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Topic: Council of Wales and the Marches

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	WALES - LoveToKnow Article on WALES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hybrid place-names are occasionally to be met with in the colonized portions of Wales, as in Gelliswick (a combination of the Celtic gelhi, a hazel grove, and the Norse wick, a haven), and in Fletherhill, where the English suffix hill is practically a translation of the Celtic prefix.
		The great South Wales coalfield, one of the largest in the kingdom, covers the greater part of Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire, the south-eastern corner of Carmarthenshire, and a small portion of south Pembrokeshire, and the quality of its coal is especially suitable for smelting purposes and for use in steamships.
		By far the larger portion of Wales is purely agricultural in character, and much of the valley land is particularly fertile, notably the Vale of Glamorgan, the Vale of Clwyd and the valleys of the Towy, the Teifi, the Usk and the Wye, which have long been celebrated for their rich pastures.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WA/WALES.htm (12920 words)

	Acts of Union 1536-1543 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Acts of Union 1536–1543 were a series of parliamentary measures by which Wales was annexed to England and the norms of English administration introduced in order to create a single state and a single legal jurisdiction, which is frequently referred to as England and Wales.
		The rest of Wales, except for the county of Flint which was part of the principality, and the royal lordships of Glamorgan and Pembroke, was made up of numerous small lordships, each with its own courts, laws, and other customs.
		To deal with this there was a revival of the Council of Wales and the Marches which had been established in the reign of Edward IV.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acts_of_Union_1536-1543 (1051 words)

	History of Wales -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Wales was divided into a number of separate territories, and for a single man to rule the whole country at this period was rare, the first to do so being (additional info and facts about Rhodri Mawr) Rhodri Mawr, during the (additional info and facts about 9th century) 9th century.
		In later centuries, parts of Wales became heavily industrialised, and the social effects of (The development of industry on an extensive scale) industrialisation led to bitter social conflict between the Welsh workers and the English factory owners.
		Wales was officially de-annexed from England within the United Kingdom in 1955, with the term "England" being replaced with " (additional info and facts about England and Wales) England and Wales".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_wales.htm (937 words)

	Wales. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Wales is bounded by the Irish Sea (N), by the Bristol Channel (S), by the English counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire (E), and by Cardigan Bay and St. George’s Channel (W).
		The strong hold of evangelical Protestantism on Wales was to make the establishment of the Church of England there the dominant question in Welsh politics in the later 19th cent.; one of the last acts of Parliament that applied to Wales alone was the disestablishment of the church in 1914.
		The distress of rural Wales was dramatically evidenced in the Rebecca Riots of 1843, when poor farmers destroyed toll booths, and in the emigration of large numbers of Welshmen, many to the United States.
	www.bartleby.com /65/wa/Wales.html (1832 words)

	Welsh literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Wales did not really have any towns of great significance at this time which could have acted as centres for the type of society where such ideas and movments flourish.
		But the renaissance did hit Wales in no uncertain terms, and that due to the commitment of certain individuals, both Protestant and Catholic, in ensuring that the Welsh language would be part of this new movement.
		He served as secretary of the Council of Wales and the Marches and he was also one of the officers responsible for administrating the dissolution of the monasteries in the area.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/W/Welsh-literature.htm (1910 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Books \| The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles 1093-1343, by ...
		Rowland Lee, bishop of Lichfield (1534-43), president of the Council of Wales and the Marches and arch-exponent of the virtues of terror as the means to obedience, had no doubt that the Welsh failed the litmus test of political maturity.
		When the papacy declared in 1222 that there was an objectionable custom in Wales whereby the son of the handmaiden shared the inheritance with the legitimate child, such a view would have found warm endorsement in English circles (where the government showed its intolerant zeal on the issue in a famous ruling in 1236).
		It is no surprise, therefore, that at the conquest of Wales in 1284 the ban on the rights of inheritance of illegitimate males (as they were regarded by English law) was legislatively endorsed by Edward I. As such, ecclesiastical morality and English civility marched conveniently together hand in hand.
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/books/story/0,10595,633909,00.html (6537 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Wales
		The name Wales has been given to this country not by its inhabitants but by the Teutonic occupiers of England, and means "the territory of the alien race".
		One opinion is that Wales consists of twelve particular counties, and that its eastern boundary is identical with that of the eastern-most of those twelve counties.
		The bards' favourite subjects were the Blessed Virgin, the national saints, the rosary, the roods (calvaries) in the churches, the Mass, the abbeys, and the shrines of the city of Rome.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15532a.htm (5393 words)

