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Topic: Coupling constant

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	(H-J-J-H) Coupling Constant to Dihedral Angle Converter
		Coupling is mediated by the interaction of orbitals within the bonding framework.
		The relationship between the dihedral angle and the vicinal coupling constant
		= 9.5 are constants which depend upon the substituents on the carbon atoms and f is the dihedral angle.
	www.jonathanpmiller.com /Karplus.html (165 words)

	Variable Speed Control
		A "Torque Source" is one where the driven load is driven by a constant torque, and the speed alters to the point where the torque of the driven load equals the torque delivered by the motor.
		The fluid coupling is a torque coupling whereby the input torque is equal to the output torque.
		With the slip ring motor, the stator voltage is held constant at line voltage, and the rotor resistance is varied to alter the torque capacity of the motor and hence the speed.
	www.lmphotonics.com /vsd/vsd_01.htm (1636 words)

	Coupling Constants for the Fundamental Forces
		In obtaining a coupling constant for the strong interaction, say in comparison to the electromagnetic force, it must be recognized that they are very different in nature.
		This coupling constant is also called the "fine structure constant" since it shows up in the description of the fine structure of atomic spectra.
		The lifetime of a particle is proportional to the inverse square of the coupling constant of the force which causes the decay.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/couple.html (595 words)

	How are string theories related?
		If the coupling constant gets very large compared to unity, perturbation theory becomes useless, because higher powers of the expansion parameter are bigger, not smaller, than lower powers.
		A quantum field theory can be weakly coupled at low energies and strongly coupled at high energies, as is true with the fine structure constant a in QED, or strongly coupled at low energies and weakly coupled at high energies, as is true with the coupling constant for quark and gluon interactions in QCD.
		At very strong coupling, heterotic SO(32) string theory has excitations that are open strings, but these open strings are highly unstable in the weakly coupled limit of the theory, which is the limit in which heterotic string theory is commonly understood.
	www.superstringtheory.com /basics/basic6a1.html (0 words)

	constants
		The electromagnetic coupling constant is just another name for the fine structure constant; it describes the strength of the electromagnetic field.
		Similarly, the strong coupling constant describes the strength of the strong force - the force transmitted by gluons, which binds quarks together into baryons and mesons.
		Instead of the electromagnetic coupling constant together with the masses of the W, Z, and Higgs, we could have used 4 other constants: the U(1) coupling constant, the SU(2) coupling constant, the mass of the Higgs, and the expectation value of the Higgs field.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/constants.html (1705 words)

	Coupling constant \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of Coupling constant
		For example, the fine-structure constant is a coupling constant that determines the strength of the electromagnetic force.
		If the coupling constant is (much) smaller than one, the theory is (very) weakly coupled, and it can be (very) well described by perturbation theory where the coupling constant plays the role of the expansion parameter; this is the case of quantum electrodynamics, for example.
		However, in the case of string theory, these coupling constants are not pre-determined, adjustable, but universal parameters, but rather dynamical scalar fields that can depend on the position in space and time and whose values are determined dynamically.
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=Coupling_constant (218 words)

	Device for tapping radiation from, or injecting radiation into, single made optical fiber, and communication system ...
		Such coupling is caused by means of a "grating" in the fiber, with the grating being formed by impressing a periodic (or pseudo-periodic) modulation on the fiber, or by causing a periodic (or pseudo-periodic) variation of the refractive index of the fiber by means of the photoelastic or the photorefractive effect.
		The coupling means of claim 1, wherein the means for locally changing the core refractive index comprise a photo-refractively active chemical element present in the core, and means for exposing the fiber core to actinic radiation, whereby the refractive index of the fiber core can be changed by means of the photo-refractive effect.
		The coupling means comprises means for forming a grating, e.g., means for locally changing the optical characteristics of the fiber by impressing a multiplicity of regularly (periodically or pseudo-periodically) spaced deformations on the fiber, or by changing the refractive index of the fiber in a multiplicity of regularly spaced fiber regions.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4749248.html (5747 words)

	Thompson Couplings Ltd - What is the Thompson Coupling
		The Thompson Coupling is essentially two Cardan joints assembled coaxially where the cruciform-equivalent members of each are connected to one another by trunnions and bearings which are constrained to continuously lie on the homokinetic plane of the joint.
		In operation the component parts of the coupling remain balanced about the three rotational axis of the joint namely the input shaft axis, the output shaft axis and the axis of the homokinetic plane.
		The Thompson Coupling has essentially the same construction as a normal Cardan joint but does not suffer the dynamic loads due to fluctuating angular velocity of intermediate shafts and load as is the case where Cardan joints are used.
	cvcoupling.com /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=58 (889 words)

