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	Council communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Council communism is a Radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s.
		The central argument of Council Communism, in contrast to those of Social democracy and Leninist communism, is that workers' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural form of working class organisation and state power.
		The core principle of council communism is that the State and the economy should be managed by workers' councils composed of delegates elected at workplaces and recallable at any moment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_communism (1167 words)

	Communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the term "Communism", especially when the word is capitalized, is often used to refer to the political and economic regimes under communist parties which claimed to be the dictatorship of the proletariat.
		Communism carries a strong social stigma in the United States due to a history of anti-communism in the United States.
		According to the Marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in class society is alienation; and communism is desirable because it entails the full realization of human freedom.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communism (3936 words)

	Root and Branch Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Council communism developed in Germany and the Netherlands in the early 1920s, spreading to the United States due to the immigration of workers and thinkers sympathetic to its goals.
		Council communism is a version of communism antithetical to the Leninist notion of a vanguard party leading the workers to revolution.
		Council communism enjoyed a revival in the 1960s and 1970s as its emphasis on self-emancipation and direct democracy appealed to a new generation of radicals.
	www.labor.iu.edu /LaborHistory/rab/home.html (246 words)

	Council communism: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The central argument of Council Communism, in contrast to those of Social democracy (Social democracy: The belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means) and Leninist (Leninist: leninism is a political and economicseconomic theory which builds upon marxism (a...
		The core principle of Council Communism is that the State and the economy should be managed by workers' councils (workers' councils: more facts about this subject), composed of delegates elected at workplaces and recallable at any moment.
		Council Communists also believed in diminishing the role of the party to one of agitation and propaganda, rejected all participation in elections or parliament, and argued that workers should leave the reactionary trade unions and form one big revolutionary union.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/council_communism (1385 words)

	Communism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Often "Communism" is used as a for the system practiced in the Soviet Union under Stalin and his successors as well as Soviet satellite states under various Communist parties.
		Communism or communist society is the name of the social which according to Marxism is a classless society in which all property is owned by the community as a whole and where all enjoy equal social and economic status.
		Communism in its original meaning is a theory and political movement for the direct communal control of society towards the common of all members the society being the communist society see below.
	www.freeglossary.com /Communist (2074 words)

	Council Communism \| libcom.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The central (and simple) argument of council communism, in stark contrast to both reformist social democrats and arrogant Leninists, is that the workers’ councils which spring up in workplaces and communities are the natural form of working class organisation.
		Following from this, council communists argue that society and the economy should be managed by federations of workers’ councils, made up of delegates elected at workplaces and can be called back at any moment by those who elected them.
		The council communists emerged largely out of the German rank-and-file trade union movement, who opposed their unions and organised increasingly radical strikes towards the end of 1917 and the beginning of 1918.
	www.libcom.org /thought/ideas/council-communism (607 words)

	نامه پانه کوک به ...
		Council communism is a theory of working-class struggle and revolution which holds that the means that workers will use to fight capitalism, overthrow it, and establish and administer communist society, will be the workers’ councils.
		Council communism therefore has the definite merit of being based on something which actually exists and which cannot be eradicated, short of revolution: the continuing struggle within capitalism between the capitalist and working classes.
		For the council communists, therefore, the ‘communist movement’ is not just the few organised groups of workers who are already class conscious; the ‘communist movement’ is also the ‘movement towards communism’, the real underlying tendency of workers’ struggles within capitalism, which is indeed what gives rise to organised groups of revolutionaries in the first place.
	www.kavoshgar.org /Articles/Shipway_CC.htm (7130 words)