	UK, Wales, Environment, Landscape, Conservation: Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales: Press Notices / ...
		Rural Wales Awards are given by CPRW in recognition of good environmental practice, designs which take the landscape into consideration, the restoration of important landscape features or the promotion of better environmental awareness and understanding and are sponsored by the Post Office for Wales and the Marches.
		Carmarthenshire County Council acquired the reserve from the Water Board in 1990 and a master plan was produced to develop the area into a Country Park for the enjoyment of the local community and visitors.
		The Campaign for the Protection of Rural Wales is a charity which aims to secure the protection and improvement of the rural landscape and the amenities of towns and villages in Wales, whilst recognising the importance of its indigenous cultures.
	www.cprw.org.uk /press/pn220699.htm (588 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		His chief instrument of government was the royal council, which had in the fifteenth century been dominated by the nobles and was consequently ineffective.
		Members of the council were chosen by the king, and Henry picked an able group to assist him, both clergymen and laymen.
		Yet he was hampered by his own difficult personality, which antagonized his colleagues on the council and which became even more of a handicap as the exercise of power tempted him into the use of arbitrary methods.
	www.colorado.edu /English/Ball/tudorhist.html (15437 words)

	icWales
		WALES' anti-nuclear politicians were told last night to grasp the nettle and accept a new generation of power stations needs to be built to meet a growing global energy gap.
		MATTHEW WATKINS is the strike-runner Wales need to rescue their autumn campaign when they go head-to-head with Australia at the Millennium Stadium on Saturday.
		WALES' first attempt at hosting the Royal Variety Performance was such a success that producers are interested in bringing it back again.
	icwales.icnetwork.co.uk (252 words)

	Australia Day Council New South Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Re-enactments of Phillip's landing continued to be an accepted part of Australia Day ceremonies around the country and it wasn't until the Bicentennial in 1988 that the New South Wales government refused to condone a re-enactment as part of their official proceedings.
		In 1995, the recipient of the inaugural National Australia Day Council's Community of the Year Award was the Jawoyn Association, recognising a decade of achievement by the traditional owners of the Katherine region in the Northern Territory.
		The green is said to represent the land and the blue sea, the fl line and the dharri head dress the people and the five pointed star the five island groups.
	www.australiaday.com.au /indigenous.html (3516 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Wales \| City marches against racism
		The march stopped for a two-minute silence outside the Potters Wheel pub, where Mr Karim was attacked, and flowers were left on the railings.
		The march had the backing of the local council, Wales TUC, and members of the Welsh assembly.
		Swansea council leader Chris Holley and AMs Andrew Davies and Leanne Wood were among those addressing the demonstrators.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/uk_news/wales/3728360.stm (257 words)

	GENUKI: Wales
		National Synod of Wales The National Synod of Wales of the United Reformed Church, is one of thirteen Synods that cover England, Wales and Scotland.
		Maps of England and Wales in 1643 (808k) and Maps of England and Wales 1660-1892 (479k) which were obtained courtesy of Ancestry, who retain copyright and reserve all rights in them.
		The Royal Regiment of Wales was formed in 1969 by the amalgamation of two of Wales' most famous and distinguished regiments, namely The South Wales Borderers (24th Foot) and The Welch Regiment (41st/69th Foot).
	www.genuki.org.uk:8080 /big/wal (6531 words)

