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Topic: Counter-Enlightenment

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Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Enlightenment was a time when the solar system was truly "discovered": with the accurate calculation of orbits, such as Halley's comet, the discovery of the first planet since antiquity, Uranus by William Herschel, and the calculation of the mass of the Sun using Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Alternatively, the Enlightenment was used as a powerful symbol to argue for the supremacy of rationalism and rationalization, and therefore any attack on it is connected to despotism and madness, for example in the writings of Gertrude Himmelfarb and Robert Nozick. Thus The Enlightenment extolled the ideals of liberty, property and rationality which are still recognizable as the basis for most political philosophies even in the present era; that is, of a free individual being mostly free within the dominion of the state whose role is to provide stability to those natural laws. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Enlightenment   (4711 words)

Jonathan Sheehan Enlightenment, Religion, and the Enigma of Secularization: A Review Essay The American Historical Review, 108.4 The History Cooperative Enlightenment philosophy "overthrew theology's age-old hegemony" and "eradicated magic and belief in the supernatural from Europe's intellectual culture." The Moses of the "radical Enlightenment" was Baruch Spinoza, the secret figure crucial "to any proper understanding of Early Enlightenment European thought," the "supreme philosophical bogeyman" of the eighteenth century. Enlightenment comparative religion and its effort to understand the common roots of "religion" (whether in nature, humanity, or God) was born and built atop this foundation. The dismissal of the Enlightenment is not incidental to this new ubiquity of religion. www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.4/sheehan.html   (8802 words)

Counter-Enlightenment -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article McMahon, Darrin M., Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity details the reaction to Voltaire and the Enlightenment in European intellectual history from 1750 to 1830, relevant to late 20th century conservative-liberal tensions in the US " (additional info and facts about culture war) culture wars". The anti-modernism refernced to above is mostly in opposition to 60's and later counter culture and liberalism (excluding of course, racial equality) not classical Enlightenment views that have been prevalent for hundreds of years. Another important critique of the idea of the counter-Enlightenment comes from (additional info and facts about post-structuralism) post-structuralism, which argues that the Enlightenment itself was rooted in royal patronage, and repressive government and social systems. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/counter-enlightenment1.htm   (738 words)

Review: The Enlighenment and Religion. The Myths of Modernity For a generation Peter Gay’s book on the Enlightenment (a text which perhaps tells us more about the 1960s than the 1760s) informed scholars that Enlightenment and Christianity were polarities and that the defeat of dogma and metaphysics were the harbingers of secular modernity. See, most recently, Jonathan Clark’s axiomatic presumption that ‘“the Enlightenment” is a polemical term devised in the nineteenth century to place interpretations on what had happened in the eighteenth; the term did not therefore correspond to any clearly demarcated eighteenth-century phenomena, and could be made to mean whatever its nineteenth- and twentieth-century users wished’. Furthermore, public opinion is deemed central to religious change (1) (as it had been well before the 1750s) and the significance of the philosophes and their writings is declared to be exaggerated, not least because there was no deist movement. www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/aston.html   (2777 words)

MSN Encarta - Further Reading - Europe A provocative argument that the Enlightenment was only one element in a wide range of cultural developments that led to secularization. Biographical sketches enrich this well-narrated study of the culture of the French Enlightenment. This case study captures the reaction of villagers to the Counter Reformation. encarta.msn.com /readings_761570768/Europe.html   (967 words)

ph-jbc Today it is fashionable in intellectual circles to criticize the Enlightenment of 18th-century Europe, and call destructive and misguided the ideas of thinkers who risked their lives to espouse freedom of thought, individual conscience, religious toleration, and the separation of dogmatic religion from philosophy, science, and the state. The ascendancy of Enlightenment ideas in France culminated in the Revolution, and the author brings out the extent to which revolutionary violence and extremism resulted from the violent and extreme opposition. This book will appeal to those wanting a better understanding of the Enlightenment, the forces opposing it, and why conflict over these issues continues today, particularly with the resurgence of orthodox and fundamental religions in the political sphere worldwide. www.theosophy-nw.org /theosnw/world/modeur/ph-jbc.htm   (714 words)

American Political Science Review: The origin of the counter-Enlightenment: Rousseau and the new religion of sincerity.@ HighBeam Research Jean Jacques Rousseau originated the counter-Enlightenment with his effort to revive and transform Christianity and it was during this period that the critique of Christianity reached its zenith. But paradoxically, Rousseau's pursuit of the rationale for the Enlightenment criticism of Christianity, which is the restoration of human wholeness, provided the basis for the attack on secular rationalism. This in turn led to the proposal of a return to a religion that was rooted in sincerity and that aimed to fulfill the humanistic goal of the Enlightenment. www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:18448126&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf   (234 words)