	Communism Defined - Political Terminology Analysis
		Often "Communism" is used as a synonym for the system practiced in the Soviet Union under Stalin and his successors as well as in Soviet satellite states under various Communist parties.
		Communism, or communist society is the name of the social formation, which, according to Marxism is a classless society in which all property is owned by the community as a whole and where all people enjoy equal social and economic status.
		Communism in its original meaning is a social theory and political movement for the direct and communal control of society towards the common benefits of all members, the society being the communist society, see below.
	www.politicsdefined.com /content/communism.htm (1746 words)

	council
		The theory of council communism, which holds that socialism can only be achieved through the active participation of the broad mass of humanity, is scarcely known today yet in the early part of this century as a revolutionary wave rolled across Europe, it was a significant force.
		The Council Communists were aware that many of their ideas were situation-specific, and without a doubt much of their writings have been passed by through the course of capitalist development.
		Nevertheless the council form continues to appear in revolutionary situations and the belief that the key to human emancipation is not State or party, but working people themselves is surely still important to the world of today.
	ca.geocities.com /red_black_ca/council.htm (1440 words)

	Communism - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Communism refers to a conjectured future classless, stateless social organization based upon common ownership of the means of production, and can be classified as a multivariant branch of the broader socialist movement.
		The establishment of communism is in this theory viewed as the culmination of the class struggle between the capitalist class, the owners of most of the capital, and the working class.
		Communism carries a strong social stigma in the United States, due to a history of anti-communism in America.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Communist (3882 words)

	Cajocc
		Council Communism, from the beginning of the twenties was based on the experiences of the Russian and German Revolutions, and defended the councilists' democracy and rejected the power of the party.
		Council Communists don't see Stalinism as a sort of ‘counter-revolution' that deprived October of its fruits.
		In the same way, that is to say, pointing to the similarities of the social relations in Russia before the revolution and those in the pre-revolutionary France, the Council Communists pointed to the fact that Lenin and the members of his party claimed the name Jacobins for themselves.
	ca.geocities.com /red_black_ca/cajocc.htm (1465 words)

	Council Communism - Title
		For example, while we generally tend to associate the soviet with the Russian Revolution, the original concept of the council -- based on a radical critique of the classical theory of party and unions -- was not formulated in Russia (either in 1905 or in 1917).
		Again, for a long time the councils were presented as an institution springing forth spontaneously from the revolutionary mass movement, incarnating the autonomy of the masses relative to the proletariat's own organisations.
		For councils of all kinds were formed on the initiative of one or another of the nuances of the socialist movement, or were at least controlled by them.
	www.geocities.com /~johngray/gombin.htm (1073 words)

	Fight Against 'Evil' Communism - Council on Foreign Relations
		Of all the participants in the events that brought European communism to an end, the one who contributed most to this outcome was Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union.
		Council Special Report on Homeland Security warns “the federal government is not doing enough to harness the capabilities, assets, and goodwill of the private sector” to protect the homeland.
		Council Special Report on Afghan Security warns that Afghanistan has been overshadowed by the war in Iraq and is now on “life support.”
	www.cfr.org /publication/7089/fight_against_evil_communism.html (861 words)

	Brief history of left communism for Proletarian Tribune (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		During the imperialist world war of 1939-45, the myth of the "defence of the socialist fatherland" was used, along with "anti-fascism" and the "defence of democracy" to mobilise workers both inside and outside Russia for the greatest slaughter in human history.
		But left communism as such appeared as a response to the first signs of opportunism in the German Communist party and the Communist party and the International, and was spearheaded by the KAPD, formed in 1920 when the left opposition within the KPD was expelled by an unprincipled manoeuvre.
		These chinks in its armour were to hinder it from resisting the tide of counter-revolution that set in during the 1920s and resulted in a disastrous process of fragmentation, theorised in many cases by the ideology of "councilism" which denied the necessity for a distinct political organisation.
	www.internationalism.org /texts/prol_tribune.htm (2802 words)

	Council communism - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Council communism continues today as a theoretical and activist position within Marxism, within Libertarian Socialism, and within Anarchism.
		This has much in common with libertarian communism and most strains of anarchism, although the latter usually uphold individual liberty as paramount over all else.
		The Russian word for council is "soviet," and during the early years of Soviet Russia workers' councils were politically significant.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Council_communism (1180 words)

