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Topic: Countershading

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	The Ocean Channel > How does countershading help fish in the ocean?
		Countershading is a type of camouflage used by open ocean fish and mammals, like tuna, sharks, and dolphins.
		When predators are above them, they see the dark blue, which blends into the ocean below; when predators are below them, the light undersides blend in with the brightness of the water near the surface.
		Using countershading, open ocean fish and mammals are able to escape the attention of their predators.
	www.ocean.com /resource.asp?resourceid=1207&catid=10 (136 words)

	Striping and Camouflage in Horses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Most of these cases are probably mistaken examples of seal brown (darker) duns, or of countershading striping, which is not commonly recognized, and is often confused with dun factor markings.
		I have seen some cases of countershading striping that also have a faint leg shadowing that is best seen if shaded from direct sunlight, and is thus usually missed, and is very difficult to photograph.
		Countershading striping does not have to be accompanied by a dilution as the dun factor type usually is. Sometimes the flank areas and neck areas show faint striping that can be seasonal.
	members.aol.com /stripedhos/striped.htm (1979 words)

	AllRefer.com - protective coloration (Zoology: General) - Encyclopedia
		In countershading, the upper surface of the animal is darker than the undersurface and produces the illusion of flatness.
		Countershading also aids many fish and birds by blending them with the sky or with the upper water surface when viewed from below and with the land or the sea bottom when viewed from above.
		Some animals undergo a seasonal variation in color: The stoat and the caribou turn from brown in summer to white in winter (when the stoat is known as ermine).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/protctvcl.html (458 words)

	Shedd Aquarium
		Most of the dorsal or back part of the body is grey/brown and fades to white near the ventral or stomach area.
		Like most sharks, the scalloped hammerhead shark exhibits countershading, which means the shark has a dark-colored back and a light-colored belly.
		Countershading – A form of camouflage in which an animal has a dark-colored back and a light-colored belly.
	www.sheddaquarium.org /SEA/fact_sheets_print.cfm?id=67 (1249 words)

	Chapter 19 - Color, Light, Sound, and Electricity
		A common method of concealment among fishes is countershading (obliterative shading), generally seen in any fishes that are darker on the back than on the sides and belly.
		Some brightly colored reef fishes are countershaded in that the upper sides and back are fl or some other dark tone and lighter, brighter patterns cover the flanks and belly.
		Even countershaded species such as sardines and tunas may have species-specific rows of spots or series of stripes arranged so as not to detract from the obliterative shading to any great degree but still allow species recognition.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/5530/fishes/ch19/ch19no03.html (2081 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the midwater penaeid shrimp Sergestes similis, a common member of the midwater community off the west coast of the U.S., the interaction of both hormonal and neural systems may be involved in the control of counterillumination.
		The goal of the present study is to obtain pilot data from which to develop a model for the physiological control of luminescent countershading behavior in Sergestes similis.
		His previous work has demonstrated that S. similis is a stable laboratory preparation; it counterilluminates in response to downward-directed illumination, detected by the eyes, with light emission from five light organs that are modified portions of the hepatopancreas (liver).
	www.cs.utexas.edu /ftp/pub/inderjit/Data/Text/nsf/9601069 (398 words)

	Countershading on the Feet and Legs of the Common Loon
		contributes to the overall countershading of the loon.
		When the loon was relaxed in the water, its feet extended posteriorly, the white medial surface of the leg and upper surface of the foot were visible from below, and the fl surfaces visible from above.
		As with the upside-down catfish (Synodontis spp.) (Marshall 1966: 185) the foot of the loon is intriguing because the pattern of countershading is anatomically reversed (the dorsal surface is light) though, because of the bird's behavior, it exemplifies the principle of countershading (Thayer 1918).
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v093n02/p0384-p0387.html (1429 words)

	Latz Laboratory of Scripps Institution of Oceanography
		Although the sensory basis of luminescent countershading behavior is visual, the relationship between visual and behavioral sensitivity is poorly understood.
		In this study, visual spectral sensitivity, based on microspectrophotometry and electrophysiological measurements of photoreceptor response, is directly compared to the behavioral spectral efficiency of luminescent countershading.
		The spectral efficiency of luminescent countershading showed a broad peak from 480 to 520 nm.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/bioluminescence/Abstracts.html (1166 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Countershading, gradation of colour from dark on the dorsa to light on the ventra, is generally considered to have the effect of making organisms difficult to detect.
		The mechanism that facilitates this form of crypsis is often considered to be concealment of shadows cast on the body of the animal.
		We found that in three experimental trials countershaded baits were attacked at a rate not significantly different to uniformly dark baits, which match the colour of the background most closely.
	www.gla.ac.uk /ibls/DEEB/teg/projects/countershade.htm (426 words)

