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	Council of Jamnia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Council of Yavne or Council of Jamnia refers to a hypothetical Proto-Rabbinic council under Yohanan's leadership, that was responsible for defining the canon of the Hebrew Bible.
		The concept of the Council of Jamnia is an hypothesis to explain the canonization of the Writings (the third division of the Hebrew Bible) resulting in the closing of the Hebrew canon.
		These ongoing debates suggest the paucity of evidence on which the hypothesis of the Council of Jamnia rests and raise the question whether it has not served its usefulness and should be relegated to the limbo of unestablished hypotheses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_of_Jamnia (1414 words)

	IBRI Research Report #13 - THE COUNCIL OF JAMNIA AND THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Jamnia was also said to have had a Beth ha-Midrash during this period, in connection with which Rabbis Gamaliel, Eleazar ben Azariah, Joshua, Akiba, Ishmael, Tarfon, and Jose the Galilean are all named.
		It is reported that the rabbis at Jamnia instituted a benediction (now the fourth one said in the grace after meals) on the 15th of Ab, the day on which permission was given to bury those who died at the Battle of Bethur in the Bar Kochba War.
		Earlier, in the presence of R. Gamaliel at Jamnia, Simeon the Pakulite is said to have formulated (composed, or organized?) the Eighteen Benedictions in their present order, and Samuel the Little is supposed to have composed a nineteenth against heretics.
	www.ibri.org /RRs/RR013/13jamnia.html (9007 words)

	Jerry Stokes Hisword3 Canon
		Council of Trent 1546 A.D. Leaders of the Reformation denied the inspiration of the Apocrypha because the writings date from the period after the last prophets and because they are not in harmony with the remainder of Scripture.
		In the three great Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397 and 419 AD), of which he was the leading spirit, he closed, as it were, the great debate of the previous generations on the subject of how large shall be the Bible.
		A few years later, another council at Carthage (419 AD) took the additional step of voting that their own decision concerning the canon should be confirmed by Boniface, the bishop of Rome; accordingly, thereafter, the question of how large the Bible should be became a matter to be settled by authority rather than by criticism.
	www.churches.net /churches/utmiss/Hisword/Hisword3.html (17429 words)

	Apocrypha - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		At least until the Council of Jamnia in AD 92, Jews did not have a single unified canon of Scripture.
		The Council explicitly excluded certain books for reasons that included their late composition or because they were not written in Hebrew (although some parts of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh itself are in Biblical Aramaic).
		Since there was no fixed canon even among Jews until the Council of Jamnia, it is not surprising that, historically, there have been hesitations among Christians, especially in the early centuries, about what Old Testament books to consider canonical.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=1288 (1963 words)

	The Canon of Scripture
		The "Council of Jamnia" (also called "Jabneh" or "Javneh") is the name given to the decisions made by this pharisaic school.
		Because the Council was conducted under the auspices of the Flavian Roman Emperors and they decided that that particuar book, which tells of the Maccabean Revolt, might be inflammatory and incite rebellion by the Jews.
		There is debate as to whether the Council of Jamnia actually "closed" the Jewish canon because debate continued among Jews for hundreds of years afterward as to which books should be included or excluded.
	www.fisheaters.com /septuagint.html (1717 words)

	The Sufficiency Of Scripture - phatmass phorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The crisis of confidence in the Catholic Church’s authority was resolved by the Catholics at the Council of Trent (meeting from 1545 to 1563) by their decision to express the superior authority of the Church over the text of Scripture by adding several books of the Apocrypha to the Hebrew Old Testament.
		One of the primary reasons given for reject the Apocrypha is that the Council of Jamnia rejected it.
		However, the Jewish councils that rejected them (e.g., council of Jamnia in 200 A.D.) were the same councils that rejected the entire New Testatment canon.
	www.phatmass.com /phorum/index.php?showtopic=3117 (5644 words)

	deuter.htm
		They point to the fact that the 'Council of Jamnia' removed those books from the Bible in 90-95 A.D., so they were never in the 'Bible' from that date on.
		The Council of Trent was called in 1545 in response to the protestant reformation.
		Christianity was in effect for between 35-65 years before the Jewish Council of Jamnia was called.
	members.tripod.com /~BobStanley/deuter.htm (1557 words)

	Catholic Community Forum Discussion Groups - The Protestant Old Testament Bible Comes From The Council Of Jamnia
		Jamnia was a kind of Jewish religious refugee location, outside of Jerusalem, after Rome destroyed Jerusalem.
		One thing that most folks don't know is that out of the 373 OT quotes in the NT 340 (90%) come from the Septuagint Greek text, which tells us that that is the one that Jesus and the apostles quoted from.
		Furthermore, the Council of Jamnia (or AKA Javnia) had no authority to set anything concerning the canon and to this day the OT canon for the Jews consists of the Penteteuch and all the rest is still debated.
	www.catholic-forum.com /forums/printthread.php?t=4592 (549 words)