	Left-Wing Communism Subject Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The “orthodox” criticism of Left Communism is contained in Lenin’s 1920 book: “Left-Wing” Communism – An Infantile Disorder and the classic statement of the position of Left Communism is contained in Herman Gorter’s response: Letter to Comrade Lenin.
		As is shown by Bordiga's 1920 Workers Councils and his 1951 Proletarian Dictatorship and Class Party, Bordiga agrees with the Bolsheviks on the main point of difference with the Council Communists like Pannekoek and Mattick: “The proletarian state can only be ‘animated’ by a single party,” he says.
		Council Communists tended to believe that Stalinism was the inevitable outcome of a Revolution in which a centralist political party held power, and their criticism of Lenin and Trotsky sometimes echoed the earlier criticisms of Rosa Luxemburg.
	www.marxists.org /subject/left-wing (1311 words)

	What Is To Be Undone - Chapter Eleven
		The council is the most fitting organ of reciprocal education and development of the new social spirit that the proletariat has succeeded in creating....
		Council Communism is important for its emphasis on revolutionary institutions, for its awareness of the negative effects of capitalist and of all hierarchical institutions, for its insights into the importance of mass revolutionary consciousness, and for beginning the necessary effort of describing socialism and particularly the day-to-day nature of its alternative working relationships.
		Brecher's ideas are a fundamental return to Council Communism with an increased awareness of race, sex, authority, and psychology related concerns, and as such represent significant contributions to the task of creating a new United States revolutionary ideology.
	zena.secureforum.com /znet/WITBU/witbu11.html (12267 words)

	Libertarian socialism: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Main article: Council Communism (Council Communism: council communism was a radical left movement originating in germany and the netherlands...
		They also oppose the idea of a "revolutionary party", since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party will necessarily produce a party dictatorship (dictatorship: A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)).
		It was to take advantage of the aura (aura: An indication of radiant light drawn around the head of a saint) of workplace power that the word became used by Lenin (Lenin: Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)) for various political organs.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/libertarian_socialism (7245 words)

	ON THE BATTLE LINE September 29-October 7 (sep29bat.htm)
		Because in the 20th century a principal enemy of the Catholic Church was Communism.
		Therefore, the leaders of international Communism decided that it was time to begin to change the appearances of the regime in order to retain the power they had and to experiment with new methods of conquest.
		It would have been natural, therefore, for Vatican Council II, which met in Rome from 1962 to 1965, to have confirmed these condemnations against the greatest enemy of the Church and Christian Civilization in the 20th century.
	www.dailycatholic.org /issue/2001Sep/sep29bat.htm (1888 words)

	Jedi Council Forums - Communism: Can it work or is it a pipe dream?
		Capitalism and communism are the opposite extremes of the political spectrum.
		communism gives everyone the same miniscule wages no matter what, no one owns anything, and there is absolutely NO freedom of religion, or other freedoms for that matter.
		communism is basically a form of slavery, and your owners are the members of the political regime.
	boards.theforce.net /Message.aspx?topic=7746083 (1737 words)

	John Olday - Artist and Fighter for the social revolution by Peter Peterson
		To Rocker, only the community (Gemeinde) structure was a suitable arena for social change, because he felt that the intervention of the state could be excluded from it.
		At the community level, real mutual aid for the general good might bring actual form and content to the ideas of socialism and freedom.
		This assesment of the workers' councils, which in his opinion constituted the model for a non- authoritarian society, brought him into conflict with the other members of the 'IB-G', who considered it "Bolshevism".
	www.takver.com /history/meetings/olday.htm (3269 words)

	Council Communism by Paul Mattick 1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Groups of Council Communists recognise also that no real social change is possible under present conditions unless the anti-capitalistic forces grow stronger than the pro-capitalist forces, and that it is impossible to organise anti-capitalistic forces of such a strength within capitalistic relations.
		As an organisational frame for the new society is proposed a council organisation based on industry and the productive process, and the adoption of the social average labour time as a measurement for production, reproduction and distribution in so far as measurements are necessary to secure economic equality despite the existing division of labour.
		These groups considered the Bolshevik policies counter-revolutionary as regards the class interests of the international working class, and it was defeated by this counter-revolution which combined with the reformist movement and the capitalist class proper to destroy the first beginnings of a radical movement directed against all forms of capitalism.
	www.marxists.org /archive/mattick-paul/1939/council-communism.htm (4331 words)

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