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	Council of Ferrara-Florence - LoveToKnow 1911
		The council of Ferrara and Florence was the culmination of a series of futile medieval attempts to reunite the Greek and Roman churches.
		The council, however, desirous of negotiating unions with the minor churches of the East, remained in session for several years, and seems never to have reached a formal adjournment.
		As for the Greeks, the union met with much opposition, particularly from the monks, and was rejected by three Oriental patriarchs at a synod of Jerusalem in 1443; and after various ineffective attempts to enforce it, the fall of Constantinople in 1453 put an end to the endeavour.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Council_of_Ferrara-Florence (961 words)

	Council of Florence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Council of Basel, commonly referred to as the Council of Florence, was a council of bishops and other ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church which began at Basel, Switzerland, in 1431, was transferred to Ferrara in 1438 and later transferred to Florence in 1439.
		He commanded the council to disperse, and appointed Bologna as their meeting-place in eighteen months' time, with the intention of making the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the Greek church, scheduled to be held there with a view to ecumenical union (18 December 1431).
		Eugene IV resolved to resist the Council's claim of supremacy, but he did not dare openly to repudiate the conciliar doctrine considered by many to be the actual foundation of the authority of the popes before the schism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_of_Florence (2231 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Florence
		The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council was, correctly speaking, the continuation of the Council of Ferrara, transferred to the Tuscan capital because of the pest; or, indeed, a continuation of the Council of Basle, which was convoked in 1431 by Martin V.
		intention of transferring the council to Florence, in consequence of pecuniary straits and the outbreak of the pest at Ferrara.
		Council of Florence, the proceedings of which from 1443 onwards took place in the Lateran palace at Rome.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06111a.htm (2266 words)

	Council of Constance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, called by the Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, the pope recently elected at Pisa.
		The council was held from November 16, 1414 to April 22, 1418 in Constance.
		An innovation at the Council was that instead of voting as individuals, the bishops voted in national blocs, explicitly confirming the national pressures that had fueled the schism since 1378.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_of_Constance (1588 words)

	FERRARA-FLORENCE, COUNCIL OF
		The assembly was the last of a series of church councils held during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance at which attempts were made to reunite the Eastern churches with the Western church.
		BASEL, COUNCIL OF), in 1431 by Pope Martin V. When conflict arose between Pope Eugene IV and the councilmen at Basel, Eugene issued a bull in 1437 removing the council to Ferrara, Italy, in 1438.
		The agreement ratified in Florence in 1439 ended, in effect, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453; it was formally rejected by a synod at Constantinople in 1472.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=209182 (651 words)

	Catholic Online - Prayers
		The Council of Ephesus (A.D. 431) The third General Council of the Church defined the Catholic dogma that the Blessed Virgin is the Mother of God and presented the teaching of the truth of one divine person in Christ.
		The Council of Vienne (A.D. 1311 and 1312) The purpose of this Council was to settle the affair of the Templars, to advance the rescue of the Holy Land, and to reform abuses in the Church.
		The doctrinal decrees of the Council were: condemnation that the soul is not "in itself the essentially the form of the human body",; that sanctifying grace is infused into the soul at baptism; and denial that a perfect man is not subject to ecclesiastical and civil law.
	www.catholic.org /prayers/councils.php (1622 words)

