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Topic: Costal cartilages

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	II. Osteology. 4c. The Costal Cartilages. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		115) are bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax.
		The first seven pairs are connected with the sternum; the next three are each articulated with the lower border of the cartilage of the preceding rib; the last two have pointed extremities, which end in the wall of the abdomen.
		In old age the costal cartilages are prone to undergo superficial ossification.
	bartleby.com /107/29.html (1127 words)

	Costal cartilages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax.
		The anterior surface is convex, and looks forward and upward: that of the first gives attachment to the costoclavicular ligament and the Subclavius muscle; those of the first six or seven at their sternal ends, to the Pectoralis major.
		The lateral end of each cartilage is continuous with the osseous tissue of the rib to which it belongs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Costal_cartilages (566 words)

	Chapter 19: The skeleton of the thorax
		The ribs, as well as the costal cartilages, increase in length from the first to the seventh, and their obliquity increases from the first to the ninth.
		The concave, inner surface of the shaft is marked inferiorly by the costal groove, which gives attachment to the internal intercostal muscle and shelter to the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (from superior to inferior).
		The superior costal facet of a typical thoracic vertebra, together with the intervertebral disc and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra immediately superior, forms a socket for the head of the corresponding rib.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_4/chapter_19.html (1305 words)

	Thorax
		Costal margin: the medial ends of the seventh to tenth costal cartilages join to form a cartilaginous costal margin on either side (taken together they are the costal arch).
		Transversus thoracis: attaches to the posterior, inferior surface of the sternum, costal cartilages 2-6.
		Posterior intercostal arteries: nine pairs of posterior intercostal arteries and the one pair of subcostal arteries arise from the thoracic aorta.
	umed.med.utah.edu /MS1/anatomy/study/thorax.htm (784 words)

	Med-Lib - Medical Online Library - English Articles - Oxford Textbook of Surgery - Thoracic surgical problems in ...
		In 1949 Ravitch reported a technique that included excision of all deformed costal cartilages with the perichondrium, division of the xiphoid from the sternum, division of the intercostal bundles from the sternum, and a transverse sternal osteotomy overcorrecting the sternum anteriorly.
		Subperichondrial resection of the costal cartilages is performed, removing the entire third, fourth, and fifth cartilages to the costochondral junctions.
		Asymmetrical deformities, with anterior displacement of the costal cartilages on one side and normal cartilages on the contralateral side and a normally positioned or oblique sternum, are less common.
	med-lib.ru /english/oxford/thor_inf_child.shtml (15672 words)

	Part 4: THE THORAX
		The thoracic cavity communicates with the front of the neck by the superior thoracic aperture, or thoracic inlet, which is bounded by the upper margin of the first thoracic vertebra posteriorly, the first pair of ribs and their cartilages laterally, and the upper border of the manubrium sterni anteriorly.
		The outlet is bounded by the twelfth thoracic vertebra, the twelfth pair of ribs, the free edges of the lower six pairs of costal cartilages, and the xiphisternal joint.
		Costal cartilages 7 to 10 unite and form the costal margin medially.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_4 (414 words)

	Intercostales interni muscles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They commence anteriorly at the sternum, in the interspaces between the cartilages of the true ribs, and at the anterior extremities of the cartilages of the false ribs, and extend backward as far as the angles of the ribs, whence they are continued to the vertebral column by thin aponeuroses, the posterior intercostal membranes.
		Each arises from the ridge on the inner surface of a rib, as well as from the corresponding costal cartilage, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below.
		Their fibers are also directed obliquely, but pass in a direction opposite to those of the Intercostales externi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intercostales_interni_muscle (264 words)

	Bones of the Thoracic Wall
		ribs is connected by its costal cartilage to the ribs superior to it.
		pairs of costal cartilages articulate with the inferior border of the cartilage of the preceding rib, and the costal cartilages of the 11
		The costal cartilages contribute significantly to the elasticity and mobility of the ribs.
	www.videohelp.com /~vitualis/med/thc-wall.htm (1394 words)

	Pectoralis major muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.
		These deep fibers, and particularly those from the lower costal cartilages, ascend the higher, turning backward successively behind the superficial and upper ones, so that the tendon appears to be twisted.
		The posterior lamina reaches higher on the humerus than the anterior one, and from it an expansion is given off which covers the intertubercular groove and blends with the capsule of the shoulder-joint.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle (493 words)

