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	Medieval Church.org.uk: Council of Constance (1414-1418)
		CONSTANCE, The Council of, sat from Nov. 5, 1414, to April 22, 1418, and was the second of those three councils, which, during the fifteenth century, were convened for the purpose of reforming the Church, head and members; that of Pisa being the first, that of Basel the last.
		He now endeavored to urge upon the assembly the view that the Council of Constance was nothing but a simple continuation of that of Pisa, which had formally condemned his two rivals, and, indirectly at least, legitimized his own election.
		Phillip H. Stump, The Reforms of the Council of Constance (1414-1418).
	www.medievalchurch.org.uk /co_constance.php (841 words)

	Encyclopedia: The Council of Constance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Council of Pisa (1409), the Council of Constance was called to do away with the horrifying phenomenon of the Western Schism, which had been ripping the societas Christiana apart for four decades.
		Constance was ideal, the emperor argued, because it was a city in his domains, which would allow him to personally guarantee peace and order, and because it was also conveniently accessible to delegates from France, Germany, and Italy.
		Council of Basel, for supremacy in the Church, a very destructive pattern was set for the relationships of popes and councils.
	www.societaschristiana.com /Encyclopedia/C/CouncilOfConstance.html (1805 words)

	COUNCIL OF BASEL - LoveToKnow Article on COUNCIL OF BASEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This is why, besides the disciplinary measures which regulated the elections, the celebration of divine service, the periodical holding of diocesan synods and provincial councils, are found also decrees aimed at some of the rights by which the popes had extended their power, and helped out their finances at the expense of the local churches.
		In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to Lausanne.
		The era of the great councils of the 15th century was closed; the constitution of the Church remained monarchical.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BA/BASEL_COUNCIL_OF.htm (1369 words)

	COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE - Online Information article about COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE
		Breisach, in the hope of escaping in Burgundian territory the pressure exerted upon him by the emperor and the fathers of the council.
		bound to obey it and every legitimately assembled general council in all that concerned faith, reform, union, andc., were tantamount to the overturning of the constitution of the church by establishing the superiority of the council over the pope.
		Clement VII., but the combined efforts of the council and the emperor were power-less to overcome the obstinacy of the Aragonese pope.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /COM_COR/CONSTANCE_COUNCIL_OF.html (2193 words)

	COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE - LoveToKnow Article on COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Thus the attempt to reform the Church by means of councils failed; but this very failure led to the survival of the desire for reform.
		The council of Constance thought to quell it by condemnation of Wycliffes teaching and by the execution of John Huss (1415).
		After the failure of the attempts at reform by the councils, the guidance of the Church was left undisturbed in the hands of the popes, and they were determined that it should remain so.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/CONSTANCE_COUNCIL_OF.htm (2009 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Basle
		Council of Basle, and it is only by understanding the feeling underlying this decree that we can grasp the significance of the dispute waged between Eugene IV and the council.
		Was it to be the pope or the council?
		The principal purpose of the council was to be the reformation of the Church in its "head and members," the settlement of the Hussite wars, the establishment of peace among the nations of Europe, and finally the reunion of the Western and Eastern Churches.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02334b.htm (4966 words)

	Council of Constance
		Among the five reform decrees passed at once by the council in its thirty-ninth session (9 Oct., 1417) was the famous "Frequens" which provided for a general council every ten years; the next two, however, were to be convoked by the pope after five and seven years respectively, the first of them at Pavia.
		In the minds of many members of the council this reformation, as already stated, was of equal importance with the closing of the schism; and to some, especially to the Germans, it seemed to overshadow even the need of a head for the Church.
		From an ecclesiastical point of view, the Council of Constance may truly be said to close the medieval and to open the modern period.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/constance,council_of.html (4866 words)

	AllRefer.com - Constance, Council of (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Councils And Treaties) - Encyclopedia
		The council was dominated by theologians, especially French, who held the conciliar theory (i.e., that councils held supreme power in the church and that even the pope was subject to their edicts) that had appeared at the Council of Pisa (see Pisa, Council of).
		The convention declared in the Articles of Constance (Apr. 6, 1415) that it was an ecumenical council and supreme in the church.
		The council, however, had already provided a plan to perpetuate its rule over the church by calling for frequent councils; furthermore, the modest reforms enacted by the council seemed designed to limit the pope's power of taxation and to protect the interests of the national clergy.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/ConstncCo.html (634 words)