	The Fine Structure Constant
		The Number 137 is well-known throughout the physics community as the approximate inverse of the Fine Structure constant.
		There is a most profound and beautiful question associated with the observed coupling constant, e, the amplitude for a real electron to emit or absorb a real photon.
		There is a profound relation between the inverse Fine Structure Constant and the Holographic Generating Set (A = 27, B = 37, C = 73) revealed by the continued fraction expansion of 137.0359997.
	www.biblewheel.com /GR/GR_FineStructure.asp (855 words)

	Measurement of Coupling Constants: S3E
		An average weighted by the intensity of the slice is calculated as the overall coupling constant.
		The coupling constant is calculated as the offset between the maxima in the two slices.
		Three parameters are fitted: The coupling constant (the shift in -x direction), the scaling of the slice, and a baseline shift.
	www.crc.dk /chem/pronto/ch22.html (0 words)

	7-5 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Coupling constants are measured in Hz and are designated by the symbol J. So far we in the spectra we analyzed the spin-spin coupling obeyed the so called n+1 rule, i.e.
		The coupling constant between two hydrogens is a function of the dihedral angle between the two hydrogens.
		Other types of coupling in that coupling constant range are classified as long range coupling; allylic coupling, and meta coupling (between two hydrogens meta to each other on a benzene ring) are common examples observed quite frequently.
	www.chem.hawaii.edu /273/7-17.html (478 words)

	Meson-Baryon coupling constants in QCD sum rules (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Calculation of the coupling constants at the hadronic vertices directly from the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), which is the gauge theory of the strong interactions involving the quarks and the gluons, is a long-standing problem.
		We observe that the scalar meson-baryon coupling constants as obtained from the QCDSR depend on the picture assumed for the structure of the scalar mesons (qbar{q} or q^2bar{q}^2), whereas the F/(F+D) ratio, which is alpha_s=0.55, remains intact in the two pictures.
		Chapter 4 is devoted to the calculation of the vector and the tensor coupling constants of the vector mesons rho and omega to the N, Lambda, Xi and Sigma baryons using the external-field QCDSR method.
	dissertations.ub.rug.nl /faculties/science/2006/g.erkol (943 words)

	Piping Technology&Products, Inc. - Technical
		Piping Technology and Products' constant spring hanger, usually referred to as a constant, provides constant support force for pipes and equipment subjected to vertical movement due to thermal expansion at locations where maintaining a constant stress is critical.
		Secure the hanger to a structure capable of handling the operating load, at a point where the constant's load coupling is directly over the desired point of attachment to the pipe in the operating position.
		The Type G constant consists of two Type 100 constants connected by a beam, with the pipe being supported on the beam.
	www.pipingtech.com /technical/im/constant.htm (1453 words)

	How are string theories related? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If the coupling constant gets very large compared to unity, perturbation theory becomes useless, because higher powers of the expansion parameter are bigger, not smaller, than lower powers.
		A quantum field theory can be weakly coupled at low energies and strongly coupled at high energies, as is true with the fine structure constant a in QED, or strongly coupled at low energies and weakly coupled at high energies, as is true with the coupling constant for quark and gluon interactions in QCD.
		At very strong coupling, heterotic SO(32) string theory has excitations that are open strings, but these open strings are highly unstable in the weakly coupled limit of the theory, which is the limit in which heterotic string theory is commonly understood.
	superstringtheory.com /basics/basic6a1.html (676 words)

	Couple Lattice Maps, Sydney VisLab
		This implies the value of a single sqaure on this grid after one iteration coupled with the squares adjacent to it and the strength of the interactions between adjacent squares is constant.
		This is an example of the cycle in T formed by the coupling constant of 0.01 and a logistic constant of 3.3 started from a random 9 by 9 map over 50 iterations, and as you can see the values settle into a steady state.
		The behavior in the coupling constant gave the graph a new dimension.
	oldsite.vislab.usyd.edu.au /research/cml/CML.html (909 words)

	Coupling Constant: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thus there was only one coupling constant needed to describe electricity and magnetism, and the latter two were "unified".
		The hypothesis of unification is that the need for four different coupling constants is a consequence of the particular "state" in which we find ourselves.
		One may introduce one constant g as the constant acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, and another constant G to account for the lunar motion.
	khwarizmi.phy.iitb.ac.in /~yajnik/publects/ggsym/node5.html (374 words)

	Current advances: The fine-structure constant
		It is the "coupling constant" or measure of the strength of the electromagnetic force that governs how electrically charged elementary particles (e.g., electron, muon) and light (photons) interact.
		the coupling constant for the electromagnetic force and similar to those for the other three known fundamental forces or interactions of nature: the gravitational force, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force.
		At shorter distances corresponding to higher energy processes or probes (large momentum transfers), the screen is partially penetrated and the strength of the electromagnetic interaction increases since the effective charge increases.
	physics.nist.gov /cuu/Constants/alpha.html (1075 words)

