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Topic: Council of Sardica

	Council of Sardica - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		COUNCIL OF SARDICA, an ecclesiastical council convened in 343 by the emperors Constantius and Constans, to attempt a settlement of the Arian controversies, which were then at their height.
		The anticipated agreement, however, was not attained; and the result of the council was simply to embitter the relations between the two great religious parties, and those between the Western and Eastern halves of the Empire.
		Especial importance attaches to this council through the fact that Canons 3-5 invest the Roman bishop with a prerogative which became of great historical importance, as the first legal recognition of his jurisdiction over other sees and the basis for the further development of his primacy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Council_of_Sardica (450 words)

	Plenary Council
		Later usage has restricted the term plenary to those councils which are presided over by a delegate of the Apostolic See, who has received special power for that purpose, and which are attended by all the metropolitans and bishops of some commonwealth, empire, or kingdom, or by their duly accredited representatives.
		Synods of a somewhat similar nature (though approaching nearer to the idea of a general council) were the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314 (at which were present the Bishops of London, York, and Caerleon), and the Council of Sardica in 343 (whose canons were frequently cited as Nicene canons).
		Thus, the Councils of Milevis and Carthage condemned Pelagianism, and the Council of Orange (Arausicanum) Semipelagianism.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/p/plenary_council.html (1446 words)

	COUNCIL OF SARDICA - LoveToKnow Article on COUNCIL OF SARDICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		SARDICA, COUNCIL OF, an ecclesiastical council convened in 343 by the emperors Constantius and Constans, to attempt a settlement of the Arian controversies, which were then at their height.
		The anticipated agreement, however, was not attained; and the result of the council was simply to embitter the relations between the two great religious parties, and those between the Western and Eastern halves of the Empire.
		Especial importance attaches to this council through the fact that Canons 3-5 invest the Roman bishop with a prerogative which became of great historical importance, as the first legal recognition of his jurisdiction over other sees and the basis for the further development of his primacy.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SA/SARDICA_COUNCIL_OF.htm (462 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Sardica
		Athanasius and other bishops alternately condemned and vindicated by councils in the East and the West; desirous, also, of settling definitively the confusion arising from the many doctrinal formulæ in circulation, suggested that all such matters should be referred to a general council.
		Sardica: those from the East were not so numerous.
		The Eastern bishops -- although the council had been called expressly for the purpose of reopening the case in regard to those who had been excommunicated -- defended their conduct on the fictitious plea that one council could not revise the decisions of another.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13473a.htm (541 words)

	Ecumenical Councils and the rise and fall of the Church of Rome (Roman Catholic Church) - abelard
		The purpose of the council was twofold: reform of the Church and the recovery of the Holy Land.
		The Council of Vienne (fifteenth Ecumenical Council, 1311 – 1312, Templars).
		The Council of Trent (nineteenth Ecumenical Council, 1545 – 1563).
	www.abelard.org /councils/councils.htm (12628 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. IV
		After the Council of Nicaea, the Eusebian policy had been to oust the principal opponents from their sees on personal grounds, so as to pave the way for the abrogation of the Nicene formula.
		Circular letter of the Council, reciting the occasion of its assembling, the behaviour of the Eastern bishops, the violence inflicted by them upon orthodox bishops, the breakdown of the charges brought by them against Athanasius, and the purgation of Marcellus and Asclepas, who are pronounced innocent, while the Arian leaders are deposed and anathematised.
		Address to the Council by the Egyptian Bishop, complaining of the presence of partizan an judges, of the rejection of their evidence, and of the proposed constitution of the Mareotic Commission.
	www.godrules.net /library/fathers/pnf04s28.htm (1541 words)

	Council of Sardica
		In addition to this, censure was passed on the Easterns for having abandoned the council, and several of them were deposed and excommunicated.
		Though the form of the proposed creed was presented to the council, it was bit inserted in the encyclical addressed by the council to "all the bishops of the Catholic Church".
		These canons, with the other documents of the council, were sent to Pope Julius with a letter signed by the majority of the attending bishops.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/sardica,council_of.html (536 words)

	Newman Reader - Historical Tracts of St. Athanasius - 2
		But when the Council met without the Counts, and no soldiers were permitted to be present, they were confounded, and conscience-stricken, because they could no longer obtain what judgment they wished, but such only as reason and truth [Note 4] required.
		And let your charity also observe, that when {62} he came to the holy Council assembled at Sardica, the Bishops of the East were informed of the circumstance, as we said before, both by letter, and by injunctions conveyed by word of mouth, and were summoned [Note 15] by us to be present.
		The holy Council [Note 23], by the grace of God, assembled at Sardica, to their dearly beloved brethren, the Bishops and fellow-Ministers of the Catholic Church every where, sends health in the Lord.
	www.newmanreader.org /works/athanasius/historical/tract2-3.html (5308 words)

