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Topic: Cotton famine

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Abel Heywood

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	Cotton - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The chief of these silk cottons is kapok, consisting of the hairs borne on the interior of the pods (but not attached to the seeds) of Eriodendron anfractuosum, the silk cotton tree, a member of the Bombacaceae, an order very closely allied to the Malvaceae.
		During the periods the cottons have been cultivated, selection, conscious or unconscious, has been carried on, resulting in the raising, from the same stock probably, in different places, of well-marked forms, which, in the absence of the history of their origin, might be regarded as different species.
		The Egyptian Sudan.-Egyptian cotton was cultivated in the Sudan to the extent of 21,788 acres in 1906 chiefly on nonirrigated land.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Cotton (14634 words)

	Follow the Yarn
		A bale was a large wrapped bundle of raw cotton that was transported from cotton plantations to cotton factories.
		The Cotton Famine is the name given to an event that happened in Britain in the 1860s.
		Cotton spinners were people who spun cotton into yarn in their homes or in factories.
	www.cleo.net.uk /followtheyarn/glossary.html (1604 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When the American cotton supply to the English textile industry was disturbed by the American civil war, the famous cotton famine of 1890s broke out and the English instantly reacted by grabbing the cotton in India.
		Cotton was at the core of the breakdown.
		cotton planted on 18,000 acres which suffered cotton boll worm damage and on which farmers had to use pesticides in spite of corporate propaganda that genetic engineering meant an end to the pesticide era.
	www.navdanya.org /articles/cotton_campaign.htm (3268 words)

	[No title]
		The previous paper examined only six poor law unions in the cotton manufacturing district and demonstrated the use of public relief only as a last resort; the current paper analyzes data from all 28, and is therefore expanding upon and generalizing the results of the previous paper.
		By the time of the cotton famine, then, co-operative societies had become a significant retailing force, particularly in the industrial towns of Lancashire, and they were poised to delve further into manufacturing and wholesale distribution.
		This additional variable is a measure of the degree of specialization in cotton textile manufacturing in the poor law union, defined at the proportion of all industrial workers over age 16 who worked in cotton textile manufacturing.
	www.eh.net /Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_96/kiesling.shtml (2808 words)

	Cotton Trade
		With the power of the factory seemingly assured and the numbers employed in cotton factories ever greater, it is ironic that the cotton industry was about to receive its first wake-up call in the form of the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861 - 1865.
		As the cotton industry recovered from the Cotton Famine, other sources of raw cotton were sought in order to ensure that never again would the industry be solely reliant on a single source of its valuable raw material.
		In the cotton mills the job of the spinner was given to the men since it was now seen as one of the most responsible jobs and many of the other mechanical and repetitive tasks were considered beneath him.
	www.ourwardfamily.com /cotton_trade.htm (2888 words)

	Sven Beckert \| Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the ...
		Cotton capitalists wanted to make "penal the breach of contract where advances have been made," giving "the advancer an absolute lien upon the crop he advances upon to the extent of his advances." If merchants could secure such an absolute claim on cotton grown with the support of their capital, investment would be encouraged.
		Cotton merchants did not succeed in extracting sufficient amounts of cotton from precapitalist producers at what they considered to be reasonable prices—neither in India nor in Africa, Egypt, or, for that matter, the upcountry of the Southern United States.
		Famine was not caused by a lack of food (indeed, food grains continued to be exported from Berar), but by the inability of the poorest cotton growers to buy it.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/109.5/beckert.html (13220 words)

	Cottoning on to unfair trade \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		Cotton is Mali's second most important export, and thousands depend upon it for their survival.
		They are now receiving less for their cotton than they invest in producing it.
		Mali cotton farmer Bakary Diarra told Christian Aid that he fears not being able to buy clothes for his family, and expects to have to sell some cattle to survive.
	www.guardian.co.uk /famine/story/0,12128,998666,00.html (983 words)