	Canon of Scripture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In the meantime, several Church Councils or Synods, were convened to deal with the matter, notably, Rome in 382, Hippo in 393, and Carthage in 397 and 419.
		The Council of Florence, also called Basel, 1431-1445, was yet another Council which confirmed the Canons of both testaments of the Bible...
		The Council of Florence was held over 100 years before the Council of Trent, and about 80 years before the start of the reformation.
	home.inreach.com /bstanley/canon.htm (4457 words)

	james.htm
		This meeting was called at around 100 A.D. and became known as the 'Council of Jamnia', after the town in which it was held.
		That Council was a Jewish Council, not a Christian Council.
		Protestant fundamentalists accept the ruling of a Jewish Council that was specifically called to counter Christianity, and at the same time reject the ruling of the Christian (Catholic) Council of Carthage in 397 A.D. which finalized the canon of the Old Testament and included all 46 books.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/3975/james.htm (535 words)

	Blue Letter Bible - Help, Tutorials, and FAQs
		The council of Jamnia, it is argued, determined the boundaries of the Hebrew canon.
		However, there is no evidence that a council in Jamnia determined the extent of the Hebrew canon.
		What was held at Jamnia were discussions about the right of certain books to remain in the canon.
	www.blueletterbible.org /faq/nbi/386.html (1173 words)

	History of the Bible
		Council of Jamnia, a Jewish council, met to revise the Books of the Canon (or the Old Testament as it is known to Christians.) These were the criteria:
		Council of Trent is called to answer the accusations of corruption and apostasy in the Catholic Church by the Protestant Reformers.
		One of the results is that Jerome’s Latin Vulgate version of the Bible is held to be the official version of the Bible accepted by the Catholic Church.
	agards-bible-timeline.com /q2_bible_english.html (1732 words)

	Johanan ben Zakkai
		Born some years before Jesus, Johanan ben Zakkai was the great rabbi at the Council of Jamnia about AD 90, surviving by over a decade the fall of Jerusalem.
		Never did he waver even for a moment in his opposition to the rebellion, which he felt was to bring destruction on the people, the sanctuary and the land.
		At the Council of Jamnia, about AD 90, Johanan ben Zakkai was notable in the leadership of the peace party.
	latter-rain.com /ltrain/jahan.htm (381 words)

	[No title]
		Rejecting Jewish claims that the Septuagint was a bad translation, these apologists claimed that the Council of Jamnia translation had deliberately altered some text and decided upon criteria of canonicity so as to combat the spread of Christianity.
		In 1441, the Council of Florence upholds the Canon of Scripture as cited in the previous councils.
		The council specifically reaffirmed the Catholic positions concerning Scripture, the authority of tradition, the efficacy of the seven sacraments, the nature of the priesthood, and papal authority.
	www.conglomination.com /cg/timelines.asp (3878 words)

	The Canonicity Question (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Modern theory states that the canon of the Old Testament was only finally closed by the council of Jamnia (90 AD).
		Not until the Council of Trent in the late 1500's was the Apocrypha declared to be scripture, and then only by the Catholic Church.
		And they found under the coats of the slain some of the donaries of the idols of Jamnia, which the law forbiddeth to the Jews: so that all plainly saw, that for this cause they were slain.
	www.xenos.org.cob-web.org:8888 /essays/canon.htm (1561 words)

	Development of the OT canon - Theopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In 90 A.D., however, the Council of Jamnia formally adopted them as canonical Hebrew Scripture and declaring that the Tanakh was complete - being the entirety of the revelation of God to His people concerning His promise.
		The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, along with other liturgical churches in the Near East, refuse to accept the council’s ruling of authoritative because they believe that the Hebrews lost the authority to determine what was canon at that time.
		They ignore, however, the fact that, besides the Council of Trullo, early Church Fathers like Athanasius (the historical defender of the doctrine of the Trinity) and Cyril of Jerusalem - both respected elders in the Church - accepted the Hebrew canon.
	www.theopedia.com /Development_of_the_OT_canon (1112 words)

	Council (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		To see what you'd be up against, here is the most recent winning council post, here is the most recent winning non-council post, here is the list of results for the latest vote, and here is the initial posting of all the nominees that were voted on....
		When you take the time to sign a national consumer debt reduction council Guestbook you are adding value to the relationship you have with the national consumer debt reduction council retailer.
		Some robots index the HTML Titles that contain consumer council debt national and keep them in their database whilst others will look for consumer council debt national in the first few paragraphs, or parse the entire HTML and index all words.
	www.fazecouncil.com.cob-web.org:8888 (2061 words)

