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Topic: Counterrevolutionary

	Counterrevolutionary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.
		More recently, the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion into Cuba was conducted by counterrevolutionaries who hoped to overthrow the revolutionary government of Fidel Castro.
		Some counterrevolutionaries are former revolutionaries who supported the initial overthrow of the former regime, but came to differ with those who ultimately came to power after the revolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Counterrevolutionary (375 words)

	[R-G] "Everything began with the arrival in Cuba of Mr. Cason,"
		Thirty-two counterrevolutionaries were arrested for their mercenary activities in the service of a foreign power.
		Another six counterrevolutionaries were arrested, including four of the most active ringleaders, for their mercenary activities i= n the service of a foreign power.
		Counterrevolutionaries are convinced that their cause will triumph fo= r one reason or another, and in this very special case because our struggle was against the United States.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/rad-green/2003-April/008479.html (12887 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With criminal acts whose objectives are counterrevolutionary it is necessary to proceed in conformity with the relevant parts of the Penal Code in investigating and affixing criminal liability on those responsible; with other penal offences, crimes must be identified for what they are in accordance with the Penal code.
		To establish that a criminal element's objectives were counterrevolutionary one cannot just rely on the accused's statement but must take simultaneously into consideration the time, place and all the circumstances of the offence; if the accused has made no confession but there is ample evidence, a similar conclusion may be drawn.
		In handling criminal cases during counterrevolutionary revolts and political disturbances it is important to stress the evidence and emphasize investigation and research, and not simply rely on oral statements.
	www.law.qub.ac.uk /humanrts/emergency/china/chi9.htm (1125 words)

	STALIN AGAINST THE SOVIET BUREAUCRACY
		In this interview, Clark exposes the trotskyist theory of a ‘counterrevolutionary soviet/stalinist bureaucracy’ as an ‘abstraction’ which ignores the contradictions and heterogeneity within the former soviet bureaucracy and which is typical of trotsky’s type of reasoning.
		Clark contrasts the trotskyist theory of a ‘counterrevolutionary soviet bureaucracy’ with the marxist-leninist theory of ‘counterrevolutionary elements within the soviet bureaucracy’, explaining that only on this concrete basis could the struggle against soviet bureaucracy be understood and taken forward.
		They recognise that the Soviet bureaucracy contained counterrevolutionary elements that wore a communist mask, therefore it was the duty of the party leadership to unmask these elements within the bureaucracy and purge them.
	www.oneparty.co.uk /html/sasb.html (11184 words)

	The Transitional Program Now, Nahuel Moreno 1980 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The leadership crisis of the world proletariat or, to say it in another way, the treason of the recognised bureaucratic leadership of the workers' and mass movement, is the decisive factor for the historic defeats that happen, for the fact that any victory or conquest is iced, bridled and that imperialism has not been defeated.
		A difference is to be observed concerning the counterrevolutionary apparatuses: the apparatus formed by the official Social Democrat leadership goes on with its counterrevolutionary role, and in the first post-war it played a decisive role; but Stalinism has no paragon as for bridling and giving up revolutions.
		Afterwards, Stalinism occupies the front line as counterrevolutionary agent in the workers' ranks, and to it are due the later defeats.
	www.marxists.org /archive/moreno/1980/transitional-program/ch01.htm (5652 words)

	LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But the essence of success for revolutionary and counterrevolutionary systems is primarily contingent upon the commitment and skill of political cadre, political organization, and psychological "warfare––that is, by people on the ground in face-to-face contact with the indigenous population.
		The nature of the conflict is such that mass destruction weapons likely to be used by counterrevolutionary systems are usually inappropriate except in rare instances where revolutionary armed forces are caught in the open and in mass formations or where revolutionary armed forces have developed a fortified area or base camp.
		Initial counterrevolutionary operations must be aimed at restoring security in threatened areas and protecting installations, key individuals, and areas of importance to government control and order.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1985/jan-feb/sarkesian.html (8635 words)

	China
		Counterrevolutionary offenses, under the existing criminal code, have always been viewed internationally as being crimes of a political nature -- and the principle of "non-extradition of political prisoners" is universally recognized under international law.
		However, in the 1979 criminal code all but two of the twelve types of counterrevolutionary charges were punishable by death, thus the new law reduces by a small degree the scope of the death penalty's applicability to the offenses covered in the chapter.
		An analysis of the changing composition of sentenced counterrevolutionaries since the early 1980s--that is, the relative proportions of those convicted of the various types of counterrevolutionary offenses at different stages during that period--reveals a striking trend.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1997/china5 (13070 words)