	Cotton famine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lancashire cotton famine (1861 – 1865) was a depression in the textile industry in northwest England, brought about by the American Civil War.
		By the beginning of 1862, mills were closing and workers were being laid off; one-third of the families in one Lancashire cotton town were in receipt of relief.
		On December 31, 1862, a meeting of cotton workers at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester, despite their increasing hardship, resolved to support the Union in their fight against slavery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cotton_famine (741 words)

	Cotton in Ashton under Lyne
		Its massive growth was responsible for the rapid spread of the town during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
		The damp climate in the area to the west of the Pennines made the area suitable for the spinning of cotton and the whole area to the north and east of Manchester became the world centre for the manufacture of cotton goods.
		Cloth merchants would transport the cotton and flax to the houses of the workers, who would spin and weave the cloth in their homes.
	www.ashton-under-lyne.com /cotton.htm (1388 words)

	Lancashire to America: The Cotton Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The cotton cloth industry grew rapidly and by the 19th century was Britain’s principal source of wealth.
		The Lancashire cotton boom, and the prosperous British economy of the Victorian era, was made possible by our ancestors who emigrated to the American South to grow the cotton (most during the mid-17th century).
		The “cotton famine” is an indication that a strong link survived between Lancashire and its descendants off in America.
	www.metanoia.org /ainsworth/ainsw03.htm (321 words)

	Our Family Tree - 1861 Cotton Famine
		All the larger cotton towns, with the exception of Preston were situated in close proximity to coal deposits.
		It began to seem, as the second winter of the cotton famine gave way to spring, that such an ordeal could be endured by such a population without a window being smashed, and barely a stone flung.
		The cotton famine had a marked effect upon the number of marriages in the distressed areas.
	www.rawcliffes.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /weblocal/cottonfamine.html (1471 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Chronicles \| Cotton crisis
		Simultaneously, the Egyptian government sent a letter to the US plenipotentiary in Cairo stating that the large stockpiles of cotton in cotton-producing countries were due to overproduction at a time of declining consumption and that officials of the two countries should work together to examine the best means to regulate cultivation of this crop.
		Egyptians were further heartened when they heard that the US Board of Agriculture had urged cotton producers in 14 states to destroy a third of their crop in the hope that this would drive up the price of the remaining two-thirds.
		According to the law, land under cotton cultivation would be cut back to 25 per cent of the current levels for all grades of cotton, with the exception of sklaridis, cultivation of which would be reduced to 30 per cent.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/643/chrncls.htm (2992 words)

	England and Cotton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Since the administration of President Jefferson Davis wanted to avoid any appearance of international flmail, the Confederate Congress never formally approved a cotton embargo, but state governments and private citizens voluntarily withheld the crop from the market in hopes of creating a "cotton famine" abroad.
		The Confederacy was mistaken in its belief that their embargo on "King Cotton" would force the British government to intervene on the side of the South in the Civil War.
		The initial Southern embargo on the export of cotton and, later, the increasing effectiveness of the Northern blockade did, however, have a brief impact on British life, but in 1862, when the shortage began to be felt more strongly, new sources of supply had been developed in India, Egypt, and elsewhere.
	civilwar.bluegrass.net /ForeignInfluences/englandandcotton.html (338 words)

	Cotton Diplomacy In The Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The "King Cotton" mentality was seriously flawed, not the least in overestimating the value of "white gold." First, a bumper crop in 1860 had glutted the marketplace, lowering prices and allowing mill owners to stockpile.
		Cotton prices did rise sharply late in 1861, but workers, not owners, suffered from the effects of unemployment.
		Further, Southern society tied cotton inseparably to slavery, and England, the example Napoleon Ill would follow, led the abolitionist movement in the world community.
	www.civilwarhome.com /cottondiplomacy.htm (266 words)

	Follow the Yarn
		The Cotton Famine was the worst crisis in the cotton industry.
		The 1862 Guild was held in the worst period of the Cotton Famine.
		More information about the Cotton Famine is available in the database.
	www.cleo.net.uk /followtheyarn/timeline/events_1862.html (325 words)