	Ecumenical Councils. Sardica Carthage Constantinople Carthage
		The Canons of the Synods of Sardica, Carthage, Constantinople, and Carthage
		Canon I. That the statutes of the Nicene Council are to be scrupulously observed.
		But if he is not willing to come to the annual general council, so that his cause may there be terminated, he himself shall be judged to have pronounced the sentence of his own condemnation at the time in which he does not communicate, nor shall he communicate either in his own church or diocese.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txud/counci38.htm (15116 words)

	Part I
		Letters of the Council of Sardica to the Churches of Egypt and of Alexandria, and to all Churches.
		And let your charity also observe, that when he came to the holy Council assembled at Sardica, the Bishops of the East were informed of the circumstance, as we said before, both by letter, and by injunctions conveyed by word of mouth, and were invited by us to be present.
		This is the letter which the Council of Sardica sent to those who were unable to attend, and they on the other hand gave their judgment in accordance; and the following are the names both of those Bishops who subscribed in the Council, and of the others also.
	www.coptnet.com /Fathers/27/v27p7.htm (15032 words)

	[No title]
		As approved in amplified form at the Council of Constantinople (381), it is the profession of the Christian Faith common to the Catholic Church, to all the Eastern Churches separated from Rome, and to most of the Protestant denominations.
		There were at least four before the Council of Sardica in 341, and in that council a new form was presented and inserted in the Acts, though not accepted by the council.
		Whatever be its origin, the fact is that the Council of Chalcedon (451) attributed it to the Council of Constantinople, and if it was not actually composed in that council, it was adopted and authorized by the Fathers assembled as a true expression of the Faith.
	www.angelfire.com /ar/atay/NICAEA/NiceneCreed.html (728 words)

	St. Athanasius, Arianism, and the Holy See Rome Papacy
		The council gave peace and communion to Athanasius and Marcellus, the orthodoxy of the latter being warmly upheld by Athanasius and Julius.
		The Council had met at his desire, and it is highly probable that the canons proposed to the Council by Hosius had been previously drawn up in Rome, under the direction of Pope Julius.
		It is certainly true that the Council had no intention of doing anything so "impertinent." They did not mention this right in the canon, but they assumed it in other documents, and their whole case against their opponents depended upon it.
	www.bringyou.to /apologetics/num51.htm (7296 words)

	Creeds of Christendom - ancient creeds
		Usually associated with the Council of Constantinople this symbol is an expansion and revision of the earlier Creed of Nicaea with which it is often confused.
		The Council of Orange dealt with the Semi-Pelagian doctrine that the human race, though fallen and possessed of a sinful nature, is still "good" enough to able to lay hold of the grace of God through an act of unredeemed human will.
		As you read the Canons of the Council of Orange, you will be able to see where John Calvin derived his views of the total depravity of the human race.
	www.creeds.net /ancient (600 words)

	Newman Reader - Historical Tracts of St. Athanasius - 8
		While these things were taking place, a report of the Council held at Rome, and of the proceedings against the Churches at Alexandria, and through all the East, came to the hearing of the Emperor Constans [Note 3].
		He writes to his brother Constantius, and immediately they both determine [Note 4] that a Council shall be called, and matters be brought to a settlement, so that those who had been injured may be released from further suffering, and the injurious be no longer able to perpetrate such outrages.
		And the holy Council, which had been assembled out of more than five and thirty provinces [Note 11], perceiving the malice of the Arians, admitted the Athanasian party to answer to the charges which they had brought against them, and to declare the sufferings which they had undergone.
	www.newmanreader.org /works/athanasius/historical/tract8-3.html (2737 words)

	St. Pachomius Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Local Council of Orange, 529: The purpose of this Western Council was to condemn the Semi-Pelagian heresy, but most Orthodox feel it went too far and reject it.
		SEVENTH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL, Nicæa, 787: Endorsed the veneration of ikons.
		Imperial Council of Constantinople, 879-880: Rehabilitated Photius, condemned the Filioque.
	www.voskrese.info /spl/Xcouncil.html (342 words)

	council
		Council of Vienne, 1311-13: Among other matters, dealt with alleged heresies of the Knights Templar, and with the suppression of heretical sects like the Beguines.
		Sacrosancta (extract): Declares the Council's authority superior to that of the papacy.
		Council of Basle, Ferara, and Florence, 1430s: An attempt to reform the Church and to reunify East and West; the great Byzantine theologian Mark of Ephesus was present, and later led Eastern opposition to the reunion.
	mahan.wonkwang.ac.kr /link/med/christianity/churchcouncils/council.htm (739 words)

	COUNCIL OF SARDICA - Online Information article about COUNCIL OF SARDICA
		council convened in 343 by the emperors See also:
		The anticipated agreement, however, was not attained; and the result of the council was simply to embitter the relations between the two See also:
		Zosimus unsuccessfully attempted to employ these canons of Sardica, as decisions of the council of See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SAC_SAR/SARDICA_COUNCIL_OF.html (641 words)