	All Ecumenical Councils - All the Decrees
		Third Council of Constantinople (680-681), under Pope Agatho and the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus, was attended by the Patriarchs of Constantinople and of Antioch, 174 bishops, and the emperor.
		Council of Constance (1414-1418), was held during the great Schism of the West, with the object of ending the divisions in the Church.
		Council of Basle (1431), Eugene IV being pope, and Sigismund Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.piar.hu /councils (1185 words)

	Council of Constance
		The Council of Constance (Konstanz), 1414-18, was the 16th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church.
		This holy synod of Constance is compelled to act against these men as against spurious and illegitimate sons, and to cut away their errors from the Lord's field as if they were harmful briars, by means of vigilant care and the knife of ecclesiastical authority, lest they spread as a cancer to destroy others.
		This council was occasioned by The Schism begun when the cardinals who had elected Urban VI pope on 8th April 1378 and who had all repeatedly recognised him subsequently, decided in view of his offensive zeal for reform to claim that the pressure they had been under during his election had invalidated it.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/constanc.htm (15136 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Council of Constance
		Constance, Council of, ecclesiastical council that met in the imperial city of Konstanz from 1414 to 1418.
		Charles’s son, Sigismund, who reigned from 1410 to 1437, was involved in calling the Council of Constance (1414-1418).
		This chart lists the 21 ecumenical councils in the history of the Roman Catholic church.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Council_of_Constance.html (121 words)

	Ecumenical Councils and the rise and fall of the Church of Rome (Roman Catholic Church) - abelard
		The purpose of the council was twofold: reform of the Church and the recovery of the Holy Land.
		The Council of Vienne (fifteenth Ecumenical Council, 1311 – 1312, Templars).
		In dogmatic decrees, the Council declared the immortality of the soul and repudiated declarations of the Councils of Constance and Basle that made Church councils superior to the Pope.
	www.abelard.org /councils/councils.htm (12628 words)

	Council of Constance information - Search.com
		The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, called by the Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, the pope recently elected at Pisa.
		The council was held from November 16, 1414 to April 22, 1418 in Constance.
		Jan Hus, summoned to Constance under a letter of indemnity, was condemned by council and burned at the stake notwithstanding on July 6, 1415.
	www.search.com /reference/Council_of_Constance (1302 words)

	Council of Constance 1414-1418 A.D. <16ecume1.htm>
		The council next declared that all canonical censures imposed by reason of the schism were lifted, and the bull was read by which Gregory authorised Malatesta to make the act of abdication [9 ] and promised to consider as ratum gratum et firmum, and forever irrevocable, whatever Malatesta, as his proxy, should perform.
		Next, that this sacred council has not been dissolved by the departure of our lord pope from Constance, or even by the departure of other prelates or any other persons, but continues in its integrity and authority, even if decrees to the contrary have been made or shall be made in the future.
		This council was occasioned by The Schism begun when the cardinals who had elected Urban VI pope on 8th April 1378 and who had all repeatedly recognised him subsequently, decided in view of his offensive zeal for reform to claim that the pressure they had been under during his election had invalidated it.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/16ecume1.htm (2749 words)

	Constance, Council of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The council was dominated by theologians, especially French, who held the conciliar theory (i.e., that councils held supreme power in the church and that even the pope was subject to their edicts) that had appeared at the Council of Pisa (see Pisa, Council of).
		The convention declared in the Articles of Constance (Apr. 6, 1415) that it was an ecumenical council and supreme in the church.
		The council, however, had already provided a plan to perpetuate its rule over the church by calling for frequent councils; furthermore, the modest reforms enacted by the council seemed designed to limit the pope’s power of taxation and to protect the interests of the national clergy.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/ConstncCo.html (533 words)

	The Council of Constance - Sketches of Church History
		He wished that the council should be held in Italy, as he might hope to manage it more easily there than in any country north of the Alps; and he was very angry when Constance, a town on a large lake in Switzerland, was chosen as the place.
		He reached Constance in a boat which had brought him across the lake very early on Christmas morning, and at the first service of the festival, which was held before daybreak, he read the Gospel which tells of the decree of Caesar Augustus that all the world should be taxed.
		The council, however, in his absence went on to examine the charges against him, many of which were so shocking that they were kept secret, out of regard for his office.
	bible.christiansunite.com /sch/sch02-24.shtml (1389 words)

