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Topic: Guardian Council

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	Guardian Council / Council of Guardians
		The Guardian Council, as it is known for short, is in effect an upper house of parliament with the power to vote out the lower house's resolutions.
		The Guardian Council, comprising of six jurists appointed by the supreme leader and six lawyers, oversees laws which are passed by the parliament to confirm their conformity with the Islamic teachings and the national constitution.
		The Guardian Council comprises a dozen members, that is, six jurisprudent members who have attained the Islamic rank of "Ayatollah" who are appointed by the Supreme Leader, and six lay jurists, who are appointed by the head of the judiciary from among candidates nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council and approved by the Majles.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iran/guardian.htm (938 words)

	Iranica.com - GUARDIAN COUNCIL
		However, since the Expediency Council was organized, the Majles has been able to pass on issues rejected by the Guardian Council for the ultimate decision of the Expediency Council.
		The Guardian Council's right of opposition is not restricted to the bills approved by the Majles, but also applies to statutes approved by boards of organizations and societies belonging to, or affiliated with, the state (art.
		Since the members of the Guardian Council are directly (the six theologians) and indirectly (the six jurists) nominated by the leader, their preferential and recognizable political, religious and social inclinations depend on that of the leader.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f4/v11f4010.html (2698 words)

	Al Jazeera English - Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		To date, the Guardian Council has barred nearly half of the 8200 aspiring candidates from the 20 February poll, mainly allies of reformist President Muhammad Khatami - including 80 of the standing 290 members of parliament.
		Reformist MP But the council ruled that the bill was "contrary to Islam and certain articles of the constitution" of Iran according to the Yas-e No daily newspaper - in its edition due to appear on Monday.
		Council members, who are directly or indirectly appointed by Khamenei, have been accused of seeking to rig the polls in order to oust reformers from parliament.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/69CD7B00-4FE2-45A1-857C-B251376B7B29.htm (382 words)

	Council saves Guardian One and Marine Patrol coverage over holiday weekend
		The council held a special emergency meeting today, and voted to keep funding flowing for the sheriff’s office until a supplemental budget for the last six months of this year is adopted.
		The county executive sent the council a proposed spending plan earlier this week for the remainder of the year, but it was too late for the council to consider that legislation and pass it prior to June 30.
		Council Chair von Reichbauer thanked the councilmembers and Executive Sims for working together to make it clear the sheriff now has the authority to operate the helicopter and marine patrols beyond June 30.
	www.metrokc.gov /MKCC/News/2000/0006/Council_saves.htm (640 words)

	Guardian \| Council tax's future in doubt
		So desperate are ministers to avoid the looming debacle over council tax that they have set up a "balance of funding" review which is due to report in the spring.
		The county council argues that because of underfunding, its tax will have to rise by 9% if it sets school spending at the level set by the department.
		In a consultation exercise, the council, which says its £460m budget meets the government's guarantee of a 4%-per-pupil increase in funding, is asking taxpayers to choose between rises of 6%, 8% or 10%.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4859420-103685,00.html (442 words)

	GuardianHQ.com
		Guardian members may not be associated with the forces of evil that we battle against.
		Guardians will not disrupt communications such as guild chat, ventrilo, IRC or other mediums of communication with immature or unnecessary comments or displays of crudeness.
		Guardians must do their utmost to participate in scheduled events, read and post on the forums and follow the instructions of guild officers and councilors.
	www.guardianhq.com /home_code.php (1409 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Region \| Reformists challenge the ban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The council, which screens all legislation and candidates for public office and also has to validate the elections result, barred nearly half of the 8,000 who registered to stand on political and theological grounds including disrespecting Islam, treason, working against the regime, and attempting to appease the United States.
		The Guardian Council's move has prompted some government ministers and state governors to threaten to resign and has led dozens of liberal MPs to stage a sit-in in the Iranian parliament which has been enforced since Sunday 11.
		While the Guardian Council insisted it had no interest in trying to influence the result of parliamentary elections, the reformists accuse the Guardian Council of trying to influence the outcome of the elections so that conservatives can win back control of parliament which they lost to reformists in the 2000 elections.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/674/re5.htm (1139 words)

	Access Denied: Iran's Exclusionary Elections: II. Mechanisms of Exclusion
		In 2002, for example, the Guardian Council vetoed a bill passed by the parliament aimed at limiting the practice of torture and the use of forced confessions in criminal trials.
		The Guardian Council has the responsibility of supervising the elections of the Assembly of Experts for Leadership, the President of the Republic, the parliament, and the direct recourse to popular opinion [moraje’ be array-e omumi] and referenda.
		The Guardian Council is the most powerful and unaccountable body controlling the election process: the ultimate decision with regard to the candidates’ qualifications belongs to the Council.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/mena/iran0605/2.htm (2027 words)

