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	Courland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Courland is drained by nearly one hundred rivers, of which only three, the Daugava, the Lielupe (Aa) and the Venta (Windau), are navigable.
		Anciently Courland was inhabited by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe, who were subdued and converted to Christianity by the Brethren of the Sword, a German military order, in the first quarter of the 13th century.
		Courland during World War II At the start of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Courland, along with the rest of the Baltic area belonging to the Soviet Union, was overrun by Army Group North headed by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Courland (2347 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Courland colonization of the Americas
		The Duchy of Courland was the smallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago from 1654 to 1659.
		Courland was established as a Duchy in 1561, a fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the modern Latvia.
		Courland officially yielded New Courland on 11 December 1659.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Courland_colonisation_of_the_Americas (673 words)

	Courland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Imperial Russia it was bounded on the north-east by the river Daugava, separating it from the districts of Vitebsk and Livonia; on the north by the Gulf of Riga, on the west by the Baltic Sea, and on the south by the Prussian province of East Prussia and the Russian district of Kovno.
		The Mitau plain divided Courland into two parts, of which the western was fertile and thickly inhabited, except in the north, while the eastern was less fertile and thinly inhabited.
		After World War I, Courland became a part of the newly formed nation of Latvia only to be conquered by the USSR then Germany then the USSR again during World War 2.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Courland (2336 words)

	Courland - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Courland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Following their defeat by pagans from neighbouring Lithuania in 1236, a much larger military order, the Teutonic Knights, set up an independent state in the region, waging a long campaign against the Lithuanians and Prussians.
		They held the Courland until the end of the war, and it then became part of a newly independent Latvia in 1920.
		Courland again saw bitter fighting during World War II, when Hitler ordered a beleaguered German army to abandon plans to evacuate by sea and to continue to resist the Soviet advance on Germany.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Courland (284 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - AGRICULTURAL COLONIES IN RUSSIA: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1823 a loan of 50,000 rubles was granted for colonization purposes, and this enabled 443 families to settle—partly in the old colonies and partly in new settlements.
		(5) Jews colonizing fifty Jewish families on their estates were entitled to honorary citizenship, and those colonizing one hundred families were entitled to be raised to the nobility.
		The first who sought to be colonized were 70 families, numbering 350 persons, from Mitau in Courland, who applied through their leaders, Meyer Mendelsohn and Elijah Mitauer, for permission to settle in the province of Ekaterinoslav.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=908&letter=A (3390 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Courland
		In Imperial Russia Courland was bounded on the northeast by the river Daugava, separating it from the districts of Vitebsk and Livonia; on the north by the Gulf of Riga, on the west by the Baltic Sea, and on the south by the Prussian province of East Prussia and the Russian district of Kovno.
		After World War I, Courland became a part of the newly formed nation of Latvia only to be conquered by the USSR, then Germany, and then the USSR again during World War II.
		Until the end of the war, Army Group Courland was uselessly stuck on the Latvian peninsula, when they could have been better used elsewhere.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Kurland (2231 words)

	Rxpress - French colonisation of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first French attempt at colonization was Fort Caroline in 1564, made by Huguenots.
		The first French attempt to colonise the Mississippi area was a failure.
		Having explored the Mississippi Valley to its mouth, from the direction of Canada, in the North, in 1682, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle named the great central belt of territory Louisiane in honour of Louis XIV of France.
	www.rxpresspharmacy.com /wiki/index/French_colonization_of_the_Americas (1034 words)

	Rxpress - English colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		British colonization of the Americas began in the late 16th century.
		The British were one of the most important colonizers of the Americas and their American Empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in extent.
		Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent was colonized in 1762.
	www.rxpresspharmacy.com /wiki/index/British_colonization_of_the_Americas (1658 words)

	Latvia - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The region west of Riga, on the Baltic Sea, was organized into the Duchy of Courland, becoming a semi-independent vassal of Poland.
		In the mid-17th century, Courland became known as a major naval and trade center for northern Europe, and even had colonial aspirations.
		To the nationalists, this was taken to be a deliberate colonization policy, aimed at diminishing the influence of the indigenous population.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/countries/lva/History.stm (1978 words)

	Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the 17th century, Dutch traders established trade posts and plantations throughout the Americas; actual colonization, with Dutch settling in the new lands was not as common as with settlements of other European nations.
		Many of the Dutch settlements had been abandoned or lost by the end of the century, with the exception of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, which remain Dutch territory until this day, and Suriname, which became independent in 1975.
		Dutch colonization of Sint Maarten began in 1620 although the ownership of the island changed hands at least 16 times before 1816, when it was permanently split between France and the Netherlands.
	www.freedomresorts.com /search.php?title=Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas (1214 words)

	A short history of Latvia
		By 1795 the whole of Courland is part of Russia too.
		At the end of World War I, in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1918, Russia cedes Estonia, Livonia and Courland to Germany.
		But at the end of 1918 Livonia and Courland become independent as the Republic of Latvia and the Baltic State is dissolved.
	www.electionworld.org /history/latvia.htm (723 words)

	Colonization-- Avery J. Parker - North Carolina Genealogy
		The German colonization of the Americas consisted of a failed attempt to settle Venezuela in the 16th century.
		The Duchy of Courland was the smallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago during the 1654–1659, and again 1660–1689.
		Large portions of it involved the colonization of the Americas.
	www.northcarolinagenealogy.net /category/historical-references/colonization (530 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Courland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the Livonian Wars (1558andndash;1582), under the increasing pressure of Russia, the Livonia Confederation was dissolved.
		In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy and the Swedishandndash;Polish war (1655andndash;1660) begun.
		The situation was extremely tense andmdash; one part of the landowners accepted Ernst Biron, another andmdash; Carl of Saxony.
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=courland (2232 words)

