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Topic: Counter Reformation

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Counter-Reformation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI (1492-1503), exploded in the Reformation under Pope Leo X (1513-1522), whose campaign to raise funds in the German states to rebuild St. While there were always reform efforts going on within the Church (as well as efforts to persecute those deemed heretical) both before and during the lifetime of Martin Luther, it was Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 that intensified both the reforms and the persecutions. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Counter-Reformation   (2408 words)

The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Counter-Reformation It would be a misrepresentation of the heroes of the Counter-Reformation to describe their reforms as having differed from those of the older opponents of Protestantism, except in degree, in earnestness, thoroughness, adaptability to altered circumstances, etc. Their predecessors had been clear in the condemnation and punishment of error. For the principles of the Protestant Reformation are to Catholics principles leading to deformation and to the perpetuation of abuses, such as the subservience of Church to State, or the marriage of the clergy, to say nothing of doctrinal error. Even if our Catholic reform had been altogether posterior to the Protestant, we could not admit that our reform movement owed its motive power or its line of action to the latter, in the way that modern reform movements among Orientals are due to the influence of European thought. www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Catholic_Encyclopedia/04437a.htm   (9639 words)

Counter Reformation on Encyclopedia.com In England the Counter Reformation took effect less in the restoration of the Roman Catholic Church under Queen Mary (although Cardinal Pole was a reformer) than in the mission of the Jesuits (1580), led by St. Edmund Campion and Robert Persons. The Counter Reformation was led by conservative forces whose aim was both to reform the church and to secure the its traditions against the innovations of Protestant theology and against the more liberalizing effects of the Renaissance. A far-reaching local movement in the reformation was the Oratory (see Oratory, Congregation of the) of St. Philip Neri. www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/counterr_phasesofthecounterreformation.asp   (1130 words)

THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION - Historicist.com The Protestant Interpretation of Biblical Prophecy. The Historical Alternative The response of the Roman Church to the reformers' demands is the Counter-reformation. In spite of religious controversies the Reformation is a period of economic revolution, as mercantilism and commercial capitalism gains strength. The Reformation is the inevitable outcome of earlier Renaissance discoveries in science, literature, and the visual arts. www.historicist.com /articles2/reformationcounterrefromation.htm   (2215 words)

THE COUNTER REFORMATION The Protestant doctrine that the Bible is the sole rule of faith was countered by the decision of Trent that accepted the tradition of the church as coordinate in authority with the Scriptures as a source of divine revelation. The spirit of the Catholic Reformation was a spirit of zeal and ardor for the faith, a recognition of abuses in the church and a dedication to the work of reform, and an attitude of intolerance toward heresy. The Catholic Reformation aimed not only at spreading the faith through reform of the church and through preaching and teaching; in another of its aspects, it also sought to suppress heresy. www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/19.html   (8889 words)

The Reformation and Counter Reformation These movements reveal an ongoing concern for reform within the church in the years before Luther is said to have posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church, Wittenberg, on Oct. 31, 1517, the eve of All Saints' Day--the traditional date for the beginning of the Reformation. Martin Luther claimed that what distinguished him from previous reformers was that while they attacked corruption in the life of the church; he went to the theological root of the problem--the perversion of the church's doctrine of redemption and grace. Reformers within the medieval church such as St. Francis, Peter Waldo, Jan Hus, and John Wycliffe addressed abuses in the life of the church in the centuries before 1517. www.history-world.org /reformation_and_counter_reformat.htm   (2003 words)

The  Catholic Reformation The Catholic Reformation was the intellectual counter-force to Protestantism. The desire for reform within the Catholic Church had started before the spread of Luther. Some Catholic reformers were also influenced by late Medieval mysticism such as Master Eckhardt and Thomas a Kempis. www.historylearningsite.co.uk /catholic_reformation.htm   (528 words)