Which Enlightenment? by Keith Windschuttle His Counter- Enlightenment status is usually assigned for his critique of the French Revolution, but Burke was at the same time a supporter of American independence. In Britain and America, the Enlightenment was both a theoretical and a practical expression of this outlook. “Enlightened despotism,” Himmelfarb argues, “was an attempt to realize—to enthrone as it were—reason as embodied in the person of an enlightened monarch, a Frederick enlightened by Voltaire, a Catherine by Diderot.” The failure of these attempts subsequently produced the theory of the “general will” that legitimized the terror of the French Revolution. www.newcriterion.com /archive/23/mar05/keith.htm   (2141 words)

From Kant to Schelling: Counter-Enlightenment in the Name of Reason - Questia Online Library The role of the Counter-Enlightenment theorist is to liberate the "other" from its subjugation at the hands of reason by exposing the myriad ways in which all supposedly enlightened discourses and practices are themselves permeated by the "other" and thus always one step away from collapsing under the weight of their own incoherence. All of these theorists are united in their opposition to the Enlightenment and what they see as its detrimental social and political effects in the modern world. According to a widely accepted view of his philosophical development, (3) Schelling began his career (in the mid 1790s) as arguably the most gifted and ambitious of the young German Idealist philosophers trying to complete the radical Enlightenment project of Kant and Fichte. www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=5001211292   (769 words)

Reclaiming the Enlightenment; Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement; Stephen Eric Bronner This forceful and timely reinterpretation of the Enlightenment and its powerful influence on contemporary political life is a resounding wake-up call to critics on both the left and the right. Reclaiming the Enlightenment from purely philosophical and cultural interpretations, Bronner shows that its notion of political engagement keeps democracy fresh and alive by providing a practical foundation for fostering institutional accountability, opposing infringements on individual rights, instilling an enduring commitment to social reform, and building a cosmopolitan sensibility. With its championing of democracy, equality, cosmopolitanism, and reason—and its vociferous attacks on popular prejudice, religious superstition, and arbitrary abuses of power—the Enlightenment was once hailed as the foundation of all modern, progressive politics. www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023112/0231126085.HTM   (646 words)

Sample Chapter for Wolin, R.: The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism. Ironically, Counter-Enlightenment doctrines that had been taboo in Germany because of their unambiguous association with fascism--after all, Nietzsche had been canonized as the Nazi regime's official philosopher, and for a time Heidegger was its most outspoken philosophical advocate--seemed to best capture the mood of Kulturpessimismus that predominated among French intellectuals during the postwar period. IN HONOR of the Enlightenment the eighteenth century was commonly known as the century of lumière, or light. While Herder's standpoint may be viewed as a useful corrective to certain strands of Enlightenment thought (e.g., the mechanistic materialism of the High Enlightenment; La Mettrie, after all, sought to view "man as a machine"), in retrospect his concerted defense of cultural relativism ceded too much ground vis-à-vis the political status quo. www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7705.html   (6998 words)

FT February 2002: Enemies of the Enlightenment While he never takes up an explicit defense of the Enlightenment against its critics, he does repeatedly claim that the Counter—Enlightenment’s view of the philosophes as atheistic hedonists bent on undermining religious and political order, authority, and tradition is a “construction” that “distorts” their actual positions. Conceiving of modernity as an ongoing contest between Enlightenment and Counter—Enlightenment leads McMahon to the intriguing conclusion that today’s “culture wars” have been a permanent feature of modern life from the beginning. While a handful of scholars have followed the lead of Isaiah Berlin in studying the ideas of such important Catholic Counter—Enlightenment theorists as Joseph de Maistre, Louis Bonald, and François René Chateaubriand—each of whom established himself as an important social thinker in the wake of the violence of the French Revolution—McMahon is more ambitious. www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0202/reviews/linker.html   (1900 words)

Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal: Fascism Taking the scientific discoveries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as their model and inspiration, the Enlightenment philosophers claimed that the application of reason could remove all the social and political evils that stood in the way of happiness and progress. Against the universalism of the Enlightenment, then, Herder and Fichte argued that every nation brings something distinctive or unique to the world-something for which it deserves to be recognized and respected. These Enlightenment views are often linked to liberalism, but they provided much of the inspiration for socialism as well. www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/Comparative/SOURCES/fascism.htm   (11049 words)