	Guardian Council to review 'mistakes' -DAWN - Top Stories; 24 January, 2004
		TEHRAN, Jan 23: Iranian Guardian Council chief Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati said on Friday that it was willing to reverse any "mistakes" made when it banned thousands of liberal candidates from running in parliamentary elections.
		The council's move to bar nearly half of 8,200 hopefuls from standing in the Feb 20 vote has prompted dozens of top government officials to threaten to resign.
		Many of those barred from standing were accused by the council of lacking loyalty to Iran's constitution and the system of clerical rule.
	www.dawn.com /2004/01/24/top15.htm (383 words)

	Islamic Republic of Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Gu ardian Council, as it is known for short, is in effect an upper house of parliament with the power to vote out the lower house's resolutions.
		The first group of six is appointed by the leader, or the Leadership Council, and the second group is elected by the Majlis from among candidates nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council.
		Article 93 of the constitution has emphasized that the Majlis does not hold any legal status, if the Guardian Council has not yet been formed, except for the purpose of approving the credentials of the MPs and the election of six jurists to the Guardian C ouncil.
	www.iranembassy.hu /political_guardians.html (369 words)

	Council makes recycling compulsory \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		Barnet council has agreed that a pilot scheme, which made household recycling compulsory, should now be extended to cover all 113,000 households in the Conservative-controlled borough.
		Council recycling assistants will monitor whether the boxes are being used appropriately.
		Barnet council's cabinet member for environment, Matthew Offord, said: "Everyone accepts that landfill and incineration is not sustainable and we must recycle more of our household waste.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,1384490,00.html?gusrc=rss (459 words)

	CNN.com - Iran Council vetoes election bill - Jan. 25, 2004
		Iran's hard-line Guardian Council has vetoed a bill that would have curbed its power, throwing elections into doubt in a historic confrontation between reformers and conservatives.
		The bill would have amended the National Elections law to force the Guardian Council, which oversees elections, to reinstate all candidates unless there is legal documentation to prove them unfit for parliament.
		The council's members are chosen by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who has asked the body to reconsider its disqualifications.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/meast/01/25/iran.elections.ap/index.html (580 words)

	The mullahs and the ballot box : Can Iranians change their political system?
		The Guardian Council comprises six clerics appointed by Iran's supreme leader, the unelected Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and six lawyers selected by the judiciary chief, who is appointed by the supreme leader.
		In the last few years the 35-member Expediency Council has sided with the Guardian Council on several important issues, possibly because six members are the clerics on the Guardian Council, another one is the judiciary chief, and most of the rest are conservative appointees of the supreme leader.
		In March 2003, for example, it decided to increase significantly the Guardian Council's budget for electoral activities, despite the protestations of the president and speaker.
	www.iht.com /articles/2004/01/16/edsamii_ed3_.php (731 words)

	Guardian Council - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Council of Guardians also functions similar to a constitutional court.
		The guardian council interpretes the term supervision in Article 99 as "approbation supervision" (نظارت استصوابی) which implies the right for acceptance or rejection of elections legality and candidates competency.
		The current chairman of the council is Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, deputized by the lawyer Abbasali Kadkhodai.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guardian_Council (700 words)

	Guardian Council Holds Great Power in Iran
		Reclusive and secretive, the power of the 12-member Guardian Council is reckoned by both Western and Iranian analysts to be second only to that of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.
		In a rare briefing that included foreign as well as Iranian media, the Council's new spokesman, Abbas Ali Kadkhodai, said the Guardian Council's main job is to interpret the constitution in accordance with Islam.
		Six members of the Council are senior Islamic clerics named by the supreme leader, and six are jurists nominated by the judiciary and confirmed by the Majlis.
	www.voanews.com /english/2006-07-15-voa9.cfm (431 words)

	S'CAN-IRANIC : Guardian Council Responds to Khatami
		The translation of the Guardian Council's Secretary's letter to the President was very difficult as they have employed a very complex Islamic jursiprudential langauge.
		Mehr-Alizadeh as qualified candidates, translator] you have implicitly accused the Guardian Council to have erred earlier [in rejecting Dr. Moin and Mr.
		Yet, the Supreme Leader’s initiative [that is the Supreme Leader’s Sovereign Decree to the Guardians to accept Moin and Mehr-Alizadeh] in such cases functions as an exceptional edict that specifically narrows or expands the scope of the respective law depending on the issue at hand.
	secularcaniranik.blogs.com /scaniranic/2005/05/guardian_counci_1.html (936 words)

