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	Benjamin Thompson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (in German: Reichsgraf von Rumford), (26 March 1753 - 21 August 1814), was an Anglo-American physicist and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics.
		During his work he also invented the Rumford Soup, a nutritious soup for the poor, and established the cultivation of the potato in Bavaria.
		He endowed the Rumford medals of the Royal Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and endowed a professorship at Harvard University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Count_Rumford (1158 words)

	Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rumford spied for the British in the American Revolution, and was forced to flee from America to England 1776.
		Rumford devised the domestic range - the 'fire in a box' - and fireplaces incorporating all the features now considered essential in open fires and chimneys, such as the smoke shelf and damper.
		Rumford was born in Massachusetts and was self-educated.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/R/Rumford/1.html (257 words)

	Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He was knighted in 1784 and in 1791 was created count of the Holy Roman Empire.
		In contrast to the prevalent belief that heat was a substance, he presented, in a paper (1798) to the Royal Society, the theory that heat was produced by the motion of particles.
		He founded the Royal Institution in England, established the Rumford medal of the Royal Society, and founded the Rumford professorship of chemistry at Harvard.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/Rumford.html (212 words)

	HOS: Mechanical Theory of Heat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rumford's conclusion was that the mechanical motion of the borer was being converted to heat and that heat was therefore a form of motion, a view that had been groped toward for a century and more by such men as Francis Bacon, Boyle, and Hooke.
		Rumford made no pretense of knowing "by what mechanical contrivance that particular kind of motion in bodies which is supposed to constitute heat is excited, continued and propagated." This problem, however, was only a matter of detail within the overall framework of mechanism.
		Rumford himself was quick to recall the case of Newton who, while not claiming to know the ultimate cause of gravity, nevertheless considered his discoveries genuine mechanical laws.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/heat.html (3964 words)

	The Life and Legend of Count Rumford
		Controversy was as much a part of Rumford’s life as was brilliance and achievement, so it’s not easy to picture this flamboyant figure in the simple setting of the farmhouse on Elm Street that was his birthplace.
		A bronze statue of Count Rumford commissioned by the king of Bavaria in 1867 stands on Maximilian Strasse as testimony to the gratitude of the citizens of Munich.
		Count Rumford in 1796 gave $5,000 each to the Royal Society of Great Britain and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to award medals every two years for outstanding scientific research on heat or light.
	www.middlesexcanal.org /docs/rumford.htm (798 words)

	Rumford, Brown and the Rumford Mosaic
		Rumford retired to the Parisian suburb of Auteuil, where he turned his whole attention to scientific subjects and wrote papers on a wide range of topics.
		She notes 'that the achievements and adventures of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, were one of Sandy's lifelong enthusiams, and that he published a biography of this interesting gent.'[5] Holleman's rendition of Professor Brown's 1962 study may be seen in the mosaic under Thompson's left hand.
		Rumford's cannon-boring experiment for demonstrating that heat comes not from the transfer of caloric but from friction of a dull boring tool rotating against the inside of an unfinished barrel.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1995/King_Rumford.html (2053 words)

	Print This \| This Old House (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Rumford fireplace, built in the sanctuary where the altar used to be, was to be the focal point of the enormous living room.
		In the mid-1700s, Count Rumford (born Benjamin Thompson in Woburn, Massachusetts), the fireplace's creator and namesake, realized that the only useful heat generated by a fireplace is radiant heat, and that in traditional fireplaces, much of this heat mixes with smoke and goes right up the chimney.
		Count Rumford designed a fireplace with a high, wide opening, a shallow firebox and widely splayed jambs to reflect as much radiant heat out into the room as possible.
	www.thisoldhouse.com /toh/print/0,17071,212539,00.html (504 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Count Rumford was born in 1753 in Worburn MA.
		Count Rumford, on the other hand, designed a fireplace with slanted side walls and a sloped back wall which produced more radiant heat.
		Rumford design fireplaces are generally appreciated for their tall classic elegance and their heating efficiency.
	www.mpmmasonry.com /products.html (322 words)

	Report: Rumford
		Rumford demonstrated that if the boring tools were dull and no metals were ground to chips that supposedly contained caloric, heat continued to pour out.
		Rumford is particularly known for his investigations of the nature of heat.
		In 1779 Rumford was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1799 he suggested the establishment of the Royal Institution, which was chartered the next year by King George III of Great Britain.
	members.aol.com /shodaw3/physics/report.html (1376 words)