Dr While Protestant success can be said to have had a 'catalytic effect' on Catholic reform, making it more urgent and earnest than it might otherwise have been, the Counter Reformation was far more complex than simply a response to the Protestant challenge" (397). In 1548 Ignatius published his Spiritual Exercises, "the Counter Reformation's manual of self-discipline for clergy and laity" (Ozment, 412). Here was a new type of religious self-confidence that ran counter not only to the Reformation, but to much traditional spirituality as well" (412). www.enjoyinggodministries.com /article.asp?id=337   (2537 words)

Counter-Reformation The Counter - Reformation was activist, marked by enthusiasm for the evangelization of newly discovered territories, especially in North and South America; for the establishment of religious schools, where the Jesuits took the lead; and for the organization of works of charity and catechesis under the leadership of reformers like Saint Charles Borromeo. The Counter - Reformation was the movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries that tried to eliminate abuses within that church and to respond to the Protestant Reformation. The century before the outbreak of the Reformation was marked by increasing and widespread dismay with the venality of the bishops and their involvement in politics, with the ignorance and superstition of the lower clergy, with the laxity of religious orders, and with the sterility of academic theology. mb-soft.com /believe/txc/counterr.htm   (951 words)

Counter-Reformation Political and military involvement directed against Protestant growth is most clearly reflected in the policies of Emperor Charles V and in those of his son Philip II, who was associated with the Spanish Inquisition. Its doctrinal teaching was a reaction against the Lutheran emphasis on the role of faith and God's grace and against Protestant teaching on the number and nature of the sacraments. There was an attempt to regulate the training of candidates for the priesthood; measures were taken against luxurious living on the part of the clergy, the appointment of relatives to church office, and the absence of bishops from their dioceses. www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/CounterReformation/CounterReformation.html   (456 words)

International Catholic University: 18.1 By the Counter Reformation is here meant the long and difficult process by which after the unexpected shock of the Reformation the Church underwent a spiritual revival and an administrative renovation putting her own house in better order and deploying her rejuvenated forces against her assailants. The Reformation is both an event in the history of Europe and an event in the history of the Catholic Church, so it makes sense to check histories of the Church to see what they may have to say about the Counter-Reformation. The Reformation started in Germany with the Germans, by a German, Martin Luther, and when it is all over, no matter what date we put to the end of the Reformation period, the Germans are the only major people in Europe to come out of the Reformation religiously divided and almost evenly so. home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c01801.htm   (4394 words)

Reformation The Church was in disarray on the eve of Reformation. These three things greatly affected the Reformation: The Renaissance, both Italian (in how secularization was beginning to dominate thought) and Northern (how Church Reform led eventually to Reformation by Luther); The Printing Press (which w/o the reformation would not have happened); and last the rise of powerful nation-states headed by a monarch. Now reformation is not how this guy Luther changed everything, Reformation is more about how the Church and its ideals split within different people, Reformation is Complex, Intriguing, and Compelling (It would make a good fiction book). ap_history_online.tripod.com /apeh3.htm   (1483 words)

Counter Reformation. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002 The chief aims of the Counter Reformation were to increase faith among church members, get rid of some of the abuses to which the leaders of the Reformation objected, and affirm some of the principles rejected by the Protestant churches, such as veneration of the saints and acceptance of the authority of the pope. Many Jesuits were leaders of the Counter Reformation. The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation. www.bartleby.com /59/5/counterrefor.html   (167 words)

The Reformation Theresa reformed the Carmelites and spread contemplation at the same time that her countryman Loyola was spreading orthodoxy by whatever means necessary. Regional context varies and the popularity or lack thereof of the reformed religion needs to be weighed against local conditions, but for the most part, Huguenot artisans were working in trades that their fathers never knew. It was not the desire of the intellectual reformers to challenge civil authority, but it was a consequence. www.lepg.org /religion.htm   (3723 words)