	All Ecumenical Councils - All the Decrees
		Third Council of Constantinople (680-681), under Pope Agatho and the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus, was attended by the Patriarchs of Constantinople and of Antioch, 174 bishops, and the emperor.
		Council of Constance (1414-1418), was held during the great Schism of the West, with the object of ending the divisions in the Church.
		Council of Basle (1431), Eugene IV being pope, and Sigismund Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.piar.hu /councils (1185 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Ferrara-Florence, Council of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		FERRARA-FLORENCE, COUNCIL OF [Ferrara-Florence, Council of] 1438-45, second part of the 17th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church; the first part was the Council of Basel, canonically convened but after 1437 schismatic (see Basel, Council of).
		The council, consummation of years of negotiations, was opened by the papal legate at Ferrara as the legitimate successor of the Council of Basel.
		The points at issue between East and West were the Filioque clause of the creed, the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, the definition of purgatory, and the nature of the papal jurisdiction.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/F/FerraraF.asp (609 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		The reason given was the unhealthy conditions in Ferrara, but the real grounds were the offer of the Florentines to aid Eugenius in the support of his guests from the East and, by getting away from the seaside, to lessen the chances of the Greeks going home before the conclusion of the union.
		The Ferrara agreement proved to be a shell of paper, and all the parade and rejoicing at the conclusion of the proceedings were made ridiculous by the utter rejection of its articles in Constantinople.
		The patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria issued a letter from Jerusalem, 1443, denouncing the council of Florence as a synod of robbers and Metrophanes, the Byzantine patriarch as a matricide and heretic.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.iii.vii.html (2098 words)

	council, ecumenical - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		COUNCIL, ECUMENICAL [council, ecumenical] [Gr.,=universal], in Christendom, council of church leaders, the decisions of which are accepted by some segment of the church as authoritative, also called general council.
		The Council of Trent, convened to deal with the Protestant Reformation, was probably the most far-reaching in its effects.
		Two famous councils that claimed in vain to be ecumenical are the Robber Council of Ephesus (see Eutyches) and the Council of Pisa during the Great Schism.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1E1:council/council,+ecumenical.html?refid=ip_hf (483 words)

	MAJOR COUNCILS OF THE CHURCH: (councils.htm)
		Though the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15 and Galatians 2) was the first Church Council, attended by the Apostles, the first Ecumenical (world-wide) Council was called by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great with Pope Saint Sylvester I sitting on the Throne of Peter as the 33rd successor of Christ's appointed Apostle.
		This Council's main docket was the attempt to reunite with the Eastern Church, but it was only temporary and the schism grew wider after the solidification of the Dogmatic Filioque in which it was reaffirmed emphatically that the Holy Ghost proceeds from both the Father and the Son.
		The greatest and longest of all the major ecumenical councils was convened by Pope Paul III on December 13, 1545 in the mouintain village of Trent in northern Italy.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/councils.htm (2468 words)

	Procession of the Oldest King (west wall) by GOZZOLI, Benozzo
		The council, which had at first met in Ferrara, was moved to Florence as Ferrara was not able to provide further financial support or security.
		Because of this position, Cosimo was able to prepare for the council and the reception of the dignitaries.
		The council had not successfully carried out its aims, in the long term the council was to be unsuccessful, however, this had not yet been evident during the 1440s and 1450s.
	www.wga.hu /html/g/gozzoli/3magi/3/30old.html (329 words)

	Ecumenical Councils and the rise and fall of the Church of Rome (Roman Catholic Church) - abelard
		The purpose of the council was twofold: reform of the Church and the recovery of the Holy Land.
		The Council of Vienne (fifteenth Ecumenical Council, 1311 – 1312, Templars).
		The Council of Trent (nineteenth Ecumenical Council, 1545 – 1563).
	www.abelard.org /councils/councils.htm (12581 words)

	Council of Florence 1431-1445 A.D. <17ecume8.htm>
		[Eugenius IV and the fathers of the council at Ferrara declare the council at Ferrara to be legitimate and ecumenical]
		We would, indeed, have preferred that the universal council which we initiated in this city should continue here, and that the union of the eastern and western churches should be brought to its happy and desired conclusion in this city, where we initiated it.
		We renew by our apostolic authority, with the approval of this holy council of Florence, the solemn and salutary decree against those sacrilegious men, which was issued by us in the sacred general council of Ferrara on 15 February.
	www.dailycatholic.org /history/17ecume8.htm (2438 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century
		The adherence of these two cardinals to the Council of Basel and to the Antipope Felix V can be explained in one case by conviction and in the other by dynastic alliance.
		In contrast, Hugues Lancelot de Lusignan attached himself firmly to the cause of Felix V, the former Amadeo VIII, duke of Savoy, because the new antipope's son, Ludovico, duke of Savoy (1434-1465) was married to the cardinal's sister, Anne of Cyprus.
		The Council of Basel had deposed Eugenius formally from the throne on June 25, 1439.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-nicholasv.htm (3188 words)