	Iran council lifts ban on 200 MPs \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		Iran's hardline guardian council said yesterday that it had lifted a ban on 200 candidates for next month's parliamentary elections, but reformist MPs said they wanted to see the full reinstatement of all those barred from the poll.
		In a statement posted on the council's website, Mr Kadkhodaei said that following a request from the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the council was reviewing its decision to disqualify more than 3,000 prospective candidates.
		Protesting MPs said the move was insufficient, and vowed to continue their daily sit-ins in the parliament building until free elections were assured.
	www.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,3604,1127531,00.html (305 words)

	Iran: Guardian Council starts reviewing complaints of elections hopefuls
		The Guardian Council (GC) said on Sunday that it has started studying the complaints of Majlis elections hopefuls who have been disqualified from February polls, IRNA reported from Tehran.
		He said the GC is an independent authority that has the final say on the disqualification of candidates, stressing that the decisions of the supervision committees are not always approved by the council.
		He also referred to his joint session with the Guardians Council in which President Mohammad Khatami was also present, as sincere and friendly.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/jan/1123.html (389 words)

	BakuTODAY.net - Iran\'s Parliament Votes to Change Electoral Law
		But for the new standards to take effect, they must be ratified by the conservative Guardian Council, the group that moved to ban thousands of mostly reformist candidates from next month's election.
		The measure specifically strikes back at the Guardian Council for preventing 80 members of parliament from seeking re-election, as well as disqualifying thousands of other, mostly reformist, candidates from Iran's February 20 poll.
		Further clashes between the Guardian Council and reformists are expected in the coming days, because for the parliament's latest bill to become law, it must be approved by the Guardian Council.
	www.bakutoday.net /view.php?d=7795 (462 words)

	Asia Times
		Acting practically as a type of upper house of the parliament, the council is in charge of determining the compatibility of all approved bills with the Iranian constitution and the religious law (sharia).
		That council arbitrates between parliament and the Guardian Council on disputed bills, a process usually done by changing certain aspects of the rejected bills to make them acceptable for the Guardian Council.
		Khatami, therefore, complained, "In their proposed amendments to the bill, the Guardian Council has limited the presidential powers to an extent that in certain respects the authority of the president is much less than that of an ordinary citizen."
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/EF05Ak03.html (1211 words)

	GUARDIAN COUNCIL OFFICIAL CALLS HASHEMI RAFSANJANI "TROUBLEMAKER" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		MASH HAD 31 July (IPS) A senior official with the top constitutional watchdog Guardian Council on Tuesday took a sharp snipe at the former president Ali Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani, calling him a "troublemaker", the official Iranian news agency IRNA reported Tuesday.
		Ayatollah Hashemi-Rafsanjani is currently the Chairman of the influential state Expediency Council, which, among other duties, also arbitrates between the reformist-dominated Majles (parliament) and the conservative-led Guardian Council in cases of discrepancy.
		Hashemi-Rafsanjani is denounced publicly by an official from the 12 members, leader-controlled Guardians, in charge of vetting candidates and make sure that laws passed by the Majles are in accordance with Islamic laws.
	www.iran-press-service.com /articles_2001/jul_2001/gc_rafsanjani_31701.htm (371 words)

	CNN.com - Fate of two key Iranian reform bills in 'serious doubt' - Mar. 5, 2003
		Ayatollah Mohammad Yazdi, a member of the Guardian Council, told The Associated Press on Sunday that he opposes the bills.
		If rejected by the council, they could be sent to the Expediency Council -- a conservative body that arbitrates between the Parliament and the Guardian Council -- for a final decision.
		Six clerics of the 12-member Guardian Council and all Expediency Council members are hand-picked by Khamenei, who has the final say on all state matters.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/03/05/iran.ap (533 words)

	albawaba.com middle east news information::Iran: Guardian Council approves two reformist candidates for presidential ...
		The council on Sunday had rejected all the reformists who'd registered to run in next month's presidential elections.
		The council on Sunday approved only six of the more than 1,000 hopeful candidates, and those six were not from the reformist camp.
		Some 300 students had marched from the dormitory compound, that was halted with the intervention of police and were then returned to the university compound.
	www.albawaba.com /en/news/183988 (344 words)

	Iran Focus-Iran’s Guardian Council “key pillar of Islamic Republic” — new president - Special Wire - News
		“The Guardian Council is one of the most important, key, and sensitive pillars of the Islamic Republic”, he added.
		The results of the elections were not in line with pre-election polls which placed Ahmadinejad at the rear of the list of presidential hopefuls and rival candidates have charged that the elections were rigged by the ultra-conservative camp.
		Ahmadinejad emphasized that without the Guardian Council “the country would be in the hands of corrupt individuals” and urged it to continue its activities.
	www.iranfocus.com /modules/news/article.php?storyid=2692 (323 words)

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