New Catholic Dictionary: Counter-Reformation The general result for the Catholic Church of the Counter-Reformation, both ecclesiastical and political, was interiorly a renewal of religious life and exteriorly an increase of Catholic power and influence. The reform of the Carmelites by Saint Teresa (1515-1582) may be cited as an example of restoration of discipline; the founding of the Society of Jesus by Saint Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) will serve as an illustration of a new religious order. It consisted chiefly in the efforts made by ecclesiastical and civil authorities to stem the tide of Protestantism, by the introduction of genuine reforms within the Church and by the use of moral means and coercive measures to bring back former Catholics into the fold. www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd02386.htm   (404 words)

World Encyclopedia: Counter-Reformation @ HighBeam Research It began as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation and was intended to strengthen the Church against Protestantism and the prevailing humanism of the Renaissance. The reforms were essentially conservative, trying to remove many of the abuses that had crept into the late medieval church and win new prestige for the papacy. www.highbeam.com /doc/1O142:CounterReformation/Counter-Reformation.html?refid=ip_hf   (141 words)

counter-reform The Counter-Reformation was the attempt by the Catholic Church to reform itself in the face of the progress made by Luther and Calvin in parts of Western Europe www.historylearningsite.co.uk /counter-reform.htm   (28 words)

ROPSCARE.TXT It was indeed the pressure exerted by this distinctively religious phenomenon upon the Church's rulers that determined the reform of morals, institutions and theological education, just as, by altering the climate of the period, it enabled the greatest of all councils to assemble and the Tridentine canons to become the lifeblood of a reborn Catholicism. It was undertaken, not by way of answering the `reformers,' but in obedience to demands and principles that are part of the unalterable tradition of the Church and proceed from her most fundamental loyalties... The reforming decrees of Trent are in perfect harmony with the Gregorian Bulls, while those concerning faith look back constantly to the ancient conciliar decisions, to the decretals of the popes, to the Fathers andDoctors of the Church. www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/ROPSCARE.TXT   (1241 words)

Open Directory - Society: Religion and Spirituality: Christianity: Church History: The Reformation The Protestant Reformation - An overview of the Reformation, from the early efforts to reform the Church from 1300 to 1500, the conditions for reform at the time, the leaders of the Reformation (Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Knox)and the Anglican Revolution. The Reformation - An excellent survey by Philip Schaff, covering the principles of the Reformation as well as an overview of the Reformation in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Scandinavia, England and Scotland. Reformation - On-site picture gallery of the people and places involved in various reform movements coupled with links to Lutheran and Protestant original texts and later writings. dmoz.org /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Church_History/The_Reformation   (703 words)

Reformation: The Counter-Reformation The new Protestant churches were the wave of the future; and Catholicism—although it would remain a major religion—would in a few centuries cease to be the majority religion in the Western world.  & was not caught unawares by the Reformation. The reforms were very bold in many respects, but they were too little and too late. www.wsu.edu /~dee/REFORM/COUNTER.HTM   (605 words)

Choral Music In The Renaissance The counter reformation called for both brevity and clarity in musical, and the progressive composers of the north produced works of vast complexity but it was ultimately the drama and passion of music that trumped them both and brought an end to the Renaissance. The reformation caused large areas of the church's former domain to be cut off. It was far more important to the church to have the people come to hear great musicthen it was to have the music convey the message of god. wotan.liu.edu /~braxton/3pales.html   (357 words)

The Counter-Reformation and Religious Tensions: German History Adherents to both Calvinism and Lutheranism worked to spread their influence and gain converts in the face of the Counter-Reformation, the attempt of the Roman Catholic Church to regroup and reverse the spread of Protestantism. An example of the social paranoia engendered by the religious tensions of the period is Protestant Germany's refusal until 1700 to accept the Gregorian calendar introduced by the papacy in 1582 because the reform entailed a one-time loss of the days between October 5 and 14. Although both bodies were less concerned with a sectarian war than with the specific aims of their member states, their formation was an indication of how easily disputes could acquire a religious aspect. www.germanculture.com.ua /library/history/bl_counter_reform.htm   (341 words)