	Run Command_3 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The COUPCAL (COUPling constant CALculation) software package is used in SPECINFO to calculate and display NMR-spectroscopic coupling constants for a given structure query.
		Data are generated by evaluating the coupling constant information from SPECINFO compounds with similar chemical environments.
		You are then prompted to enter the start and end atoms for which the coupling constant is to be calculated.
	www.stn-international.de /training_center/messenger/commands/run_0235.htm (241 words)

	Re: Coupling constant for 4.25" secondary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The measurements were taken with the primary tapped at 15 turns.
		With the first turn of the secondary even with inner turn of the primary I measured the coupling at K=0.15 With the secondary raised 1.5" I got K=0.11.
		The >innermost point of the primary is at the same vertical level as the first >turn of the secondary and (only!) 7/8" horizontally distant.
	www.pupman.com /listarchives/1999/March/msg00292.html (263 words)

	Spin-spin splitting and coupling - Coupling in 1H NMR
		Because of the mechanism of J coupling, the magnitude is field independent: coupling constants in Hertz will be the same whether the spectrum is measured at 300 MHz or 500 MHz.
		Sometimes, coupling is not observed between protons on heteroatoms such as the OH proton of an alcohol and adjacent protons on carbon.
		The coupling constant for the methyl triplet and the methylene quartet is 7 Hz.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/nmrtheory/splitting.html (1042 words)

	NMR Experiment
		Coupling is thought to arise from Fermi contact at the nucleus.
		Not all hybridizations are equally predictable and the purpose of this laboratory is to determine the hybridization of carbon in strained rings.
		Be consistent when comparing the coupling constants for each peak to measure from the analogous peak.
	www.csub.edu /Chemistry/450/NMR_hybridization.html (1214 words)

	Quantum Gravity Concept Map - Scaling
		The constant chosen is usually the "coupling constant", which determines the strength of the interactions, and such a "perturbative expansion" implies that the computation is only valid for relatively weak interactions.
		For the coupling associated with electromagnetism, for example, the smaller the region investigated, the higher the coupling constant, and vise versa.
		These constants include the Planck Constant, which determines the quantum of action, the speed of light, which determines the maximum velocity in any reference frame, and Newton's Constant, which is the gravitational coupling.
	www.rwc.uc.edu /koehler/qg/scale.html (708 words)

	How are string theories related?
		If Newton's constant were twice the size it is measured to be now, then we would feel twice as much gravitational force from the Earth, and the Earth would feel twice as much from the Moon and the Sun, and so on.
		A larger coupling constant means a stronger force, and a smaller coupling constant means a weaker force.
		For electromagnetism, the coupling constant is proportional to the square of the electric charge.
	www.superstringtheory.com /basics/basic6.html (0 words)

	Fundamental physical constant Summary
		In order for a quantity to be a fundamental constant, it must appear as a constant in a physical law, and it must take the same value in every law in which it appears.
		In physics, fundamental physical constants are, in the strictest sense, physical constants that are independent of systems of units and hence are dimensionless numbers.
		This is accomplished by defining the units of measurement in such a way that several of the most common physical constants, such as the speed of light, are normalized to unity.
	www.bookrags.com /Fundamental_physical_constant (1291 words)

	atomic constant concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It gives a rough measure of the relative importance of relativistic and spin effects in the spectra of atoms., A parameter that measures the strength of the electromagnetic force.
		The fine-structure constant is a combination of other fundamental constants of nature - the electrical charge of the electron, the speed of light, and Planck's constant of quantum mechanics., A coupling constant e
		/ h bar c, approximately equal to 1/137 (where e is the electron charge, h bar is Plancks constant, and c is the speed of light), that measures the strength of the interaction between a charged particle and the electromagnetic field.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/atomicconstant.html (208 words)

	CERN Courier - Are the fundamental constant - IOP Publishing - article
		At around the same time, Pascal Jordan discussed the possibility that other constants could also be time-dependent (Jordan 1937; 1939), but he refused to consider that the constant of the weak interactions or the ratio of the electron and proton mass might be time-dependent.
		In the case where the coupling constant remains invariant, but the energy at which the unification takes place depends on time, one finds that the time change of the scale Λ for the strong interactions is about 31 times larger than the time change of α, but has the opposite sign.
		In these theories, dimensionless coupling constants such as α are related to functions of vacuum expectation values of scalar fields, which could easily depend on time.
	cerncourier.com /main/article/43/2/13 (2372 words)

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