	Graf Photography - Machias Seal Island
		It is interesting to note that the fl and white coloring of puffins and razorbills acts as a form of camouflage called "countershading." It is found in many open ocean animals.
		This fl and white countershading can also be a challenge for proper exposures when you photograph.
		It is best to pick a cloudy day where the light is fairly even to insure you get details in both the fl and the white areas of the bird.
	www.grafphoto.com /articles/machias3.htm (275 words)

	Countershading (from coloration) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Another clue can lead to the recognition of an organism: its three-dimensional form, which causes the unilluminated portion of the body to be in shadow.
		Countershading is a form of coloration in which the upper surfaces of the body are more darkly pigmented than the unilluminated lower areas, giving the body a more uniform darkness and a lack of depth relief.
		The downward-projecting photophores may provide countershading by obliterating the silhouette when it is viewed by a predator from below.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-25419 (808 words)

	SDNHM Shark Structure
		Countershading -- This is a form of protective coloration in which animals are darker on their upper (dorsal) surface than on their lower (ventral) surface.
		Many sharks, especially those that live near the surface, are a a dark color on their backs and a lighter color on their bellies.
		The countershading camouflages them from two directions -- looking up at them against the surface, and looking down at them against the sea floor.
	www.sdnhm.org /kids/sharks/anatomy.html (740 words)

	The Biological Bulletin: Spectral Sensitivity of Vision and Bioluminescence in the Midwater Shrimp Sergestes similis.@ ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the oceanic midwater environment, many fish, squid, and shrimp use luminescent countershading to remain cryptic to silhouette-scanning predators.
		The midwater penaeid shrimp, Sergestes similis Hansen, responds to downward-directed light with a dim bioluminescence that dynamically matches the spectral radiance of oceanic downwelling light at depth.
		Although the sensory basis of luminescent countershading behavior is visual, the relationship between visual and...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:59176777&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (167 words)

	MSN Encarta - Shark
		Sharks’ ventral sides, or undersides, are usually lighter in color than their dorsal, or top, sides.
		This countershading makes the animals more difficult to spot in the water.
		When viewed from above, their darker dorsal sides are difficult to distinguish from the ocean depths, and when viewed from below, their lighter ventral sides blend with the sunlit water above them.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552860/Shark.html (1947 words)

	OCEAN HABITAT
		Fish in the Epipelagic zone use countershading, concealment, disruptive, advertisement, mimicry, and transparency, they also have a more stream-lined body.
		Countershading is where the top of the fish is darker so when a fish looks up it sees the lighter part of fish resembling the surface.
		The fish in the Epipelagic zone strong swimmers with an air bladder.
	web2k.wsfcs.k12.nc.us /jeffms/schnably/6/6/ocean_habitat.htm (419 words)

	Spectral Sensitivity of Vision and Bioluminescence in the Midwater Shrimp Sergestes similis -- Lindsay et al. 197 (3): ...
		Although the sensory basis of luminescent countershading behavior is
		countershading showed a broad peak from 480 to 520 nm.
		efficiency of luminescent countershading attests to the importance of
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/abstract/197/3/348 (262 words)

	3/8
		When the pattern is different from port to starboard, the connecting vertical surfaces should be the same as the adjacent surfaces and the two should meet at the center with a flowing line.
		Countershading: Extensive use was made of countershading when Western Approaches camouflage was used.
		Countershading: Paint the following white: Undersides of blast shields, flag decks, boats, Pom-Pom decks and other platforms.
	www.shipcamouflage.com /3_8.htm (645 words)

	Chondrichthyes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The upper surface of the body is dark colored, while the lower surface is light colored.
		This is called countershading and is a technique many marine animals use for protection as well as for predation.
		Countershading makes the animal almost invisible because when another animal looks down at them, they are camouflaged with the darkness of the sea bottom.
	www.cyhaus.com /marine/sharks.htm (273 words)

	Untitled Document
		This similarity is perceived in spite of the fact that there are no specific shapes which are shared between the pattern on the animal and the pattern on the background.
		Countershading defeats an observer's ability to discern shape from shading by covering the lower portion of the animal with a lighter material.
		Examples of countershaded animals include the pronghorn antelope, whitetailed deer, killer whale, and many others.
	vision.psych.umn.edu /~kersten/kersten-lab/camouflage/deresearch.html (4148 words)

	The Mane Street > Chestnut Or Red Dun? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		If the dam or the original filly posted is a bay with a stripe and some darker patches then she has countershading which has no relation to the dun gene.
		If her "line" isn't fl then it is probably countershading and she then is a buckskin, NOT a dun.
		Jun 19 2004, 07:41 AM If her "line" isn't fl then it is probably countershading and she then is a buckskin, NOT a dun.
	www.themanestreet.com /forums/lofiversion/index.php/t20615.html (2366 words)

	Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Many fishes that swim in open water are countershaded.
		This adaptation results in the fish being difficult to see from above because the dark colour of the dorsal surface of the fish blends into the dark colour of the water below.
		Why do you think the juveniles are not countershaded like the adults.
	www.amonline.net.au /fishes/students/focus/yellowtail.htm (1106 words)

	Abstract of Stauffer, Hale, & Seltzer (1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Hunting strategies of a Lake Malawi cichlid with reverse countershading.
		Tyrannochromis macrostoma (Regan), a haplochromine cichlid fish endemic to Lake Malawi, Africa, exhibits reverse countershading.
		Data presented herein lend credence to the self-shadow concealment explanation for the selection of countershading.
	malawicichlids.com /_popup_abs_shs99.htm (170 words)

	[No title]
		Subject: Re: Measure 22 countershading I spent a few days on the USS Kidd (fine restoration job, a 'must see' if in the area) at Baton Rouge last year and the countershading there is in white.
		Subject: Re: Measure 22 The Ships 2 revision of June 1942 called for countershading to be used with Ms.22: shadows were to be lightened by painting the undersides of overhanging horizontal surfaces in white (5-U).
		Countershading was continued in the March 1943 Ships 2 supplement.
	smmlonline.com /archives/VOL0411.txt (2064 words)

	Countershading enhances crypsis with some bird species but not others -- Speed et al. 16 (2): 327 -- Behavioral Ecology
		Countershading enhances crypsis with some bird species but not others -- Speed et al.
		Countershading enhances crypsis with some bird species but not others
		trials, countershaded baits were attacked at a rate not significantly
	beheco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/16/2/327 (240 words)

	3/43 Countershading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This illustration shows the appearance of dark areas caused by overhanging deck when the entire section is painted one color.
		This illustration shows the same structure countershaded by the application of white paint in the dark areas.
		Undersides of all hanging surfaces should be painted with white.
	www.shipcamouflage.com /ships2_3_43_countershading.htm (102 words)

	3255G1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Countershading (write on board) is the next type of camouflage.
		Show how countershading would make the animal harder to see when a light source is pointed down on an object with the dark side in the light.) This is also the way airplanes are camouflaged.
		countershading - a form of camouflage with the ventral side being lighter than the dorsal side
	www.utm.edu /staff/ceceone/ecology/3255g1.htm (3399 words)

	The Coral Reef Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Here are some examples of reef animals that exhibit countershading.
		To see what a student has to say about countershading, go to the West Springfield High School Website.
		To see live pictures of sharks that use countershading, see the Waikiki Aquarium's Shark Cam.
	www.coralreefalliance.org /professorpolyp/2001/july.html (97 words)

	What do penguins look like? - Physical characteristics of penguins
		This type of coloration is called countershading and is a form of camouflage.
		When seen from above, the penguin would be hard to distinct from the dark ocean bottom.
		In addition to these countershaded colors (common to all species), different species have specific colors for some body parts.
	www.patrickdepinguin.com /penguins/appearance (654 words)

	Re: Well okay...
		The reason I mentioned uniformity of color in many baitfish is that certain shad species are uniformly silver, crappy in warm, pea-soup colored water have colors that pale, the same as bass.
		I can't speak for nature or evolution, but countershading may have been an afterthought considering camoflage colors are negated by florescent colors (perch), large contrasting triangles (perch), stripes (sunfish, crappie) and a color palette that's more noticable than a flasher in a church!
		The promo should have emphazized contrast (similar to what John Jackson mentioned), as a primary visual cue that anything with eyes, would notice and see better to begin with.
	www.yamamoto.baits.com /forum/forum.pl?read=19998 (708 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The survival value of countershading with wild birds as predators.
		Kiltie, R.A. Countershading: universally deceptive or deceptively universal?
		Sillen-Tullberg, B. Higher survival of an aposematic than of a cryptic form of a distasteful bug.
	academics.hamilton.edu /biology/ewilliam/naturehandbook/ref4.htm (846 words)

	Morgan's Turkey Callers
		utilize the natural phenomenon of countershading, which is nature’s way of blending animals into the landscape.
		The vest has a built-in back cushion for sitting by knotty trees, and an easy-out, easy-in lightweight seat to help the hunter stay put, but not dread moving to a new position.
		Made of olive drab netting – for best blending in all settings - with horizontal bands of camouflage patterns for continuity of patterns, and for minimizing the effect of moving your head.
	www.turkeycallers.com /products/counterflage (375 words)

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