt ([1], [2], [3], [4]) of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the Zaporozhians in Ukraine against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which shook the geopolitical foundations of eastern Europe.
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the sixteenth century, with the dominance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Ruthenian Cossack people) made little progress due to their lack of popularity within the Commonwealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cossack (5088 words)

	Cossacks - MSN Encarta
		From the 16th century, as the tsars extended their realm, the Cossacks were subjected to the authority of the Russian government, which tried to incorporate them into the state on the same basis as the other inhabitants of the country.
		Cossack troops were used on a large scale in the suppression of the Russian Revolution of 1905; they refused to be used for the same purpose in the Revolution of 1917.
		Cossack customs and traditions continued to be practiced in several parts of Russia during the Soviet period, particularly in the regions of the Don and Kuban’ rivers.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554305/Cossacks.html (948 words)

	Jew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים, Yehudim; Yiddish: ייִדן, Yiden) are followers of Judaism or, more generally, members of the Jewish people (also known as the Jewish nation, or the Children of Israel), an ethno-religious group descended from the ancient Israelites and from converts who joined their religion.
		Jews (identifiable by the distinctive hats that they were required to wear) being killed by Christian knights.
		Jews were subject to expulsions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with most of the population moving to Eastern Europe and especially Poland, which was uniquely tolerant of the Jews through the 1700s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jew (6241 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - COSSACKS' UPRISING:
		After the defeat of the Poles near Korsun, the Cossack troops and the peasant bands under their leader Ganzha advanced against the fortified town of Nemirov, which had 6,000 Jewish inhabitants, and where the fugitives from the neighborhood were assembled.
		The Jews, who were in possession of the fortress, had closed the gates; but Greek Christians of the town, disguised in Polish uniforms, urged the Jews to open them again for their friends.
		The Jews, who exceeded the Poles in number, at first thought of revenging themselves on the latter for their treachery; but Rabbi Aaron of Tulchin warned them that the Catholics would take bloody vengeance, and that all Poland would be excited against the Jews, who would doubtless be exterminated.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=808&letter=C&search=Cossacks (3495 words)

	Crash Course in Jewish History Part 49 - The Jews of Poland
		Jews were always highly educated as they had to be literate to read and obey the Torah, and general education came along as part of the parcel.
		We saw previously that Jews (see Part 46) would be brought in as money-lenders (being excluded from other professions), then when a bishop or nobleman wanted his debt annulled, he brought a "blood libel" against the Jews and had them expelled or killed.
		The nobles [Cossacks] with whom the wicked mob had again made an alliance chased all the Jews from the city into the fields and vineyards where the villains surrounded them in a circle, stripped them to their skin and ordered them to lie on the ground.
	www.aish.com /literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_49_-_The_Jews_of_Poland.asp (3076 words)

	Talk:Cossack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pogroms by Chmelnytskyj and his cossacks (and the haidamakas) was largely a part of the Ukrainian-Polish war (1648–57) [1] where the jews were mainly on the side of the polish opressors.
		First of all, several groups of Don Cossacks that initally fought on the red side switched to the Polish side during the 1920 Polish invasion of Ukraine and were especially notorious for pogroms.
		Traditionally, Cossacks are considered to be the protectors of the Church and Christians both Catholics (wars on Muslim Turks,Tatars and Orthodox Muscovy to defend the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16-17th centuries) and Orxhodoxes (wars against Poland, Turks and Tatars in aliance with Muscovy since the middle of the 17th century).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Cossack (10510 words)

	Jew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The word Jew (Hebrew: &1497;&1492;&1493;&1491;&1497;) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes.
		Following the Spanish Inquisition in 1492, the Spanish Population of around 200,000 Sephardic Jews were expelled by the Spanish crown and Catholic church, followed by expulsions in 1493 in Siciliy (37,000 Jews) and Portugal in 1496.
		Jews were subject to explusions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with Most of the Population moving to Eastern Europe and Poland.
	jew.iqnaut.net (4155 words)

	Jew - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי transliterated: Yehudi) is used in many ways, but generally refers to a follower of Judaism, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity; and often a combination of these attributes.
		Most Jews regard themselves as a people, members of a nation, descended from the ancient Israelites and converts who joined their religion at various times and places.
		Jews were subject to explusions from England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages, with most of the population moving to Eastern Europe and especially Poland, which was uniquely tolerant of the Jews through the 1700s.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/j/e/w/Jew.html (4961 words)