H-France Reviews In his analysis of the age of Enlightenment, McMahon fixes on the conservatives’ oft-reiterated opposition to philosophie to establish a linguistic bridge between counter-Enlightenment and counter-Revolution. The whole phenomenon of the "conservative enlightenment" is never even considered as a possibility.[2] Instead, the Enlightenment is represented--through the vitriol of its mainly clerical “enemies”--as the work of Helvétius, Holbach, the Encyclopédie, and especially, Voltaire. But by reading back into the Enlightenment the unity of purpose that it later acquired in the eyes of so many opponents of the Revolution, he inevitably creates a dichotomy between philosophie and its adversaries that only obscures the arguably more important divisions that existed within the Enlightenment. www3.uakron.edu /hfrance/reviews/smith2.html   (1776 words)

enlightenment - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library Scottish Enlightenment Ideas and the Foundations of...logic of results.(2) But the enlightenment was not a uniform set of ideas...our focus is on the Scottish enlightenment and its salience in the study... To identify enlightenment with punishment is not simply to suggest that the transparency associated with a... ...dramatist, essayist, poet, and historian, apostle of the Enlightenment in Scandinavia. www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=enlightenment   (1530 words)

2004_11_28.html?printer=1 The Enlightenment begins the book in the singular but soon divides into three national examples, linked because "the three Enlightenments ushered in modernity", a modernity of which the French Revolution was "one of the most dramatic events". It seeks to do this by reinterpreting the Enlightenment in Britain, America and France to create a scenario for Western history. The preference of the philosophes for "enlightened despotism" rested on a prevalent contempt for the irrational canaille quite different from the British moral philosophers' attribution to the people of "a common humanity and a common fund of moral and social obligations". www.powells.com /review/2004_11_28.html?printer=1   (2186 words)

ocular_phonocentrism.doc Both are important counters to modernist understandings of social “science” that remain mainstream in the practice of educational research. But this important challenge to Enlightenment thought is hampered by lack of clarity, particularly when it comes to understanding criticalism and postmodernism together. Ocularcentrism Nietzsche calls the image “first metaphor,” the sound (voice), “second metaphor.” The idea that the image is the most primary of all metaphors that enter into thought and expression has been taken to be a particularly “modern” or Enlightenment notion by quite a few authors. www.indiana.edu /~learnsci/pdfs/carspecken/ocular_phonocentrism.doc   (20286 words)

Hamann, Johann Georg on Encyclopedia.com Although opposed to the rationalism of Kant and the German Enlightenment of Herder and Lessing, he was highly esteemed by the leading thinkers of his day. The problem of the Enlightenment: Strauss, Jacobi, and the Pantheism controversy.(Leo Strauss, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi) He was an advocate of religious immediacy, stressing the rights of the individual personality and the importance of inner religious experience. www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Hamann-J1.asp   (363 words)

Enlightenment The Enlightenment, coming in the eighteenth century on the heels of the Scientific Revolution, a period extending roughly from the English Revolution in 1688 to the French Revolution of 1789, marked perhaps the single most important step in elevating reason to this new plateau, and in so doing completed the intellectual revolution begun by Copernicus. Thus the Enlightenment ultimately called many of the institutions and concepts of European civilization into question. And in the twentieth century there have been those (Hitler, Mussolini) who have sought to reject or destroy the Enlightenment tradition of rationalism. www.appstate.edu /~Brantzrw/History1102/enlighte.htm   (452 words)

burson.doc The affair seems quite simple on the surface, but the controversies surrounding de Prades, one of the French Theological Enlightenment’s most ill-fated sons, were among a series of interlocking turning points from c.1749-1764 which divided the French Church and society between assertive partisans of Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment. In order to address these gaps in the historiography of Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment, this dissertation will, first, examine the social context of de Prades’ thought by studying his Parisian milieu during the late 1740s, paying careful attention to his connections to prominent Parisian thinkers and theologians of the day. The Abbé de Prades lived and worked within this milieu, and he became an early martyr to — and in part the occasion for - the ideological fracturing of Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment at mid-century. www.freewebs.com /gwcwgsa/burson.doc   (2454 words)

H-Net Review: Richard Lebrun on Enemies of the Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity "Whereas the Enlightenment summoned its enemies into existence through its unprecedented attack on revealed religion, the Counter-Enlightenment in turn 'created' the Enlightenment as the specter and source of modernity's ills, reaffirming religion's place in the modern world and prescribing a program to heal it that was both idealistic and radical" (p. For the enemies of the Enlightenment, the course of the Revolution quickly confirmed their suspicions. As McMahon points out in his Introduction, the "enemies of the Enlightenment" have received relatively little attention from historians. www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=49561012840646   (2169 words)