The Counter Reformation Had the Protestants remained firm and united on their historic interpretative stand, the counter reformation could never have succeeded in implanting these new interpretations into all of Christendom. The papacy that Protestants are now so ready to honor is the same that ruled the world in the days of the Reformation, when men of God stood up, at the peril of their lives, to expose her iniquity. There was also (Saint) Robert Bellarmine, Jesuit, cardinal and theologian who, as an outstanding controversialist opposing the Protestant doctrines of the Reformation, was regarded by the Roman Catholic Church as one of its most powerful defenders. dedication.www3.50megs.com /reformation2.html   (2675 words)

Art of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation By creating art with secular subjects, therefore, the Reformation artists could glorify God by portraying the natural beauty of His creation and by depicting people, who were created in His image. It was in northern Europe during the Reformation that portrait-painting became popular. The Reformers recognized that God’s calling to a “secular” vocation was no less legitimate or important than a call to be a missionary, and that an ordinary life could glorify God just as much as a life “in the ministry.” www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw20reformationart.htm   (1462 words)

Religious Studies - FaithCentral - Church History A neat summary of the Reformation and Counter Reformation, within a historial and cultural context. Another 'spin-off' of the Reformation was the Inquisition, where the Catholic Church set to to banish false teaching (heresies), and those who taught the erroneous doctrine. This Reformation Guide is intended to provide easy access to the wealth of Internet information on all the people and events on the reformation period. www.faithcentral.net.nz /inclass/history.htm   (980 words)

DLC: A Counter-Reformation on Taxes Bush from any sense of fiscal responsibility or fairness, the GOP has advanced a grotesque version of tax reform using the budget surpluses piled up during the Clinton years, plus trillions of dollars in borrowing from the Social Security trust fund and the earnings of present and future generations of Americans. But Clark's support for tax reform, based on progressivity, simplicity, support for working families, and shared responsibility for the cost of government, moves in exactly the right direction. John Edwards has proposed a tax cut plan to help middle-class families buy a home and save for college and retirement, and make sure ordinary Americans don't pay higher taxes on the work they do than billionaires pay on their investments. www.dlc.org /ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=131&subid=192&contentid=252286   (794 words)

THE COUNTER REFORMATION Others argue the Counter Reformation came from a sincere effort on the part of the church to reform abuses. Just after the Reformation began, Emperor Charles V tried to convene a council to deal with the reform movement's threat. Among its reforms were measures which established funds to teach the clergy the Bible. www.christianchronicler.com /history1/counter_reformation.html   (1141 words)

The Galileo Project Library Glossary Counter Reformation: As dissenting groups split off from the Catholic Church in what came to be known as the Protestant Reformation, the Church began a series of reform measures of their own. These reform measures aimed to keep Church members from becoming Protestants, and were known as the Counter Reformation. Curia Romana: The body of congregations, offices, permanent commissions, and such that assist the pope in the government and administration of the church. galileo.rice.edu /lib/glossary.html   (1678 words)

Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance . Renaissance . Counter Reformation PBS Decrees were issued covering every aspect of Church authority, from the holding of multiple offices, to the chastity of priests, and monastic reform. Martin Luther became a figurehead for the discontented masses, and his “95 Theses” proposed dramatic reforms of the Catholic Church. Ignatius Loyola was charged with forming the Jesuits, a band of militant missionaries whose task was to reconvert the converted. www.pbs.org /empires/medici/renaissance/counter.html   (451 words)

International Catholic University: 18.0 As we study the Counter-Reformation and the Reformation we can clearly see that political power and war contributed more than truth or the rightness of one's cause to the success of one or the other side. John C. Olin, The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola, Reform in the Church 1495-1540. What are the best dates for the movement by which the Catholic Church put its house in order after the start of the Reformation? home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c01800.htm   (1164 words)

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