	Pappy Was a Cossack - Deconstructing Taras Bulba - henrypanky.com
		Pappy Was a Cossack - Deconstructing Taras Bulba - henrypanky.com
		The Cossacks were a superb, fierce, free, horse-riding people, ruled only by their passion for pillage and that weird, knee-kicking squat-dance they do.
		Taras Bulba is Hetman of the 16th century Zap Cossacks (I'm pretty sure "hetman" is a misspelling of "headman," the Cossacks weren't Rhodes Scholars) and right from the start you peg him for a kind of hard-ass father.
	www.henrypanky.com /cossack.htm (1507 words)

	International News
		Cossacks are first mentioned in the 15th century as freedom-loving ex-serfs, Tatars and descendants of Scythian warriors living on the open plains of southern Ukraine and Russia's Don River basin.
		The Don Cossacks had their own independent republic for most of the 17th century, and in 1835 reached an agreement with the Russian czar, according to which they would provide him with highly trained soldiers in return for land and special privileges.
		He neglects to mention the historic animosity between Cossack and Jew in the Russian Pale of Settlement, nor does he bring up the Cossacks who welcomed the Nazi invaders in 1941 as "liberators" from their communist overlords.
	www.jewishtimes.com /scripts/edition.pl?now=9/3/2004&SubSectionID=87&ID=4144 (956 words)

	The Cossack Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Cossack was also a very intimidating group with their bony tails and shaved heads.
		Another interesting thin about the Cossack is that they believed that they were not in any class group like all of the peasants and noble men in that time.
		Jews demanded hard work from peasants forcing them to work 6 to 7 days a week.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/m/o/moc108/cossack_era.htm (764 words)

	Eye on Eurasia: Cossacks again to keep Jews in line
		Cossack units in the pre-1917 Russian Empire were frequently involved in anti-Jewish pogroms, and the Amur Cossack Host -- and especially the Ussuri Cossack Host, which is now being subordinated to it -- were especially notorious in this regard during the Russian Civil War.
		Many Cossacks today, of course, are simply interested in reviving other, more positive aspects of their community traditions, but some want to go further and again play a role in maintaining public order.
		At the very least, the dispatch of Cossack units into a Jewish region of the Russian Federation recalls some of the worst excesses of a past many had hoped they had gone beyond and sends a chill through a country whose government seeks to present itself as committed to the values of democracy and freedom.
	www.spacewar.com /upi/2005/WWN-UPI-20050322-11460800-bc-eyeoneurasia-cossacks-jews-crn.html (746 words)

	Jewish History 1640 - 1649
		He encouraged Jews and other foreigners to settle in his lands, and is accredited with building up Prussia as an important power.
		An agreement between the 2,000 Jews and 600 Christians of Tulczyn to defend it at all costs succeeded in preventing the Cossacks from capturing the town.
		Ascended the Polish throne and negotiated a truce with Chmielniki.
	www.jewishhistory.org.il /history.php?startyear=1640&endyear=1649 (1042 words)

	About Ukraine
		The next time the world heard about Ukraine was during the period of the Cossack Republic - centered in the famed "Zaporizka Sich" Fortress - at the end of the 15th century.
		In 1648-1654 Cossack armies, headed by Hetman (Ukrainian for Cossack leader) Bohdan Khmelnytsky waged several wars to liberate Ukraine.
		Confronted by the armies of Polish and Lithuanian feudal lords, Bohdan Khmelnytsky sought the protection of the Russian Tsar in the Treaty of Pereyaslav.
	www.dompavlov.com /aboutukraine.htm (1002 words)

	The Robbed Cossack
		The Cossacks were settlers in Southern Russia who were granted land by the Czars in return for their obligation to defend the border.
		The perpetrator pretends to be the victim, the robber pretends to be robbed.
		For generations the Jews were persecuted in many countries and developed the consciousness of victims.
	www.gush-shalom.org /archives/article153.html (1109 words)