The Claremont Institute: Against Reason True, the British political thinker Isaiah Berlin, who first coined the term "Counter-Enlightenment," wrote intelligently about a few great minds among them—Joseph de Maistre, J. Hamann, J. Herder. Here, religion and Enlightenment have not always been hostile forces, but have worked together, lifting the nation on the two wings of faith and reason, as social thinker Michael Novak recently put it. The exemplars of the French Enlightenment were militantly hostile to everything the anti-philosophes held dear, as reading a few pages of Voltaire or Diderot is enough to show. www.claremont.org /writings/crb/winter2002/anderson.html?FORMAT=print   (1360 words)

What Kant Wrought -- Objectivist Center -- Reason, Individualism, Achievement, and Freedom The Enlightenment thinkers had posited a universal human nature and they had held that human reason would and could develop equally in all cultures. And for the Germans, given their cultural traditions, attempting to engraft Enlightenment branches is going to lead to disaster. Like Kant, he was born and lived in Königsberg, and he was called by many of his contemporaries "the wise man of the north." Hamann hates the Deistic and atheistic leanings of the Enlightenment. www.objectivistcenter.org /articles/shicks_what_kant_wrought.asp   (1463 words)

Blogger: Email Post to a Friend While the Enlightenment is generally understood to support reason and liberalism, the counter-Enlightenment has been the standard-bearer of faith and conservatism. In the broader historical scheme there has been a battle between the Enlightenment and the counter-Enlightenment since the 17th century. This election reflects the conflict between Enlightenment and counter-Enlightenment with an eerie perfection. www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=6936294&postID=109650843617391055   (304 words)

Habermas, Romanticism, and Literary Theory By Michael Scrivener, History Compass (Shortly before Foucault died, he addressed the Enlightenment to defend it, in a kind of dialogue with Habermas,  (16)  and of course Derrida was never wholly in the counter-Enlightenment camp, as has become all too obvious in the last ten years). For example, a recent essay insists that “the Enlightenment public sphere was in fact constituted and defined by women as well as men.”  (10)  Habermas's information on coffee-house culture derived from sources that idealize this culture, leaving out women's participation. Argumentation itself, after all, is an Enlightenment discourse, whereas poststructuralists could play in good faith what Lyotard called their own particular language games without betraying the integrity of their project. www.history-compass.com /viewpoint.asp?section=5&ref=104   (6304 words)

Powell's Books - Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder by Isaiah, Sir Berlin What Berlin has to say about these long-dead thinkers--in appreciation and dissent--is remarkably timely in a day when Enlightenment beliefs are being challenged not just by academics but by politicians and by powerful nationalist and fundamentalist movements. His works on Vico, Herder, and Hamann deal with thinkers who were at odds with main currents of the Enlightenment. Yet his position is somewhat peculiar: for while he is clearly a scholar of enormous erudition, the characteristic style of his work is closer to that of brilliant conversation than of conventional historical scholarship. www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=2-0691057265-0   (676 words)

Enlightenment - OneLook Dictionary Search Phrases that include Enlightenment: age of enlightenment, awakening vs. enlightenment, awakening vs enlightenment, counter enlightenment, enlightenment [1], more... Enlightenment, enlightenment : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info] Enlightenment, enlightenment : UltraLingua English Dictionary [home, info] www.onelook.com /?w=Enlightenment&ls=a   (331 words)

philosophy.com: Wogblog and Counter-Enlightenment I was arguing that the charge made by Wogblog accused the lefty public opinion weblog of being part of the Counter Enlightenment because it had dumped univeralism and eabraced relativism. I think that one should be careful in using the term "Counter-Enlightenment", particularly the way that you have used it in describing the reactionary right; You should not equate the term with "conscientious ignorance", which is certainly a much better way to look at the policies of the ultra-conservatives. For haven't both the enlightenment and its proponents, as well as the conservative ruling group of America, cast a blind eye on the negative, anti-organic, and ultimately earth destroying consequences of their practices. www.sauer-thompson.com /archives/philosophy/000221.html   (1828 words)

Enlightenment.Com - Psycho-Spiritual Content Generating Community Infrastructure Fading Toward Enlightenment by Wayne Wirs is a personal story of enlightenment illustrated both with fabulous photographs and profound quotes. Second, we are slowly but surely preparing to launch the Enlightenment Channel, which will be a member's only source for some of the best psycho-spiritual audio and video interviews found anywhere on the web. Counter Culture Through The Ages: From Abraham to Acid House by Ken Goffman (a.k.a. www.enlightenment.com /blogs/j/jordan/jordan3/archives/2005/03/welcome_to_spri.html   (1246 words)

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