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	County of Jaffa and Ascalon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The double County of Jaffa and Ascalon was one of the four major seigneuries of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, according to 13th-century commentator John of Ibelin.
		Jaffa was fortified by Godfrey of Bouillon after the First Crusade in 1100, and was unsuccessfully claimed by Daimbert of Pisa, the first Patriarch.
		With the capture of Jaffa by Baibars in 1268, the countship became titular.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon (472 words)

	Jaffa
		In the reign of Cyrus Jaffa again served as a landing-port for the materials destined for the reconstruction of the Temple (I Esd., iii, 7).
		Captured by the crusaders, it became, under Godfrey of Bouillon, the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, feudatory to the King of Jerusalem.
		Jaffa is connected by railroad with Jerusalem; its harbour, which is difficult of access, received 1789 steam or sailing vessels in 1907, and transacted business to the extent of 28 million francs ($5,600,000) — 17,000,000 imports and 11,000,000 exports.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/j/jaffa.html (902 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Jaffa, Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During the Crusades it was the County of Jaffa, a stronghold of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		Jaffa was captured during the Crusades, and became the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook was chief rabbi of Jaffa from 1904-1921.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/?title=Jaffa,_Israel (2822 words)

	Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the 13th century jurist John of Ibelin the four highest barons in the Kingdom proper were the Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, the Prince of Galilee, the Lord of Sidon, and the Lord of Oultrejordain.
		The County of Tripoli, the nearest of them, is sometimes considered to have been a vassal lordship under the king's suzerainty, although it preserved an extraordinary degree of sovereignty.
		Jaffa, on the Mediterranean coast, was fortified after the First Crusade, and was a separate county until the revolt of Hugh II of Le Puiset in 1134.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem (2109 words)

	Jaffa, Israel: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Jaffa or Yaffo is one of the most ancient port cities (port cities: a port is a facility at the edge of an ocean, river, or lake for receiving ships...
		Jaffa is first refered to at Egyptian (Egyptian: A native or inhabitant of Egypt) letter of 1470 BC, glorifying its conquest by Pharaoh (Pharaoh: The title of the ancient Egyptian kings) Thutmose III (Thutmose III: thutmose iii (also written as tuthmosis iii; called manahpi(r)ya in the amarna...
		The capture of Jaffa differed from the earlier conquests in that under the U.N. plan it was supposed to remain as a Palestinian enclave between neighbouring Tel Aviv and areas to the south and east designated as part of the Jewish state.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/jaffa_israel (2939 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/County of Jaffa and Ascalon
		In 1126 Ramla became part of Jaffa, and a separate lordship was created after Hugh II's revolt in 1134, with Baldwin II as lord (although Baldwin I was not a lord in his own right).
		The castle of Ibelin, in an important nexus of warfare in the south of the Kingdom, was built during the reign of King Fulk.
		Mirabel was separated from Jaffa after the revolt in 1134 and also given to Barisan of Ibelin, although it was separate from Ibelin.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon (785 words)

	Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		According to the 13th century jurist John of Ibelin the four highest barons in the Kingdom were the Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, the Prince of Galilee, the Lord of Sidon, and the Lord of Oultrejordain.
		The County of Jaffa (including Ascalon after 1153) was usually held directly by the royal family of Jerusalem or by one of their relatives.
		Jaffa was fortified by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1100, and unsuccessfully claimed by Daimbert of Pisa, the first Patriarch.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/vassals_of_the_kingdom_of_jerusalem (1496 words)

	William of Montferrat - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In 1176 William was chosen by Raymond III, count of Tripoli, and Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, to marry Baldwin's sister Sibylla.
		William also gained the County of Jaffa and Ascalon in the marriage.
		He fell ill, probably from malaria, at Ascalon, and died in June 1177, leaving Sibylla pregnant with the future king Baldwin V.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/William_of_Montferrat (302 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jaffa
		Assigned to the tribe of Dan (Joshua 19:46), Japho, or Jaffa, seems not to have belonged to the Jews before the reign of David, who conquered the maritime region (Judges 1:34; 18:1; 2 Samuel 8:1; Sirach 47:8).
		In the reign of Cyrus Jaffa again served as a landing-port for the materials destined for the reconstruction of the Temple (Ezra 3:7).
		It was there that St. Peter raised to life the widow Tabitha, a name interpreted Dorcas (Acts 9:36-42), whose tomb is still the object of a popular pilgrimage; there, too, in the house of Simon the Tanner, he had the symbolical vision of the unclean animals (Acts 10:1-23).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08268a.htm (913 words)

	CRUSADES - LoveToKnow Article on CRUSADES
		The siege was long protracted; the mass of the pilgrims were anxious to proceed to Jerusalem, and, as the altered tone of the author of the Gesta sufficiently indicates, thoroughly weary of the obstinate political bickerings of Raymund and Bohemund.
		The first question which arises is that of the relation of the kingdom of Jerusalem to the three counties or principalities of Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa, which acknowledged their dependence upon it.
		The rest of the county of Edessa, including Tell-bashir on the west, was now conquered (1150); while Raymund of Antioch was defeated and killed (in 1149), and several towns in the east of his principality were captured.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CRUSADES.htm (19679 words)