	Unit IV
		It is formed by the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum (breast bone), costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
		Costal notches – these are small notches at the lower end of the manubrium that are attachments for the first ribs on the right and on the left.
		Costal facets (flat spots for attachments) on the body of the vertebrae for articulation with the ribs.
	www.courses.vcu.edu /DANC291-003/unit_4.htm (2470 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The pectoral muscles are severed from its insertion at the edge of the sternum and costal cartilages to expose the entire impression of the deformity, generally formed by 5-8 pairs of ribs (third to tenth rib).
		When the deformed costal cartilages have been completely exposed, the perichondrium is incised with the needle-tip cautery in form of an H [Figure - 6].
		The deformed costal cartilages are resected parasternally from their junction with the rib to within 1 cm of the sternum as well as at the level of transition to the normal ribs, leaving the uppermost normal cartilages intact [Figure - 8].
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ip05037 (5098 words)

	Baylor Health Care System: What's new in pediatric surgery? A minimally invasive technique to correct pectus excavatum
		The preadolescent’s chest is compliant, and the patient’s remaining growth potential allows remolding of the costal cartilages and continued growth of the chest.
		The loss of chest elasticity because of costal cartilage removal was detrimental to pulmonary function except in patients with severe pulmonary dysfunction (7, 12–14).
		Because costal cartilages are not removed, the Nuss procedure has the potential to improve not only cardiac function, but pulmonary function as well by maintaining chest elasticity and chest wall growth.
	www.baylorhealth.edu /proceedings/12_1/12_1_coln.htm (2460 words)

	biology - Sternum
		The superior border is the thickest and presents at its center the jugular or presternal notch; on either side of the notch is an oval articular surface, directed upward, backward, and lateralward, for articulation with the sternal end of the clavicle.
		Its anterior surface affords attachment on either side to the anterior costoxiphoid ligament and a small part of the Rectus abdominis; its posterior surface, to the posterior costoxiphoid ligament and to some of the fibers of the diaphragm and Transversus thoracis, its lateral borders, to the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles.
		The sternum is composed of highly vascular cancellous tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone which is thickest in the manubrium between the articular facets for the clavicles.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Sternum (1299 words)

	Thorax, Bones of Information on Healthline
		Cartilage is a type of connective tissue containing collagen, a protein substance that forms tough and elastic fibers.
		The costal groove is located on the inner surface of the body of a rib.
		The lower opening of the thorax is formed by the twelfth thoracic vertebra in the back, by the eleventh and twelfth ribs on the sides, and by the costal cartilages of the tenth, ninth, eighth, and seventh ribs in the front.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/thorax-bones-of (1153 words)

	UAMS Department of Anatomy - Joints and Ligaments - Thorax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		costal cartilages of ribs 1-7 connect to the sternum; costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 connect to the costal cartilage of rib 7; costal cartilages of ribs 11 & 12 do not articulate anteriorly but end in the muscles of the abdominal wall
		these ligaments connect the costal cartilages of ribs 1-7 with the sternum on both the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sternocostal articulation
		a synchondrosis; the cartilage within this joint usually does not become ossified until old age; the angle formed by this articulation is also called the angle of Louis; the sternal angle marks the level of the second costal cartilage from which all other ribs are counted
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/joints_thorax.html (299 words)

	Pectus Excavatum Repair - Definition, Purpose, Demographics, Description, Diagnosis/Preparation, Aftercare, Risks, ...
		The exact cause is not known, but it is believed to be due to overgrowth of the rib cartilage connected to the sternum, which results in the sternum being pushed backward toward the spine.
		He or she proceeds to remove the deformed cartilages.
		The sternum is then repositioned, and the metal strut is placed behind it and brought out through the muscles and skin for future attachment to a brace, which will stay in place six to 12 weeks.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /Pa-St/Pectus-Excavatum-Repair.html (1485 words)

	Costal Cartilage Fractures as Revealed on CT and Sonography -- Malghem et al. 176 (2): 429 -- American Journal of ...
		Costal Cartilage Fractures as Revealed on CT and Sonography -- Malghem et al.
		cartilage fracture was established using CT in all 15 lesions.
		of 15 costal cartilage fractures diagnosed with sonography [2, 3]
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/176/2/429 (1988 words)

	Anatomy: Thorax and Mediastinum
		Anteriorly, it articulates with the 2nd Costal Cartilage.
		It is the shortest and flattest of all ribs.
		The Costal Pleura: That portion of the parietal pleura bordering the rib-cage.
	www.themedicaldirectory.org /sciences/anatomy/thorax.shtml (4665 words)

	Long term follow up of pinna reconstruction by costal cartilagenous allograft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The costal cartilages were implanted beneath the post auricular skin.
		In conclusion costal cartilagenous allograft is an alternative pinna reconstruction with a good long term result.
		There are only 2 cases in 15 cases which are cartilage exposure and necrosis because of infection and trauma after cartilage graft implantation there are no complications in 13 cases, and they accepted the ears for functional wearing glasses and wearing hearing aid and even ear ring in the girl.
	members.tripod.com /biothai/chanida.htm (688 words)