	Council of Pisa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Council of Pisa met in 1409 to solve the Great Schism in the Catholic Church.
		However it succeeded in only complicating situation by deposing the two popes and electing a third.
		It was thus followed by the more successful Council of Constance which deposed two of the popes, forced the third to resign, and elected Martin V to office.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_of_Pisa (94 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Constance
		Emperor Sigismund, whereby it appeared, as the supporters of Gregory wished it to appear, that hitherto the council was an assembly convoked by the civil authority.
		Council of Constance, an earnest demand for a reformation of ecclesiastical
		Council of Constance may truly be said to close the medieval and to open the modern period.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04288a.htm (6132 words)

	COUNCIL OF CONSTANCEUnder Pope John XXIII
		The acts of the council of Constance were first published by Jerome of Croaria at Hagenau in 1500 (Acta scitu dignissima docteque concinnata Constantiensis concilii celebratissimi = Asd), from the epitome of the acts which the council of Basel had ordered to be compiled and publicly accepted in 1442.
		Gregory XII sent to Constance as his representatives his protector Carlo Malatesta, the Lord of Rimini, and the Dominican cardinal, John Domenici—to Constance indeed, but not to the General Council assembled there by the authority, and in the name, of John XXIII.
		The council next declared that all canonical censures imposed by reason of the schism were lifted, and the bull was read by which Gregory authorised Malatesta to make the act of abdication [9] and promised to consider as ratum gratum et firmum, and forever irrevocable, whatever Malatesta, as his proxy, should perform.
	www.ewtn.com /library/COUNCILS/CONSTANC.HTM (13849 words)

	The Council of Constance
		Among the five reform decrees passed at once by the council in its thirty-ninth session (9 Oct., 1417) was the famous "Frequens" which provided for a general council every ten years; the next two, however, were to be convoked by the pope after five and seven years respectively, the first of them at Pavia.
		In the minds of many members of the council this reformation, as already stated, was of equal importance with the closing of the schism; and to some, especially to the Germans, it seemed to overshadow even the need of a head for the Church.
		Jahrhunderts (Constance, 1840); CREIGHTON (non-Catholic), A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation, I: The Great Schism and the Council of Constance (London, 1882).
	www.geocities.com /orthopapism/constance.html (4864 words)

	The Great Schism & The Novus Ordo
		The Council of Constance was one of the most memorable in the history of the Church.
		At the Council, Hus refused to retract his errors, was condemned as an obstinate heretic, and handed over to the secular arm.
		The new Pope approved “all that the Council had resolved as a Council in matters of faith,” expressly rejecting the decrees of the 4th and 5th sessions, which had declared that the Council held its authority immediately from God, and that even the Pope was subject to it.
	www.truecatholic.org /greatschism.htm (2507 words)

	Council of Constance 1414-1418 A.D. <16ecume3.htm>
		Let anyone who rashly violates the aforesaid decrees and sentences of this sacred council be punished, after due warning, by the local ordinaries on the authority of this sacred council, notwithstanding any privilege.
		The most holy general council of Constance, divinely assembled and representing the catholic church, for an everlasting record.
		This holy synod of Constance is compelled to act against these men as against spurious and illegitimate sons, and to cut away their errors from the Lord's field as if they were harmful briars, by means of vigilant care and the knife of ecclesiastical authority, lest they spread as a cancer to destroy others.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/16ecume3.htm (3282 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Council of Constance: Frequens, 1417 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A frequent celebration of general councils is an especial means for cultivating the field of the Lord and effecting the destruction of briars, thorns, and thistles, to wit, heresies, errors, and schism, and of bringing forth a most abundant harvest.
		The neglect to summon councils fosters and develops all these evils, as may be plainly seen from a recollection of the past and a consideration of existing conditions.
		Therefore, by a perpetual edict, we sanction, decree, establish and ordain that general councils shall be celebrated in the following manner, so that the next one shall follow the close of this present council at the end of five years.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/constance2.html (375 words)

	Cruel council of Constance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A council held at Pisa to end the schism, worsened the problem by creating a third pope.
		The prelates simply declared themselves under the direct authority of Christ and declared that everyone, even the real Pope, whoever he might be, was bound to obey its authority in matters of faith.
		As for Bohemia, outraged at the treatment of Hus, it revolted from the church and parts of it remained Hussite for 200 years, until Catholicism was forcibly restored by the Hapsburgs.
	chi.gospelcom.net /morestories/constancecouncil.shtml (543 words)

	The Late Medieval Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Council was called as much to address other issues as to settle the Schism, for by this time many people believed that reform of the Church was necessary to prevent another catastrophe like the Schism.
		He was condemned by the Council as a heretic and burned at the stake in 1416.
		The Council was clearly trying to create a kind of parliament for Christendom, an assembly to act as a counterweight to papal authority.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/babylon/17.shtml (286 words)

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