	Cambrian Caving Council
		The Cambrian Caving Council is the National Association for caving in the Principality, of caving clubs or similar organisations therein, or with major speleological or establishments therein.
		It represents their interests in Wales, The Marches and the Forest of Dean on a regional basis within the UK context, whilst maintaining its position as an independent autonomous body within the Principality.
		The Council was formed in January 1969, its first members being 21 caving clubs with major interests or confirmed establishments in the region, i.e.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /nca/ccc.htm (675 words)

	Welsh Marches. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Norman barons were encouraged by William’s successors to conquer and hold other earldoms in the east of Wales.
		These nobles ruled as petty feudal princes, owing allegiance only to the king.
		Attempts to control the resulting lawlessness were made by Edward I and by Edward IV, who set up the Council of Wales and the Marches in 1471.
	www.bartleby.com /65/we/WelshMar.html (164 words)

	Australia Day Council New South Wales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A march of thirteen thousand trade unionists culminated in the laying of the foundation stone for a new Trades Hall and many religious services were held.
		From its inception, the NSW council encouraged 'grass roots' celebrations, working primarily with the 177 local government authorities in the promotion of the celebration of Australia Day.
		By 26 January 1988, the community was really ready to fulfil the NSW Bicentennial Council's logo 'Let's Celebrate' and the world saw a 'spirited and emotional country' as Australians enjoyed the spectacular events on and around Sydney Harbour and across the country.
	www.australiaday.com.au /history.html (5920 words)

	Llawhaden Castle
		They also owned "inns", or great houses, in London and in Ludlow, where the Council of Wales and the Marches took place.
		Their palaces in West Wales fell into ruin and they abandoned their great castle at Llawhaden.
		She welcomes any and all questions concerning the castles of Britain, and invites people to visit her web site or contact her directly via e-mail at: castlesu@aol.com.
	www.castlewales.com /lahw.html (983 words)

	TimeRef - History Timelines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		At the Christmas Council William ordered the creation of survey of property with their values and populations county by county covering most of England.
		The revolt in the Welsh Marches was dealt with by Bishop Wulfstan.
		On the last day of the council Pope Urban II preached about the oppression being inflicted on the Christians in the Middle East by the Muslim Seljuks.
	www.btinternet.com /~timeref/hstt43.htm (1583 words)

	FTA in Wales
		A £2.3 million campaign to revitalise ancient woodlands in Wales was launched by environment minister Carwyn Jones at the Royal Welsh Show in July, saying, "It will leave a permanent mark on the history of woodlands in Wales".
		ROFI is supported by Coed Cadw (Woodland Trust), the Countryside Council for Wales and FTA.
		FTA chairman Wales, Tim Kirk, said, "FTA in Wales broadly welcomes this initiative, and is pleased that the tone is less strident than the FC statement on ancient and native woodlands in England.
	www.forestryandtimber.org /html/contact/wales.html (1103 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		President of the Council of Wales and the Marches.
		John Henry Newman (Fellow 1822-45), one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement and later Cardinal; a major theological influence upon the Second Vatican Council.
		John Keble (Fellow 1811-35), poet, priest and saintly leader of the Oxford Movement; preached the famous "Assize Sermon" on "National Apostasy" (1833) which began the Tractarian revival in the Church of England.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~orie0849/history.htm (2251 words)

	The Marches Line from Shrewsbury and Hereford to Newport
		To access the main site select either the North Wales, The Marches, and Chepstow-Swansea section, the Heart of Wales, Swansea and West Wales section, or the full version which combines the two.
		Close by is Stokesay Castle (left), a 13th century mansion whose half-timbered gatehouse is decorated with a depiction of Adam and Eve.
		was the first community in Wales to be given New Town status in 1949, since when it has expanded to become the sixth largest conurbation in the principality.
	members.aol.com /Walesrails/hton.htm (991 words)

	Not everyone knows this.... [2]
		An Act of Supremacy obliges the clergy in England and Wales to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as head of the church
		The Court of the Council of Wales and the Marches established by Edward IV ' to restrain the wild Welchmanne' began regular sittings at Ludlow Castle.
		Wales became subject to pressures to conform to the English practice relating to surnames---Welsh could no longer be used for official or legal purposes.
	home.clara.net /tirbach/HelpPagepearls6.html (12830 words)