	UAMS Department of Anatomy Gross Anatomy - Bones of the Thorax
		it articulates via a costal cartilage with the sternum at the level of the sternal angle; its superior surface is roughened by the attachments of the scalene mm.
		it is an anterior projection located at the level of the costal cartilage of rib 2; an important landmark for internal thoracic anatomy
		it articulates with the manubrium superiorly and the xiphoid process inferiorly; laterally it articulates with the costal cartilages of ribs 2-7
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/bones_thorax.html (523 words)

	Reginald B. Cherry Ministries
		Costochondritis is an inflammation in the cartilages where the ribs join the breastbone.
		The key symptom is pain-not in the center portion of the chest under the breastbone, which is more typical of heart related pain-but rather pain along the edges of the breastbone.
		Another tip-off that this is cartilage inflammation rather than a more serious heart ailment is the fact that the pain increases with twisting movements of the upper body-reaching for something (especially overhead), taking in a very deep breath, coughing, or sneezing.
	www.drcherry.org /sept28.htm (244 words)

	Pectus Excavatum - My Child Has - Children's Hospital Boston
		A pectus excavatum is a depression of the breastbone (sternum) and the lower central portion of the ribs (costal cartilages) (Figure 1).
		A pectus excavatum is caused by an overgrowth of costal cartilage during chest wall development before birth.
		The cartilage portion of the ribs next to the breastbone is partially removed.
	www.childrenshospital.org /az/Site2052/mainpageS2052P0.html (903 words)

	MUSCULOSKELETAL ANOMALIES Chad Niles
		Ossification of costal cartilage, not perichondral (1, 3).
		The more caudal (8 –10) costal cartilages are more readily visualized on routine chest and abdominal radiographs.
		Early development of such calcifications has been shown in adolescent patients with hyperthyroidism and is theorized to relate to abnormally advanced bone age, however, this finding is not pathognomonic (3).
	radiology.uthscsa.edu /CME/ELTXT/MA/costo1.htm (157 words)

	Macroscopic identification of valves
		(tricuspid sound is between costal cartilages 5 and 6 just left of sternum)
		located at: costal cartilage 3 (yet pulmonary sound is between costal cartilages 2 and 3 just left of sternum)
		(mitral sound is between costal cartilages 4 and 5 at left midclavicular line)
	www.fortunecity.com /bennyhills/mayall/3/cvsheartmiov.htm (222 words)

	Mineralization of the Costal Cartilages as an Indicator of Age: Preliminary Observations
		Mineralization of the Costal Cartilages as an Indicator of Age: Preliminary Observations
		Soft X-ray examination of costal cartilages from 210 cadavers indicated a roughly linear increase in mineralization with advancing age.
		Similar degrees of mineralization over a wide age span during middle years seriously limits the value of this method of age estimation while the ease, rapidity, and relative inexpensiveness of this procedure on intact or partially decomposed bodies recommends its use, especially where an expert physical (forensic) anthropologist is not readily available.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/5709.htm (194 words)

	Side Strain: A Tear of Internal Oblique Musculature -- Connell et al. 181 (6): 1511 -- American Journal of Roentgenology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		of one of the lower four ribs or costal cartilages.
		Sagittal oblique muscle image (4,000/30) of slice adjacent to that shown in B shows internal oblique muscle (asterisk) passing upward and forward (small arrows) to insert into 11th rib (large arrow).
		cartilage ranged from 10 to 35 mm in size, and the length of
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/181/6/1511 (2541 words)

	Flail Chest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This most typically occurs when ribs are fractured in two places, allowing that segment of the thoracic wall to "float" independently of the rest of the chest wall.
		Flail chest can also occur when ribs are fractured proximally in conjunction with disarticulation of costochondral cartilages distally.
		In very young animals in whom the costal cartilages are quite flexible, a flail chest can occur when several ribs are fractured proximally and the costal cartilages allow the segment to move independently of the rest of the chest wall.
	www.cvmbs.colostate.edu /clinsci/wing/trauma/flail.htm (230 words)

	[No title]
		Detach the serratus anterior from its costal origins and fold it posteriorly out of the way.
		make up the deepest intercostal muscle layertransversus thoracisposterior surface of the sternuminner surfaces of costal cartilages 2-6compresses the thorax for forced expirationintercostal nerves 2-6internal thoracic a.transversus thoracis, subcostalis & innermost intercostal mm.
		in the costal groovesubcostal n.ventral primary ramus of T12lateral cutaneous br., anterior cutaneous br.muscles of the abdominal wallskin of the anterolateral abdominal wallthe subcostal n.
	www.uams.edu /m2004/gross_tables/9-12.doc (930 words)

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