	Document 4
		The goal set by this counterrevolutionary group was to eliminate the leaders of the party, the leaders of our proletarian state by terrorist means.
		It was especially necessary since Safarov, a liar and counterrevolutionary, spent year after year in the ranks of our organization, and we proved incapable of unmasking this counterrevolutionary until he was arrested.
		I repeat, the Safarov group was as anti-party, anti-Soviet, [and] counterrevolutionary as [are] the Zinovievites, as [are] the Trotskyists.
	www.yale.edu /annals/Chase/Documents/doc4chapt2.htm (14212 words)

	Clubs for the People
		A counterrevolutionary crime was committed by one of Cassius's descendants for having a portrait of his ancestors in his home.
		A counterrevolutionary crime was committed by Torquatus Silanu, for having expenses … A counterrevolutionary crime was committed for having taken off one's pants without emptying one's pockets, and for keeping a coin with a royal likeness on it in your coat, which showed a lack of respect for the sacred image of the tyrants.
		A counterrevolutionary crime was committed by the mother of the Consul Fusius Geminus for having cried at the fateful death of her son.
	www.columbia.edu /~iw6/docs/rev_eats.html (1187 words)

	Moreno: Revolution and Counter Revolution in Portugal (Part 5) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Portuguese workers revolution, with the tremendous impulse given to it by the rank-and-file movement of the workers and the masses, nonetheless displays tragic weaknesses as far as organization and political leadership are concerned.
		The first one is their attempt to cover up their counterrevolutionary offensive against the workers, the colonial movement, the soldiers, the SP, and the Maoists by denouncing the counterrevolutionary aspects of the SP.
		When Stalinism was the principal counterrevolutionary factor in the republican camp, the POUM raised the slogan of a “government formed by representatives of all the political and trade-union organizations of the working class, which would propose as immediate tasks the realization of the following program”; and then came a program that was correct in general.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/portugal/port06.htm (11526 words)

	GRANMA INTERNACIONAL DIGITAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The enclave chosen in that case was not in the mountains, but in a central area which would allow them to move around and subsequently direct the counterrevolutionary actions in the western part of the island.
		Rodríguez denounced the role of U.S. agent and counterrevolutionary Julio Reyes (known as agent Lucas), at the head of the so-called Las Villas Northern Front opened in that area in July 1961.
		As the counterrevolutionaries were leaving, they passed by where he was on the front line and said, "You want a little help?" Then they shot him to death.
	www.granma.cu /cubademanda/ingles/demanda4-i.html (2175 words)

	[No title]
		Destruction or damage with a counterrevolutionary purpose by explosion, arson, or other means of railroad or other routes and means of transportation, means of public communication, water conduits, public depots and other structures, or state and community property, shall be punishable by-- measures of social defense, indicated in HYPERLINK "http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/uk58-e.html" \l "58-2#58-2" art.
		Failure to denounce a counterrevolutionary crime, reliably known to be in preparation or carried out, shall be punishable by-- deprivation of liberty for a term not less than six months.
		Active participation or active fighting against the working class and revolutionary movement, manifested in a responsible or secret position in the tsarist regime, or with counterrevolutionary governments in a period of civil war, shall be punishable by-- measures of social defense, indicated in HYPERLINK "http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/uk58-e.html" \l "58-2#58-2" art.
	ouray.cudenver.edu /~ditaylor/article58.doc (533 words)

	Mocsy
		The counterrevolutionary ideology became dominant and the counterrevolutionary movement began to acquire momentum only after the refugees began to arrive in sufficiently significant numbers to tip the balance of power in favor of radical right-wing elements.
		At the time when the first proposal for formation of a counterrevolutionary government was made, the French were, it seems, momentarily considering dispatching some of their own troops to Budapest to overthrow the Communist government.
		Initial French enthusiasm about the idea of a counterrevolutionary government rapidly waned as it became apparent that it was virtually impossible to bring together under one roof all the Hungarian feuding factions.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/mocsy/mocsy14.htm (4930 words)