	Industrial Revolution - America connection
		The likeness commemorates a remarkable bond of friendship between the city that was once known as the cotton capital of the world, and the country that provided its raw materials.
		America's industrial revolution was late in starting, largely because of the legal restrictions that Britain placed upon her overseas colonies and the paternalistic attitude of her Government.
		But with the war and the cutting off of supplies from the mother country, Americans were at last able to stand on their own feet.
	www.cottontimes.co.uk /usindex.htm (602 words)

	When Liverpool Was Dixie
		There is a certain perverse irony in the fact that as the people of central Lancashire were starving, the merchants and traders of Liverpool, less than 40 miles away, were becoming richer by the day, thanks to the blockade.
		As the Alabama escaped from Liverpool, in July of 1862, the local and national press were carry long and moving accounts of the poverty and distress in the cotton towns of Lancashire.
		They called it "The Cotton Famine," and it was beginning to bite, and bite hard.
	www.csa-dixie.com /Liverpool_Dixie/cotton.htm (1362 words)

	Introduction to Nutrition -- Early scientific studies of nutrition: The 19th Century
		He sought and got an appointment on the Poor Law Board, and did experiments to show, for example, that Liebig (a respected physiologist) was wrong in saying energy for muscular work comes from protein alone.
		His work on minimum requirements came from a need to know how to relieve the starving poor during the Cotton Famine of 1862 in Lancashire.
		Explore: History -- The cotton famine was caused by the loss of raw materials for the Lancashire cotton mills during the Civil War in the United States, a major cotton-producing nation.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /NetBiochem/nutrition/lect1/4_3b.html (268 words)

	Peace With Honour: Blackburn Operatives, the Cotton Famine and the American Civil War, 1861-65 by Andrew H. Gregson ...
		Peace With Honour: Blackburn Operatives, the Cotton Famine and the American Civil War, 1861-65
		This book evaluates the response of Blackburn's workers to the Cotton Famine and the American Civil War of 1861-65.
		The book reveals the popular attitudes of ordinary folk during a time when they were reduced to the most painful levels of destitution.
	www.lulu.com /content/153904 (174 words)

	famine - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Famine : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		FAMINE : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
		Phrases that include famine: feast or famine, bengali famine, cotton famine, ethiopian famine, famine affluence and morality, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=famine (245 words)

	Darwen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This was built by Eccles Shorrock and Company but the company was ruined by the effects of the cotton famine of the 1860s.
		The building is now home to many companies including Brookhouse (producers of aeroplane parts) and Capita who runs TV licensing.
		The unemployed cotton factory workers greeted the man with great affection despite it being his fault they were out of work in the first place!
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Darwen (644 words)

	Cotton Books, Book Price Comparison at 130 bookstores
		In June 1978, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labor promulgated a cotton dust standard (43 FR 27351...
		Whimsical designs in bright, cheerful colors are a snap to knit because they're based on the...
		Search Cotton from UK database and other international databases.
	www.bookfinder4u.com /search_9/Cotton.html (662 words)

	Amazon.com: The Collapse of the Confederacy: Books: Charles H. Wesley,John G. Sproat,Barbara L. Bellows,John David ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Key Phrases: cotton famine, free negroes, negro troops, North Carolina, South Carolina, Jefferson Davis (more...
		Key Phrases - SIPs: cotton famine, free negroes, negro troops
		With the approach of the War for Southern Independence, the slave-holding states were devoting their major agricultural efforts to the production of cotton.
	www.amazon.com /Collapse-Confederacy-Charles-H-Wesley/dp/1570034109 (968 words)

	The Online Books Page: Home-Life of the Lancashire Factory Folk During the Cotton Famine, by Edwin Waugh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Online Books Page: Home-Life of the Lancashire Factory Folk During the Cotton Famine, by Edwin Waugh
		Home-Life of the Lancashire Factory Folk During the Cotton Famine
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	onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu /webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp36627 (76 words)

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