	The Council That Wasn’t (This Rock: September 2004)
		Generally, the Council of Jabneh (usually referred to in Catholic literature as Jamnia) is assumed as the "proof" for this assertion.
		At the "Council of Jabneh," you see, the Jewish rabbis supposedly got together—something like an ecumenical council in the Catholic Church—to lay down specific criteria for inspired Scripture and to finally define and close the Old Testament canon.
		The so-called "Council of Jabneh" was a group of Jewish scholars who were granted permission by Rome around the year 90 to meet in Palestine near the Mediterranean Sea in Jabneh (or Jamnia).
	www.catholic.com /thisrock/2004/0409fea4.asp (2497 words)

	/faithforum.org/ Community - The Origins of the Christian Bible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The canon was promulgated at the Council of Rome (A.D. 382) under Pope Damasus I, and later ratified by the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419).
		Also, while many historians believe the Jamnian Council was an attempt by the surviving factions of Phariseeic Judaism after the fall of Judea to preserve Judaism, some have argued that the point of the entire Council may have been to address and refute the new Christian heresy.
		And another thing worth mentioning is that Philo wrote before the Council of Jamnia and thus his opinion as a Jew counted as much as the next guy.
	www.faithforum.org /community/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1965 (5221 words)

	Church and the Bible
		He cited the same concerns of the Jewish Council at Jamnia, namely that there were no Hebrew counterparts to the seven books rejected by that Council.
		Because it was not until 70 years after the crucifixion that the Jewish Council of Jamnia convened to remove the additional books.
		To dispel this myth Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, head of the Vatican Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, said, "The study of the Bible is, as it were, the soul of theology, as the Second Vatican Council says, borrowing a phrase from Pope Leo XIII (Dei Verbum, 24).
	www.veritaschristi.org /articles/apologetics/2003/church_and_bible.htm (1708 words)

	Refuting an Attack on the Deuterocanonicals
		There was a Jewish council in Jamnia that was held approximately in 90 AD, that met, part of which was to determine what the canon of Scripture was.
		However, it is well-known that Christianity was attacked in the Council of Jamnia.
		However, it is ironic that the Jewish rabbis who met in council to determine a canon, 60 years after they had rejected Jesus, are given carte-blanche authority to throw out Scriptures that specifically point to Jesus based on a passage in Romans that the Jews themselves themselves do not accept as Scripture.
	matt1618.freeyellow.com /cloud.html (8987 words)

	The Co-opting of the Tanach (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Moreover, it might be said that the common thread (and threat) that ran throughout Jewish scripture was the idea that God abandons his chosen people when they forget to honor that covenant.
		The Council also excluded a number of other books that once were in circulation as part of the Writings portion of the Tanach, though it is not clear whether any of these were ever truly deemed scripture.
		Part of the reasoning behind the "written in Hebrew" requirement was surely the exclusion of Christian influenced works, as almost all of these were written in Greek.
	www.rotten.com.cob-web.org:8888 /library/religion/bible/historical-construction/co-opting-tanach (1165 words)

	canonicity
		The councils and people only recognized the fact they were the Word of God on an official basis.
		The Old Testament canon was not settled until the Council of Jamnia in A.D. 90, and then there was discussion until A.D. Most feel that Ezra's time was the actual beginning of the canon even though it wasn't set by a council until later.
		Such a council never met, but was the invention of 19th century scholars.
	www.open.org /~mrdsnts/d00350.htm (2432 words)

	THE OLD TESTAMENT BOOK OF DANIEL
		Faced with the rapid emergence of Christianity, they were believed to have held a Council in 96 AD to affirm the books traditional to Judaism.
		Jamnia used 4 criteria to determine which books should be retained for the canon of Hebrew Scripture: the book had to conform to the Pentateuch; it could not have been written after the time of Ezra (circa 400 BC); it had to be written in Hebrew; and it had to be written in Palestine.
		Even though half of Daniel was composed in Aramaic, Jamnia retained all of the book except the Song of the Three Young Men [3:24-90] and the Appendix - Chapters 13, which contained the beautiful story of Susanna, as well as Chapter 14, Bel and the Dragon.
	biblescripture.net /Daniel.html (12753 words)

	StayCatholic.com - The Canon of Scripture
		Secondly, the Jews didn't settle on the Palestinian canon until at least 90 AD at the Council of Jamnia.
		Ironically it was at the Council of Jamnia that the Jews also rejected the New Testament.
		They would have us believe that the Church councils that dealt with the canon were nothing more than bishops getting together to say "Wow, look at that." Once again, history tells us another story.
	www.staycatholic.com /the_canon_of_scripture.htm (774 words)

	In the Beginning: Bibles Before the Year 1000
		Council of Jamnia determines the canonical text of the Hebrew Bible, known as the "Masoretic" text
		First Council of Constantinople declares that that city exerts an equal authority in the East to that of Rome in the West
		Council of Ephesus condemns the views of Nestorius on the nature of Christ; Bishop Palladius is sent from Rome to believers in southern Ireland
	www.asia.si.edu /exhibitions/online/ITB/html/chronology.htm (828 words)

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