	Dangerous Minds
		By the mid-1980s, however, the incidence of counterrevolutionary crime as a proportion of the total number of criminal offenses recorded each year in China had dropped, according to official figures, to a very low level as compared with the situation during the first two decades or so of the People's Republic.
		Far from declining after the Cultural Revolution, therefore, both the government's sensitivity to dissident-style criticism and the extent to which it was determined to punish such acts of free political expression had, by the early 1990s, significantly increased as compared to the frequency with which it prosecuted and punished other alleged forms of counterrevolution.
		Among twenty-one of the counterrevolutionaries sentenced by the Fuzhou Intermediate Court, the latter report added, "Seventeen, or 77 percent of the total, were found to have been completely innocent...
	www.hrw.org /reports/2002/china02/china0802-07.htm (5746 words)

	Summary of the interview: stalin against the soviet bureaucracy.
		The Trotskyist theory of a counterrevolutionary Soviet or ‘Stalinist’ bureaucracy is examined and contrasted to the Marxist-Leninist theory of counterrevolutionary elements ‘within’ the Soviet bureaucracy.
		The concept of a ‘counterrevolutionary Soviet bureaucracy' is regarded as one-sided and abstract, lacking concrete content, and ignoring the heterogeneous and contradictory nature of the real Soviet bureaucracy.
		The Marxist-Leninist concept of counterrevolutionary elements within the Soviet bureaucracy led Marxist-Leninists to reject the Trotskyist proposal for a ‘political revolution’ as a means of remedying the problems associated with the Soviet bureaucracy.
	www.oneparty.co.uk /html/sasbsum.html (557 words)

	THE COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY ADVENTURES OF THE UNITED STATES INTEREST SECTION IN THE PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO. Editorial ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This counterrevolutionary action has been characterized by the introduction of objects in violation of Customs laws, the abuse of diplomatic immunity and the conspiratorial methods employed.
		As is already known, the Senator's wife and the translator arrived on April 27, and the Senator himself and another Polish citizen, Piotr Kielanows, arrived five days later.
		Counterrevolutionary ringleaders; diplomats from former socialist countries, members or members-to-be of the "glorious" NATO; and some others among those most directly involved in the anti-Cuban plot orchestrated in Geneva.
	www.cuba.cu /gobierno/documentos/2000/ing/e240500i.html (2329 words)

	Document 47
		During December 1934 and January of this year in higher educational institutions and technical colleges there were a number of anti-party and counterrevolutionary sallies and speeches, most of which were not repulsed properly or in a timely fashion by party and Komsomol organizations.
		In spite of the fact that Kondeev's counterrevolutionary position was quite clear, he was afforded the opportunity of delivering an unabashedly counterrevolutionary sermon.
		By sentence of the military tribunal of SKVO [Severo-Kavkazky Voennyi Okrug (North Caucasus Military District)] in January 1935, Zorbidi and another organizer of the "labor-democratic party" were condemned and shot; the remaining members of this group were sent to concentration camps for various periods of time.
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_47.htm (1123 words)

	Counterrevolutionary offensive in Venezuela
		According to pro-government members of parliament, there is strong evidence that the CIA and the leaders of the counterrevolutionary opposition are preparing plans to try and overthrow President Chavez once again.
		In a number of recently discovered videocassettes, CIA agents and opposition members are seen planning acts of sabotage and in one recorded telephone call, two "trade-union" leaders of the pro-coup CTV union are overheard calling for a dictatorship in Venezuela of at least 10 years.
		Admittedly, the counterrevolutionary opposition in Venezuela is far weaker than it was in April and December 2002.
	www.marxist.com /Latinam/venezuela_campos_1103.html (3952 words)

	Central Committee Document on Free Speech
		Whoever, by violence or other methods including the use of "big character posters" and "small character posters," publicly insults another person or trumps up facts to defame another person, when the circumstances are serious, is to be sentenced to not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonment, criminal detention or deprivation of political rights.
		there have been a number of cases of counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement involving vicious attacks and slanders on central leading comrades.
		The public security, procuratorial, and court organs should all, based on the different facts, nature, circumstances, and consequences of the crime, judge and sentence for the crime of counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement or the crime of slander in accordance with the provisions of the relevant articles of the Criminal Law.
	faculty.washington.edu /dclarke/public/clpc-opinion.htm (1518 words)