	No. 4: Count Rumford
		In 1792 he was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire, and he took the name of his old town of Rumford.
		Of course, Rumford's radical discovery flew in the teeth of the caloric theory.
		When Rumford returned to England and France, he became involved in a four-year affair with Lavoisier's widow that ended in a disastrous and short-lived marriage.
	www.uh.edu /admin/engines/epi4.htm (434 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / Magazine
		Count Rumford was born plain Benjamin Thompson on a modest Massachusetts farm in 1753.
		Count Rumford’s fame in Bavaria rested in large part upon his social reforms, and by these achievements he was known as well to the rest of Europe, but his permanent reputation depends much more upon his scientific work, much of which he carried through while serving the Elector.
		The Count went on to obtain a figure for the mechanical equivalent of heat, that is, the amount of mechanical work required to raise a given quantity of water a single degree.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1956/1/1956_1_74.shtml (3807 words)

	Rumford, Count (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As might be expected, he rose rapidly in the confidence of the Bavarian monarch, who created him Count Rumford, the name being chosen by Thompson himself out of regard for the New Hampshire town in which he formerly lived.
		In 1795 Rumford revisited London and was received with much attention by the various learned societies.
		Count Rumford also investigated the problem of draught in fireplaces and chimneys.
	www.factopia.com /aiton-encyclopedia-vol4/rumford-count-scientist.htm (425 words)

	About Rumford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The town was named in honor of Count Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson), one of the original proprietors.
		Rumford is the birthplace of Edmund S. Muskie, Governor of Maine (1954-1958), U.S. Senator from Maine (1959-1980) and U.S. Secretary of State during the Carter Administration (1980-1981).
		Rumford, with a population of 7,078 (1990 Census), is located in Northern Oxford County at the foothills of White Mountains.
	www.ume.maine.edu /EConsortium/_Rumforddisc7/00000004.htm (210 words)

	Count Rumford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ount Rumford, for whom the Rumford fireplace is named, was born Benjamin Thompson in Woburn, Massachusetts in 1753 and, because he was a loyalist, he left (abruptly) with the British in 1776.
		He spent much of his life as an employee of the Bavarian government where he received his title, "Count of the Holy Roman Empire." Rumford is known primarily for the work he did on the nature of heat.
		Count Rumford, Sanborn Brown, and the Rumford Mosaic by Allen King*
	www.rumford.com /Rumford.html (226 words)

	Contracted to a Rumford: The Rumford Fireplace
		Count Rumford was born an American but he became a loyalist and fled the country with the British.
		Instead of using the large fireplaces then popular, Rumford decided that small fireplaces with small intense fires with their sides arranged with widely angled coving to radiate as much heat as possible were the ideal shape.
		By 1854 Rumford fireplaces were regarded by the famous American writer, Thoreau, along with plaster walls and Venetian blinds as among the comforts taken for granted by civilized men.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/jane_austen/111170 (509 words)

	Product Information - Rumford Fireplaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ever the scientist, Count Rumford switched from thermodynamics to aerodynamics and developed the smooth streamlined throat that became a unique feature of his fireplace.
		The tall firebox and streamlined throat have an additional beneficial effect which Count Rumford could never have imagined: by keeping the smoke at a higher temperature for a longer time, more particulate is burned, making Rumfords one of the few clean-burning masonry fireplaces.
		Our Rumford fireplace system consists of a set of modular components that faithfully incorporate Count Rumford's principles while greatly simplifying the design and construction of perfect fireplaces.
	www.mcnear.com /rf_info.html (450 words)

	Count Rumford corner fireplace (from RimJournal: art and adobe brick, Mexico, the American Southwest, poetry, fiction ...
		Count Rumford was born in Massachusetts, but he returned to England during the American Revolution.
		A Rumford fireplace is shallow with a tall front opening (3 times the depth) to allow maximum radiation of the heat before it is lost up the chimney.
		Rumford Fireplaces is an extensive site on Count Rumford fireplaces, plus information and links on related topics.
	www.rimjournal.com /mudhouse/fireplac.htm (747 words)