	[No title]
		Major importance had the council of Ferrara and Florence 1438 and 1439, from which both cities got deciding impulses.
		Ferrara developed to a splendid intellectual center of 15th century.
		The council of 1438 was mainly of interest, cause various copies of rare manuscripts were done in the background.
	trionfi.com /0/l (538 words)

	The Church In Crisis: Chapter 17
		But the council (three cardinals at the moment, plus thirty-two bishops and abbots, plus a legion of doctors) was resolved that the pope should cry Peccavi, explicitly assenting to its doctrine that General Councils cannot be dissolved without their own consent.
		He denounced the council to the princes of Christendom for what it really was, arranged with the Greeks that Ferrara would be a suitable meeting place, and sent to Basel a bull transferring the council to that city (September 18, 1437).
		Such was the atmosphere in which, at Ferrara and at Florence, whither in January 1439 the pope transferred the council, the bishops discussed the theological matters that had divided East and West these many centuries.
	freivald.org /~jake/theChurchInCrisis/thechurchincrisis_chapter17.html (4525 words)

	Council of Ferrara-Florence
		The Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-45), held successively at Ferrara, Florence, and Rome, was an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church convened for the primary purpose of ending the schism between that church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
		Officially, it was the second part of a council transferred from Basel, although a group of dissident churchmen remained in Basel and continued a rival council until 1449.
		The council also negotiated reunion with several smaller eastern churches (the Armenian Church, Nestorian Church, Jacobite Church, and Eastern Rite Churches) and challenged the conciliar theory (see Conciliarism) enunciated at the councils of Constance and Basel.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/ferrara.htm (232 words)

	St. Pachomius Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The (Roman Catholic) Council of Florence, Ferrara, and Basle
		Mark of Ephesus was the most notable member of the Orthodox delegation (and outspoken opponent of Union); he pointed out that besides resolving the issues which divided the two sides in the XI Century, it would be necessary to deal with subsequent Western innovations, e.g.
		Ivan Ostroumoff: The Orthodox Response to the Latin Doctrine of Purgatory at the Council of Florence.
	www.voskrese.info /spl/XcouFlor.html (135 words)

	Florence Cathedral - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Florence Cathedral, Gothic cathedral church in Florence, Italy, dedicated to Santa Maria del Fiore, the Madonna of Florence, also known as the...
		Ferrara-Florence, Council of (1438-1445), Roman Catholic assembly, the last of a series of Church councils held during the Middle Ages and the...
		Church of England, term used, in its general sense, to refer to the various traditions that have together constituted the Christian Church in...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Florence_Cathedral.html (116 words)

	Trionfi Cards - Early Documents
		After that Trionfi is not mentioned for 8 years in Ferrara in the account books, so one might conclude, that the interest in them is not very high at the beginning.
		Still it is a rather expensive toy (a humble worker had to work a week for this sum) and doesn't allow the conclusion, that a mass market for Trionfi deck existed at this time.
		Ercole became later duke of Ferrara and it is assumed, that most of the playing cards that we know from Ferrara are commissioned under his rule.
	trionfi.com /0/e/02 (571 words)

	Russian Orthodox Church, Lewes District Council
		By the 14th century, the metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia (head of the Russian church) was residing in Moscow; dissatisfied western Russian principalities obtained temporary separate metropolitans, but authority was later recentralized under Moscow.
		In the 15th century the church, rejecting Metropolitan Isidore's acceptance of union with the Western church (see Council of Ferrara-Florence), appointed their own independent metropolitan.
		Moscow saw itself as the “third Rome” and the last bulwark of true Orthodoxy; in 1589 the head of the Russian church obtained the title patriarch, putting him on a level with the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
	www.lewes.gov.uk /community/316.asp (224 words)

	Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel
		To open this council at Ferrara we sent our beloved son Nicholas, cardinal-priest of the holy Roman church of the title of holy Cross, legate of us and the apostolic see.
		To you, her spouse, and to you most reverend and reverend fathers, who share in solicitude and have been summoned to this sacred and ecumenical council, she is forced to cry and shout with many sighs and sobs: Have pity on me, have pity on me, at least you my fiends'.
		In it the definition of the sacred council of Chalcedon about the two natures and the one person of Christ was renewed and many errors of Origen and his followers, especially about the penitence and liberation of demons and other condemned beings, were refuted and condemned.
	www.ewtn.com /library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM (11834 words)

	Repent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is ironical that at the time of the Council of Ferrara-Florence, Doucas Notaras remarked, "I would rather see the Moslem turban in the midst of the city than the Latin mitre".
		This was part of God's divine plan to preserve Orthodoxy, because the Orthodox people were allowed to continue without interference in the observance of their faith, so long as they submitted quietly to the power of Islam and paid the authorities certain fees.
		Furthermore, if the Orthodox Church submitted the Council of Ferrara-Florence's decree to reunite the churches, the Orthodox Church would have disappeared out of existence before the invasion of the Moslems.
	home.it.net.au /~jgrapsas/pages/repent.html (1384 words)

	Orient to Rome (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture)
		The Church Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-45) brought delegates to Italy from many churches and cultures.
		A.D. This tenth-century Egyptian codex was donated to Pope Eugene IV by the Egyptian delegates at the Council of Ferrara-Florence.
		According to one hypothesis it was brought by the Ethiopian delegates at the Council of Ferrara-Florence, probably from the Ethiopian convent in Jerusalem, but according to another it was donated by Giovanni Battista Brocchi from Imola, who accompanied a Franciscan mission to Ethiopia in 1482.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/vatican/orient.html (3689 words)

	Council, Ecumenical - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		council, ecumenical [Gr.,=universal], in Christendom, council of church leaders, the decisions of which are accepted by some segment of the church as authoritative, also called general council.
		Two famous councils that claimed in vain to be ecumenical are the Robber Council of Ephesus (see Eutyches
		among Protestants is not to be confused with an ecumenical council, although they share a similar aim.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /staging/search/search.php?word=council (599 words)

	Trionfi.com: Tarot History
		n 1423 Parisina, the young signora of Ferrara, imported from Florence "VIII Imperatori"-cards.
		Probably the appearance must be interpreted in the way, that experiments are done with the number of trumps.
		Possibly the begin of the end of the 5x14-structure, possibly related to the new allowance in Florence 1463.
	trionfi.com /tarot-history (524 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Blessed Nicholas Albergati
		Mediated between the emperor and Pope Martin V, and the French king and Pope Eugene IV.
		Prominent in the Council of Basel and Council of Ferrara-Florence.
		Active in the negotiations that brought reunion of the Greek Church with Rome at Ferrara-Florence.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintn05.htm (67 words)

	Reference
		Most importantly, Plethon served as lay theologian with the Byzantine delegation to the 1438-45 general Council of Ferrara-Florence, which had been convened to reunite the Latin and Greek churches confronted by the rapid encroachment of the Ottoman Turks upon Constantinople.
		Pletho died in 1452, and the only time he was in Italy was for the Council of Florence in 1438-9; most of his Nomoi was burnt and none of it was printed.
		Ficino finished his De Vita coelitus comparanda in 1489; but his interest in the Orphic Hymns began as early as 1462, when he translated them, (14) and there is one well-known document which may indicate, I think, that Ficino had Pletho's hymns in mind when he was inventing his astrological, Orphic singing.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~orpheus/pletho.htm (1258 words)

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