	Y Drych Digidol - Deunydd Print - Yny lhyvyr hwnn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		And Professor Denys Hay, a distinguished historian from this city's university, has suggested that the printed book, together with the radio set, must necessarily mean the death of the Celtic languages.
		His advance in office was rapid: notary public, registrar-general in ecclesiastical causes, registrar of Salisbury, a visitor of the monasteries and later of the chantries, secretary of the King's Council in Wales and the Marches from 1540 onwards.
		This paper is printed virtually as delivered to a Sectional Meeting of the Third International Congress of Celtic Studies at Edinburgh, 28 July 1967; the chairman of the meeting was Mr E. Jones, Librarian of the National Library of Wales.
	www.llgc.org.uk /drych/drych_c034.htm (4990 words)

	The Sidneys of Penshurst Place
		Her brothers-in-law Ambrose and Robert were confined to the Tower of London but Henry Sidney and his wife escaped any implications.
		During the realm of Elizabeth I Henry was appointed Lord President of Wales and later vice-treasurer of Ireland.
		He served as president of the council of Wales and of the Marches.
	home.freeuk.com /sidsoft/thesidneys.html (2346 words)

	Photo Gallery
		Supposedly, poor old Henry VI died of "pure displeasure and melancholy’" after hearing of the death of his son Edward, Prince of Wales, at the Battle of Tewkesbury the day before...
		The great abbey church seen today was rebuilt in the late 13th century under patronage of a later Lord of Chepstow, Roger Bigod.
		At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII in 1536, Tintern was the richest abbey in Wales.
	members.shaw.ca /kblackley/tripgallery.htm (1870 words)

	Welsh Marches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Welsh firefighters march on London.(News) (Wales On Sunday (Cardiff, Wales))
		Rugby Union: '88 March of Doom NZ tour was cause of Welsh rugby's problems.(Sport) (Wales On Sunday (Cardiff, Wales))
		WELSH MARCH is back in punters' good books.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0851832.html (260 words)

	[No title]
		Submitted by: Deborah Keser Llawhaden Castle 10m E of Havorfordwest, Pembrokeshire, south Wales Location map link for Llawhaden Castle Copyright 1998 by Lise Hull William the Conqueror not only brought feudalism to his new kingdom.
		RICHd M: WILLIAM D Proton.ibm [I have tried to type this just as it is written---the different spellings of Davis/David/Davies are just as written in the book by HAD] Sdw 8/5/98 [Mdkk.ged] GEN: 2 NOTE _FTNMEMO Her father may have been William or Francis Howell, who moved to Pennsylvania.
		[The Davis Family in Wales & America, Harry Alexander Davis] 8/5/98 [sdw] Catherine David was a witness for the defendant, 5 4 mo 1688 in the case of Henry James vs James Brown,, Defend.
	www.geocities.com /quosac/GED/kincheloe2.txt (8175 words)

	No and Low Carbon Technologies in Mobile Homes
		The Mid and South West Wales EEAC is a partner in a new project funded by the Energy Saving Trust's Innovation Programme.
		The partnership comprises Powys County Council, Herefordshire County Council, Mid Wales Energy Agency, Marches Energy Agency, Herefordshire, Shropshire and Stoke EEAC and MSWWEEAC.
		Mobile Home owners and park owners will be able to benefit from a variety of measures.
	www.ecocentre.org.uk /no-and-low-carbon-technologies-in-mobile-homes.html (201 words)

	West and Wales Web
		There are many interesting web sites about Wales and Welsh language, history, sport and culture; these links will take you to a wealth of information from Welsh sites around the world.
		If you have a favourite Welsh or Wales or Marches-related site that you would like us to add to this list, please email us with the details and URL so that we can add it to this page or to some other appropriate part of our site!
		So that we can keep this information as up-to-date as possible we would also appreciate hearing about any links which have changed or which are no longer working.
	www.westwales.co.uk /others/others.htm (606 words)

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