	UCL > STS > Dr Hasok Chang > HPSC B218 > Virtual Nicholson3 > Scott
		Indeed, I write on behalf of the Count, as I feel his scientific work is discredited by those who distrust his character, rather than those who have given the mechanical theory of heat a fair trial.
		Rumford's detailed and clinically precise series of experiments involving cannon boring leaves no doubt in my mind that the material theroy of heat can be contradicted; as Rumford 'succesfully shows that air has no relation to the release of heat'.
		Rumford also illustrates in his paper that the transfer of heat can be compared with the theory of light and the transmission of sound, believing in an ether through which a longitudinal vibration may travel.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /sts/chang/nicholson/Scott.htm (2576 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 1753-1814 Mémoires sur la chaleur.
		American-born physicist (Best-known for his cannon experiments showing heat to be a mode of motion, thereby disproving prevalent notion of heat as fluid material substance (caloric); endowed Rumford professorship, Harvard, also Rumford medal of Royal Society and American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1796).
		These are primarily papers of the Countess Rumford, although this collection should also contain Thirteen letters from the Count to Colonel Loammi Baldwin between 1775 and 1800; "Pictet Collection," bound in fl leather volume.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/712.html (450 words)

	Benjamin Thompson -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (26 March 1753 - 21 August 1814), was an (An American who was born in England or whose ancestors were English) Anglo-American (A scientist trained in physics) physicist.
		During his work he also invented the Rumford Soup, a nutritious soup for the poor, and established the cultivation of the (An edible tuber native to South America; a staple food of Ireland) potato in Bavaria.
		In 1791 he was named a count of the (The lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe) Holy Roman Empire.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/benjamin_thompson.htm (762 words)

	NewStandard: 11/13/99
		Rumford's design uses principles of aerodynamics and the Venturi effect -- the phenomenon of fluids, including air, accelerating as they're squeezed through a constricted opening -- to make the fireplace more efficient, explains Todd McClave.
		By going back to Rumford's writings, Buckley was able to weed out some of the bad information disseminated over the years by people who tried to improve on Rumford's design without fully understanding it.
		Rumfords are a little more expensive to install than conventional masonry fireplaces because of the craftsmanship involved, he says.
	www.s-t.com /daily/11-99/11-13-99/t07ho135.htm (895 words)

	UCL > STS > Dr Hasok Chang > HPSC B218 > Virtual Nicholson2 > Paracelsus
		In my humble opinion, what makes Count Rumford's observations puzzling, are the high temperatures he claims to have observed and his, and Mr Davy's expressed belief that caloric cannot account for the lack of diminution when caloric is liberated from a body.
		Rumford states that his machinery "could be driven by the force of one horse" but does not go on to be explicit as to what meaning he uses for 'force'
		I do not feel that Rumford's demonstration that the chips and bulk metal have the same specific heat at the same temperature is not entirely complete enough to refute the caloric idea of heat being developed by friction.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /sts/chang/nicholson/Paracelsus.htm (1675 words)

	No. 1165: Count Rumford
		When he was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire he did a surprising thing -- he took the name of the town he'd once fled -- the name of Rumford.
		Rumford's results flew in the face of the caloric theory.
		Count Rumford had, indeed, been instrumental in driving caloric off the stage, and setting a foundation for the first law of thermodynamics.
	www.uh.edu /admin/engines/epi1165.htm (515 words)

	Rumford Fireplaces -- Who was this Count Rumford fellow?
		Here's a Rumford cooking fireplace that would be at home in many old-house kitchens.
		The Rumfords were for heat, of course, but you didn't necessarily want the fireplace you cooked on to heat your house.
		Indeed, this fireplace is a Rumford fireplace and has an efficient, rounded throat and smaller flue than its 1760 ancestor.
	www.oldhouseweb.com /oldhouse/content/1999/jan/rumford/cooking.asp (374 words)

	ON BENEFITS OF THERMODYNAMICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rumford was Advisor to the Elector, and Expert in Thermodynamics.
		Rumford's Cooking-range was a better and more versatile construction than my gas fireplace which does not contain sunk-in places, so has a lot of heat loss.
		But Rumford experiences that this higher temperature can be maintained by boring (until the whole hole is not ready; then boring stops for practical reasons).
	www.rmki.kfki.hu /~lukacs/RUMFORD.htm (4236 words)

	New Statesman: Rumford's admirers believed his soup could change the world - Count Rumford - includes recipe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Count Rumford's soup was a radical but now forgotten invention which proposed, 200 years ago, to eliminate world hunger.
		Its inventor, Benjamin Thompson, aka Count Rumford, (1753-1814), is the father of all modern soup-kitchens.
		Rumford believed the basic nutrient element of food was water - but only water decomposed by the action of cooking.
	calbears.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FQP/is_n4395_v127/ai_21125409 (650 words)

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