	Ashkelon - OnlineEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It was an important Hellenistic seaport, the birthplace of Herod the Great who rebuilt and enriched the city and it continued to flourish in the Roman and Byzantine periods.
		Although Fatimid forces were defeated at the Battle of Ascalon by the Crusaders in 1099, the city itself was not taken.
		It was then added to the County of Jaffa, one of the most important Crusader seigneuries.
	www.neareasternarchaeology.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Ashkelon (699 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Ascalon meant that Jerusalem was secure from immediate threat, that the nascent kingdom had a little time, at least, to grow.
		Ascalon was still a danger, for as long as it stood, Egypt could send armies north.
		Jaffa was too important to give up without a fight, so Henry summoned his vassals and organized a relieving force.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/jerusalem.html (16162 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Walter IV of Brienne
		His inheritance of the Principality of Taranto and the County of Lecce was confiscated.
		In 1221 John gave him the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, and arranged a marriage with Mary of Cyprus (b.
		Walter was captured, tortured before the walls of Jaffa, and ultimately turned over to the Egyptians after the Khwarezmian defeat before Homs in 1246.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Walter_IV_of_Brienne (302 words)

	Ashkelon: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1150 it was fortified with fifty-three towers by its Egyptian Fatimid rulers, to defend it against marauding Crusaders, but to no avail, for it fell three years later (three years later: more facts about this subject), after a months-long siege, to Baldwin III of Jerusalem (Baldwin III of Jerusalem: more facts about this subject).
		It was then added to the County of Jaffa (County of Jaffa: more facts about this subject), one of the most important Crusader seigneuries.
		Saladin (Saladin: Sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)) retrieved the strategic port for Islam after the Battle of Hittin (Battle of Hittin: the battle of hattin in 1187 was a major setback in the fortunes of the crusader...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/ashkelon (593 words)

	Amalric I of Jerusalem - WIKIb2b (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Amalric, who had been given the County of Jaffa as an apanage when he reached the age of majority in 1151, remained loyal to Melisende in Jerusalem, and when Baldwin invaded the south, Amalric was besieged in the Tower of David with his mother.
		In 1153 Baldwin captured the Egyptian fortress of Ascalon, which was then added to Amalric's fief of Jaffa.
		The capture of Ascalon by Baldwin III made the conquest of Egypt more feasible, and the Knights Hospitaller began preparing maps of the possible invasion routes.
	www.wiki-b2b.com /index.php/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem (1753 words)

	Politics in the Latin Kingdom
		Ascalon is one of the five cities of the Philistines.
		When the people of Ascalon saw this they raised their hands skyward and lifted up their voices in a great shout, saying that we would now have to retreat or else we would shortly be overwhelmed….
		After the people of Ascalon had witnessed the slaughter of their men and had felt the heavy hand which the Lord had laid upon them, their sorrow and anxiety of spirit was renewed and their spirits were flooded with a vast grief.
	www.ordotempli.org /politics_in_the_latin_kingdom.htm (9386 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
		Many of these seigneuries ceased to exist after the loss of Jerusalem in 1187, and after the fall of Acre in 1291, yet they often had European claimants for decades or centuries afterwards; these claimants, of course, held no actual territory.
		Ibelin was also created out of Jaffa around 1134 and given to Balian of Ibelin.
		The Principality of Galilee was established, at least in name, in 1099 when Tancred was given Tiberias, Haifa, and Bethsan by Godfrey of Bouillon.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem (1637 words)

	GUY OF LUSIGNAN FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Along with his brother, Amalric, Guy went to Jerusalem in the 1170s, where he became a client of Agnes of Courtenay, the divorced mother of King Baldwin IV, who held the county of Jaffa and Ascalon.
		Agnes was concerned that her political rivals, headed by the regent Raymond III of Tripoli, were determined to exercise more control by forcing Agnes' daughter, the princess Sibylla, to marry someone of their choosing.
		By his marriage he also became count of Jaffa and Ascalon and bailiff of Jerusalem.
	www.businessdrop.com /ar:Guy_of_Lusignan (1363 words)

	religion: christianity: denominations: catholicism: reference: catholic-encyclopedia: a: Page 53 Spirit And Sky
		An Ethiopic missionary and scholar, born, probably at Carrezedo Montenegro, in the Diocese of Braga, in Portugal, in 1573; died in Ethiopia in 1634.
		An archipelago situated in that tract of the Atlantic Ocean which is known to mariners as the Sargasso Sea.
		Three uses, one of the five great cities of the Philistines, the mountain to which Bacchides pursued the Jews in battle, and a titular see of Palestine situated near the seacoast, between Jaffa and Ascalon.
	www.spiritandsky.com /religion/christianity/denominations/catholicism/reference/catholic-encyclopedia/a/more53.html (403 words)