	Chicago Jewish News -- Jewish Chicago's Hometown Newspaper - Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Cossacks are an ethnic nationality, like Armenians, Georgians, and-in the former Soviet Union-Jews.
		Cossacks are first mentioned in the 15th century as freedom-loving ex- serfs, Tatars and descendants of Scythian warriors living on the open plains of southern Ukraine and Russia's Don River basin.
		It was only with the fall of the USSR in 1991 that Cossacks were officially "revived," permitted to re- open their schools, wear their uniforms and practice their traditions of horsemanship, sword fighting and going to church.
	www.chicagojewishnews.com /archives_articles.jsp?id=188158 (937 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Linda Grant on tough Jews
		His father's escape fantasy for Isaac, the son born in Odessa in 1894 during the period of state-sponsored pogroms against the Jews, was that he might become an infant prodigy on the violin, performing before the crowned heads of Europe.
		Trilling sees as the principle joke of the "Red Cavalry" stories the anomaly of having, as their main character, a Jew who is a member of a Cossack regiment, traditionally the persecutors of the Jews.
		Thus Trilling saw in the figure of the Cossack a yearning in Babel to throw off his own liberal, intellectual instincts, an itch in him to become part of a people of the body rather than a people of the mind.
	www.guardian.co.uk /israel/comment/0,10551,750534,00.html (3319 words)

	Jews Vs. Ukrainians, page 2
		The Jews restricted to living in the Pale of Settlement, primarily in Ukraine, did not claim Ukrainian identity but Russian, even though they were not allowed to live in Russia proper, their allegiance to the Russian authority was obvious.
		The Cossack warrior Khmel'nyts'ki 's entire family was killed by the Poles, his estate was confiscated, he was bloody angry and he had nothing else to lose.
		And yes, the Jews sided with the Poles and were the enemy to the Galician peasants.
	www.dpcamps.org /jewsVsUkrainians2.html (2122 words)

	FJC \| News
		MOSCOW, Russia(Interfax)- Traditional religious organizations in Russia plan to establish a Raphael Charity with the task to render designated aid to war veterans and invalids.
		BIROBIDZHAN, Russia (Reuters) - Russia's Jewish Autonomous Region, a curious territory for Jews created by Josef Stalin, is playing a big role in a new drive by Russia to boost exports to China.
		The local Jewish community was founded in 1842, right after the first Jews started settling in the city.
	www.fjc.ru /news/default.asp?aid=80056 (553 words)

	NPR : Saunders on Babel, Prose Poet of the Grotesque
		And apparently he had, all his life, this fascination with violence -- starting with his trip into Poland with the Cossacks and, some say, ending with his arrest, which may or may not have been related to his friendship with high-ranking members of the secret police and/or an affair with one of their wives.
		Like all Jews, I was short in stature, weak, and plagued by headaches from too much study.
		Of all the Jews, the itinerant salesmen are the most worldly and cheerful.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5432052&ft=1&f=1032 (3202 words)

	Entry Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Population changes: Wars against the Jews Jews (identifiable by the distinctive hats that they were required to wear) being killed by Christian knights.
		Jews and migrations Etching of the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614.
		Jews have made contributions in a broad range of human endeavors, including the sciences, art, politics, etc.
	www.entry-area.com (7337 words)

	Kiev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		On September 29 and 30 at Babi Yar, SS Einsatzgruppen carried out the mass murder of 33,771 Jews.
		The city remained in German hands until it was retaken by the Soviet Red Army on 6 November 1943.
		In the 1970s and later 1980s–90s, given special permission from Soviet government, a Significant part of the citys Jews migrated to Israel and the West.
	kiev.iqnaut.net (2805 words)

	Celebrity Jewish Speakers - Famous Jews in Sports Jewish Athletes
		Neil Baldwin - Author and Biographer, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass-Production of Hate, Finalist for the 2001-2002 National Jewish Book Award in History.
		Amy-Jill Levine - Author of The Misunderstood Jew: The Church and the Scandal of the Jewish Jesus; Professor at Vanderbilt University
		James Carroll - Boston Globe Columnist / Author, Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews: A Histor, lectures on Jewish-Christian reconciliation
	www.allamericanspeakers.com /infopages/Famous_Jewish_Celebrity.php (4185 words)

	Timeline 1661-1699
		1667 The Cossack Stench Razing led a peasant uprising.
		1670 Feb 27, Jews were expelled from Austria by order of Leopold I. 1670 Apr, Colonists landed on the western bank of the Ashley River, five miles from the sea, and named their settlement Charles Town in honor of Charles II, King of England.
		It tells the biblical story of how Esther, the Jewish daughter of Mordecai, is persuaded by her father to intervene on behalf of the Jews to her husband, King Ahaseurus of Persia, who has been persuaded by his lieutenant, Haman, to have all the Jews killed
	www.timelines.ws /1661_1699.HTML (13757 words)

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