	Medieval Europe eBook
		It is in the acts of the Council of Sardica (343 A.D.) that we find the first explicit recognition of the Pope as an arbiter and (we may almost say) a judge of appeal.
		This council was merely a gathering of Western bishops, and the canons which it passed were never accepted by the Church of Africa.
		But for some time after the Council of Sardica the new prerogative was used with the greatest caution.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/6369/51.html (467 words)

	The Council of Nicaea (Nicea) and the Bible
		Some people seem to think that the council, which was the first council of all the Bishops of the Christian Church, either invented the New Testament, or edited it to remove references to reincarnation (or whatever) or burned large numbers of heretical works, or whatever.
		After the council, Constantine ordered the burning of the works of Arius and his sympathisers, and the exile of himself and his supporters, and followed this later in his reign by action against Christian schismatics and gnostic heretics.
		This council condemned the propositions known as Origenism, and with them the pagan idea of the transmigration of souls (not reincarnation), which some writers had picked up as a technical idea from Greek philosophy without realising all the implications.
	www.tertullian.org /rpearse/nicaea.html (4771 words)

	Council of Sardica -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Council of Sardica -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		However, fearing domination of the council by Western bishops, many Eastern bishops left the council to hold another council in (An ancient city in southern Bulgaria; commercial center of an agricultural region) Philippopolis.
		Sardica produced 21 (A contrapuntal piece of music in which a melody in one part is imitated exactly in other parts) canon.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/council_of_sardica.htm (146 words)

	Seven Ecumenical Councils - Nicene & Post-Nicene, Series 2 - Writing of the Early Church Fathers on StudyLight.org
		The Canons of the Councils of Ancyra, Gangra Neocaesarea, Antioch and Laodicea
		The Fourth Ecumenical Council.; The Council of Chalcedon
		Excursus on the Reception of the Seventh Council
	www.studylight.org /his/ad/ecf/pos/sevenecumenicalcouncils (1137 words)

	Council of Sardica 343 A.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Council of Sardica 343 A.D. Council of Sardica: Canon 5, 343 A.D. Sardica was the first synod which asserted, in some sense, Roman primacy in the Church
		But if he think that the bishops are sufficient for the examination and decision of the matter let him do what shall seem good in his most prudent judgment.
		But if he believe that the bishops suffice to give a final decision, he shall do what he shall termine upon in his most wise judgment.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/ChurchHistory220/lectureone/Sardica.htm (169 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1052 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		[athanasius.] He was probably afterwards present at the Council of Tyre, a.
		347, withdrew from the Council of Sardica, and formed the rival Council of Philippopolis ; and was among those on whom the Council of Sardica passed sentence of condemnation and deposition.
		He assisted at the Council of Sirmium and the deposition of Photinus, a.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3386.html (852 words)

	CHURCH FATHERS: Council of Sardica (A.D. 344)
		From thence he went through Gaul to Sardica, and thus it is quite possible that that Synod might have begun in the autumn of 343.
		Now, however, chiefly owing to the investigations of the Ballerini and of Spittler, the unanimous opinion of scholars—so says Hefele—is that the canons were originally drawn up in both languages, intended as they were for both Latins and Greeks.
		It will also be well to bear in mind that they were received by the Greeks as of Ecumenical authority by the Council in Trullo, and as such are contained in the body of the Greek Canon Law.
	www.newadvent.org /fathers/3815.htm (5831 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Ser. II, Vol. II: The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticus.: Of the Council ...
		their case, as well as other questions in relation to the faith might be settled by an ecumenical council, for they made it obvious that their deposition arose from no other cause than that the faith might be the more easily perverted.
		Another general council was therefore summoned to meet at Sardica,—a city of Illyricum,—by the joint authority of the two emperors; the one requesting by letter that it might be so, and the other, of the East, readily acquiescing in it.
		Athanasius’ statement is that those who were present at the Council of Sardica, together with those who afterwards subscribed the Synodical Epistle sent to them and those who before the council had written in his behalf out of Phrygia, Asia, and Isauria, were in all about three hundred and forty.
	www.sacred-texts.com /chr/ecf/202/2020070.htm (658 words)

	Church Fathers Volume 37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The holy synod assembled in Sardica from various provinces decreed as follows.
		I remember that in a former council our brethren decreed that if any layman did not attend divine service in a city in which he was staying three Sundays, that is, for three weeks, he should be deprived of communion.
		If then this has been decreed in the case of laymen, it is far less lawful and fitting that a bishop, if there be no grave necessity detaining him, should be absent from his church longer than the time above written.
	www.catholicfirst.com /thefaith/churchfathers/volume37/ecouncil3717.cfm (3465 words)

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