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Topic: Countercurrent exchange system

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Countercurrent exchange

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	Circulatory system - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squids and octopuses) are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the system of blood vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins.
		The human circulatory system is comprised of the blood, the vascular system, and the heart.
		The circulatory system of the fetus is different, as the fetus does not use its lungs yet and obtains oxygen and nutrients from the placenta through the umbilical cord.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Circulatory_system (1314 words)

	Respiratory System
		Animals have organ systems involved in facilitating this exchange as well as the transport of gases to and from exchange areas.
		Simple animals that lack specialized exchange surfaces have flattened, tubular, or thin shaped body plans, which are the most efficient for gas exchange.
		This system includes the lungs, pathways connecting them to the outside environment, and structures in the chest involved with moving air in and out of the lungs.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookRESPSYS.html (1625 words)

	Lung Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates.
		Its function is to exchange oxygen from air with carbon dioxide from blood.
		By having the airflow moving in a single direction, avian lungs are able to employ a system of countercurrent exchange to extract oxygen much more efficiently from the air.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/l/lu/lung.html (1086 words)

	Respiration - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The gills of vertebrates are homologous to the feeding tubes of hemichordates.
		The human respiratory system is built around a pair of lungs found in the thoracic cavity and connected to the atmosphere through a trachea —not homologous to the tracheae of arthropods—, pharynx, mouth and nose, collectively called the respiratory tract.
		Rather than the two-way system of bronchioles and alveoli found in humans, air passes in one direction in a circular path through the lungs of birds, though the rest of the respiratory tract is two-way with inhalation and exhalation.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Respiration (2801 words)

	Ion Exchange \| Water Watch \| Water Watch Archive
		Because of this the system had to be operated in co-flow mode – resulting in high acid consumption, high sodium slip and inconsistent quality.
		With the new collecting system, the client could go back to countercurrent operation and obtain full benefits of the countercurrent system such as consistently low sodium slip and reduced acid consumption.
		The system was implemented in one of the strong acid cation vessels, executed while the plant was in operation, within the stipulated time.
	www.ionindia.com /customer_speak_archive.html (1301 words)

	LANXESS - Lewatit - Processes
		Although the basic process of ion exchange worked, it had a number of disadvantages (and indeed still does where such units are in use).
		To be able to achieve adequate performance despite inefficient material exchange, very high quantities of regenerant have to be used - often more than twice the amount needed for the countercurrent technology.
		In Asia, eastern europe and in the USA the counter-current counter-pressure system is today widely established and is even used in power plants.
	www.ionexchange.com /ion/en/processes (242 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The lung is an organ of the respiratory system of air-breathing vertebrates.
		The process in which this happens is called "external respiration" or breathing ("internal respiration" is the use of oxygen in the internal processes of cells).
		Amphibian lungs The lungs of most frogs and other amphibians are simple balloon-like structures, with gas exchange limited to the outer surface area of the lung.
	www.medicine-headquarters.com /Medicine/Lung.shtml (954 words)

	General Biology 2, lecture on Gas Exchange
		The countercurrent exchange mechanism has evolved to improve the efficiency of oxygen transfer from the water to the blood.
		In the countercurrent exchange system in the lamellae of the fish gill, water and blood flow in opposite directions (figs.
		In a concurrent system, the water and blood reach a point where the level of oxygen saturation is essentially equal.
	www.usd.edu /biol/genbio/153/ken/kr5.html (1013 words)

	Pure Cycle - Acid Recycling Systems: Home Page
		This system uses water and the principles of Diffusion Dialysis to separate usable acid from metal contamination that causes the acid to be discarded.
		The used acid is metered through the system in contact with one side of an anionic ion exchange membrane.
		The highly resistant nature of ion exchange membranes to strong acids enables the system to handle a wide variety of mineral acids at high concentrations.
	www.purecycle.com /right.html (813 words)

	Mammal Adaptations - Saving On The Heating Bill
		In this system of circulation arteries, which carry warm blood from the heart to the extremities, lie very close to the veins, which carry blood from the cold extremities of the body back to the heart.
		In this way, heat from the warm arterial blood is transferred to the colder blood in a vein, thereby cooling the blood in the artery and warming the venous blood.
		The countercurrent exchange system has been well studied in both the arctic fox and the caribou, which maintain their core temperature nearly 30°C higher than their appendages!
	www.arctic.uoguelph.ca /cpl/organisms/mammals/Adaptations/heatingbill.htm (206 words)

	Advanced Amberpack(TM) Deionization Technology from SAMCO Technologies, Inc.
		Advanced Amberpack™ is a revolutionary pre-engineered ion exchange system, designed specifically for those who require water of the highest quality both quickly and easily while minimizing waste.
		This yield is far superior to the 75% - 85% for reverse osmosis systems and conventional ion exchange systems.
		This system is user-friendly and flexible, enabling quick and easy alarm and settings changes through a simple touch screen operator interface.
	www.samcotech.com /advanced_amberpack_adi.php (1321 words)

	Cardiovasular System...MedicalGeo.com
		Home > Major Systems of the Human Body > Cardiovasular System
		The circulatory systems of all vertebrates as well as of earthworms, squids and octopuses are closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the system of blood vessels consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins.
		An example of an animal with no circulator system is the flatworm (class Tubellaria).
	www.medicalgeo.com /cardiovasularsystem.html (1197 words)

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