	Fresno Real Estate - Encyclopedia: Third Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When it became apparent that Saladin was not willing to pay the terms of the treaty at Acre, Richard had more than 3,000 Muslim prisoners executed on August 20 outside of Acre in full view of Saladin's camp.
		King Guy was given rule of Cyprus, and Henry II of Champagne became king of Jerusalem.
		In July of 1192, Saladin suddenly attacked and captured Jaffa with thousands of men, but the city was re-captured by Richard and a much smaller force of 55 men on July 31.
	www.mahib.com /local/kings_county/?title=Third_Crusade (2024 words)

	Crocker ~ Ashley - Person Page 40
		She was christened between 11 February 1581 and 1582 at Brenchley, County Kent, England.
		William felt that the major fault of Fulk's reign was his inattention to the defense of the states to the north against the invasions of Zengi, which culminated in the fall of the County of Edessa in 1143.
		He made the inhabitants of Damascus and Ascalon pay tribute and long before Raymond, brother of the count of Poitou, married the daughter of Bohemond of Antioch, Fulk sustained the principality of Antioch against the Turks with great effort, losing nothing.
	www.tracycrocker.com /p40.htm (4394 words)

	Lebanon and the crusades
		These were the county of Edessa (Baldwin), the principality of Antioch (Bohemond), and the county of Tripoli (Raymond).
		The chief objective of King Baldwin was the capture of the coastal cities, Ascalon, Tyre, Sidon and to the north Beirut.
		Both Ascalon and Tyre were strong fortresses with a large permanent garrison so the king decided to attack Sidon instead.
	www.kobayat.org /data/documents/crusades/leb_crus.htm (9154 words)

	John of Ibelin (jurist) - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		John of Ibelin (1215-1266), count of Jaffa and Ascalon, was a noted jurist and the author of the longest legal treatise from the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		Jaffa was by now a minor port and Ascalon was captured from the Knights Hospitaller by the Mamluks in 1247; the formerly-powerful double-county was now merely a title.
		John made peace with Damascus and used the forces of Jerusalem to attack Ascalon; the Egyptians besieged Jaffa in 1256 in response.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/John_of_Ibelin_(jurist) (697 words)

	Ikhwan as-Safa' 1-3
		ad-Dawla's army is caught by surprise outside Ascalon by the veteran knights of the Crusade on the 9th August.
		Like OTL the crusaders are unable to follow up the victory by taking Ascalon, and they are left with Jaffa as their only seaport.
		In the mean time he decides on a naval strategy for political reasons; he's worried that the defeat outside Ascalon will encourage the coastal governors to try to break away.
	ismaili.net /mirrors/Ikhwan_01/ikha.html (2855 words)

	A Society, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Albany Diocese comprising the entire counties of Albany, Columbia, Delaware, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren, Washington, and that part of Herkimer and Hamilton counties south of the northern line of the townships of Ohio and Russia, Benson and Hope, in the State of New York.
		Abingdon, The Abbey of Located in the County of Berkshire, England, founded A.D. Autran, Joseph French poet, born at Marseilles 20 June, 1813; died in the same city, 6 March, 1877.
		Athelney, The Abbey of Established in the County of Somerset, England.
	www.indiapolicyinstitute.org /aW5kXzM5NTg0.aspx (12378 words)

	Peter Edbury - Publications
		Reading John of Jaffa' in The Experience of Crusading 2: Defining the Crusader Kingdom, edited by Peter Edbury and Jonathan Phillips (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp.
		'The Livre des Assises by John of Jaffa: the Development and Transmission of the Text', in J. France and W.G. Zajac (eds), The Crusades and their Sources: Essays presented to Bernard Hamilton (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), pp.
		'John of Jaffa and the Kingdom of Cyprus', Epeterida tou Kentrou Epistimonikon Erevnon, 19 (1997), pp.
	www.cf.ac.uk /hisar/people/pe/bib.html (1888 words)

	Crusades in the Levant (1097-1291)
		Moreover, once the Kingdom of Jerusalam and Counties of Tripoli and Antioch were established the main burden of fighting was born by the permanent settlement of crusaders and their descendants.
		This was temporarly accomplished by the initial Crusades establishing some small 'kingdoms' and 'counties' in the lands immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean.
		He took the rest of the County of Edessa in 1150 and defeated Raymund of Antioch in 1149.
	xenophongroup.com /montjoie/crusade2.htm (7678 words)

	Crusaders, Greeks, and Muslims by Sanderson Beck
		Muslims in Ascalon would only surrender to Raymond because of what happened at Jerusalem; but Godfrey resented this, causing the Roberts of Normandy and Flanders to depart in disgust with the result that Ascalon was not taken, and the same thing happened at Arsuf.
		Guy of Lusignan married Sibyl at Easter 1180 and was given Jaffa and Ascalon as fiefs.
		Mamluk sultan Baybars made truces with Jaffa and Beirut in 1261, with the Hospitallers and Tyre in 1267, with Beirut again in 1269, and with the Hospitallers, Templars, and Tripoli in 1271.
	www.san.beck.org /AB18-Crusaders.html (21728 words)

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