	The Transitional Program Now, Nahuel Moreno 1980 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If the counterrevolutionary bureaucratic apparatuses would go on strengthening more and more, taking more and more sectors of the mass movement under control, then the Fourth International would not be able to build parties with influence in the mass movement.
		Those parties go on to be reformist, and in general counterrevolutionary, direct or indirect agents of imperialism, even when they seize power heading a workers' revolution, since its role is to avoid the national or international extension of that revolution.
		Once Trotsky dead, and due to the objective circumstances of the tremendous power of the counterrevolutionary apparatuses, we have suffered a tendency of limiting ourselves to a propagandistic activity, abandoning the most important science and art of a revolutionary party, that of formulating appropriate slogans for each moment of the class struggle.
	www.marxists.org.uk /archive/moreno/1980/transitional-program/ch06.htm (9099 words)

	Human Rights in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He was detained on May 27, 1992 while planning June 4th memorial activities, and was formally arrested on September 27 that year, one of several dozen activists to be arrested in the course of an official clampdown on dissident activity at that time.
		On December 16, 1994 the Beijing Intermediate Peopleâs Court convicted Hu Shigen of leading a counterrevolutionary organization and counterrevolutionary propaganda, and sentenced him to a total of 20 years in prison and 5 yearsâ subsequent deprivation of political rights, the most severe custodial sentence imposed short of life imprisonment.
		The Chinese governmentâs oppressive and inhumane treatment of prisoners of conscience such as Hu also contravenes its obligations under international law.â HRIC calls on the Chinese authorities to immediately provide Hu Shigen with the medical treatment he requires, and to release him on medical parole if his condition is too serious to treat in prison.
	iso.hrichina.org /public/contents/press?revision_id=18450&item_id=18448 (557 words)

	THE COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY ADVENTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF POLAND IN CUBA. Editorial publicado en el periódico Granma el ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On May 5, 6, and 7, accompanied by some diplomatic officials from the Polish embassy in Havana and by the counterrevolutionary ringleaders Héctor Palacio Ruiz, Oscar Espinosa Chepe, and Pedro Pablo Alvarez Ramos, they traveled to the city of Pinar del Río to attend what was described as "an economists’ meeting".
		This was part of activities carried out by a counterrevolutionary grouping that operates under the facade of an alleged "Civic and Religious Training Center", founded by Catholic layman Dagoberto Valdés Hernández, a consummate slanderer and bitter enemy of the revolutionary process.
		Both he and his companions asked her to provide information about counterrevolutionary activities in Cuba; they agreed to have regular contacts at the Polish embassy and, in a kingly manner, informed her that the concert had been organized in her and her husband's honor.
	www.cuba.cu /gobierno/documentos/2000/ing/e160500i.html (2318 words)

	Margaret Russett, On Thomas Pfau's _Wordsworth's Profession_ and John Rieder's _Wordsworth's Counterrevolutionary Turn_ ...
		A conventional monograph in form, Wordsworth's Counterrevolutionary Turn devotes four of its seven chapters to "close readings of major poems written in the crucial years from 1795 to 1798," including the Salisbury Plain poems, The Borderers, The Ruined Cottage, and "Tintern Abbey" (90).
		The title of Wordsworth's Counterrevolutionary Turn may be unfortunate, suggesting as it does a set of New Historicist themes that have become commonplace in the last decade or so.
		Thus while scholars of Wordsworth and British Romanticism certainly have much to learn from both Rieder's and Pfau's careful scholarship and critical subtlety, the broader significance of these two books may lie in their value as correctives rather than in their proposals, explicit or implied, for new directions in Romantic studies.
	www.rc.umd.edu /reviews/back/pfaurieder.html (2228 words)

	GRANMA INTERNAtIONAL DIGITAL, CUBA ENGLISH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Elizardo, an opportunist since the early years of the Revolution, demonstrated his political nature: that of an ambitious man disguised as an ultra-leftist, which is why he was laughingly known as Elisoviet, according to Lázaro and Arleen.
		As parts of the game’s operation other “perks” were authorized, all of which are explained in one chapter in the book, which was made available to the national and foreign press.
		Arleen Rodríguez, the book’s co-author, provided many details on how Miami counterrevolutionary organizations and U.S. government suppliers are not the only ones sending funds for the subversion business in which Elizardo has triumphed like a prosperous entrepreneur.
	www.granma.cu /ingles/2003/agosto03/mar19/33sucio-i.html (862 words)

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