	Great Courland Bay Settlement, Tobago
		The colonization of Tobago enhanced the power and prestige of the Duchy of Courland well beyond its narrow boundaries.
		The Courlanders ships and flag - a fl crab on a red background, were well known throughout the mercantile world.
		The Courlanders were driven out by the Dutch 1656, but they regained it shortly afterwards.
	www.tobagowi.com /sites/courlandbay.htm (309 words)

	Colonization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Colonization and Environment: Land Settlement Projects in Central America Table of contents (168 p.) Jeffrey R. Jones © The United Nations University, 1990 The views expressed in this publication are...
		Definition of European colonization of the Americas European colonization of the Americas History of the Americas British colonization Courland colonization Danish colonization Dutch colonization...
		Biological colonization processes of coastal streams This study is one of the first true ecosystem studies in that it is designed to study the succession of biological stream colonization.
	sidmeiersgettysburg.muchgettysburg.com /colonization (935 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: European colonization of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first phase of modern European activity in this region began with the oceanic crossings of Christopher Columbus (1492-1500), sponsored by Spain whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China.
		The Portuguese switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to an extensive colonization of what is now Brazil.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, European colonization of the Americas; all previous versions may be viewed here.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=European_colonization_of_the_Americas (1382 words)

	History of Latvia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The west of Latvia (the duchy of Courland) was the last to become a part of Russia.
		In 1795, after behind-the-scenes pressure, the last duke of Courland resigned and Courland became a part of Russian Empire.
		Serfdom was abolished in Courland in 1818 and Vidzeme in 1819.
	www.indexuslist.de /keyword/History_of_Latvia.php (1579 words)

	Read about French colonization of the Americas at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research French colonization of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first French attempt to colonize the Mississippi area was a failure.
		Guadeloupe including the islands of Saint-Barthélemy, Saint-Martin, Les Saintes, La Désirade, Marie-Galante and Guadeloupe was settled by the French about 1635 after an unsuccessful Spanish attempt at colonization.
		Guadeloupe and Martinique were captured by the British during the French and Indian War from 1759 to 1763.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/French_colonization_of_the_Americas (850 words)

	Valentin Falin: Russia's Baltic policy before World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Land taken from Letts in Courland was to be handed over to about 60,000 families of German settlers.
		On March 8, 1918, the Courland Landtag was convened at the initiative of the occupation forces in Mitava (Jelgava).
		It proclaimed the secession of Latvia and Estonia from Russia and the establishment of the Baltic Duchy of Livland, Estland and Courland.
	iraqwar.mirror-world.ru /article/52029 (2704 words)

	French Colonization of The Americas Encyclopedia, Definition, History, Biography @ Lokalkolorit.de
		Looking For french colonization of the americas - Find french colonization of the americas and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.lokalkolorit.de /encyclopedia/French_colonization_of_the_Americas (1180 words)

	Tobago: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The island later changed hands between the French (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France), Dutch (The West Germanic language of the Netherlands), British (The people of Great Britain) and Courland (additional info and facts about Courland) ers.
		See also History of Trinidad and Tobago (additional info and facts about History of Trinidad and Tobago), Courland colonization of the Americas (additional info and facts about Courland colonization of the Americas)
		The climate is tropical, and the islands lie just south of the Atlantic (The 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east) hurricane (A severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving a 73-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale)) belt.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/T/To/Tobago.htm (865 words)

	The German Colonization Of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Want information on the german colonization of china, we can help.
		This rule is necessary to reduce the risk of abducted children being transported to another country.
		Altogether, there was a strong pull at the beginning of the colonial period to come to...
	www.grand-germany.com /the-german-colonization-of-china.html (792 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - English Missions: a World Conversion Attempt
		However it also involves fully colonizing the world, because most provinces are pagan to begin with.
		I have thought about, and may return to the idea of, not trying for world colonization, in which case the goal would be to try to convert all settled provinces.
		I'm trying to colonize Sri Lanka, but it will be a while to get a colony built, and the build capacity there will never be that huge, at least without adding southern India and probably kicking off BB conquests there.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=153827 (5886 words)

	Medieval Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Under the Saxon and Salian emperors an attempt was made to renew the colonization and expansion begun by the Carolingians.
		There was some merchant migration to Courland, Livonia and Estonia, which gave these areas a slightly Germanic character.
		In some territories, especially in the colonized areas in the east, the local nobility had been browbeaten or cajoled into relative passivity or impotence.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/02medieval.html (2274 words)

	French colonization of the Americas - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Martinique first settled by the French in July 1635 by Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, a noble from Normandy.
		French America: French Architecture From Colonization To The Birth Of A Nation
		[The French in the Mississippi Valley and Spanish explorations and colonization: Excerpt from v.
	unipedia.info /French_colonization_of_the_Americas.html (1134 words)

	Bambooweb: French colonization of the Americas
		The first French attempt at colonization was Fort Caroline in
		Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle left France in 1684 with 4 ships and 300 colonists to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
		Guadeloupe including the islands of St. Barthélemy, St. Martin, Les Saintes, La Désirade, Marie-Galante and Guadeloupe was settled by the French about 1635 after an unsuccessful Spanish attempt at colonization.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/f/r/French_colonization_of_the_Americas.html (710 words)

	TriniView.com - Tobago in History
		Just behind are the ruins of an aqueduct, which once brought water to the wheel from the nearby river.
		There is a windmill at Courland Bay estate, which has been turned into a house.
		If only these monuments could talk, they would tell us about the excesses of the colonizers, the exploitation of people and the raping of the land.
	www.triniview.com /Tobago/Ifonlytheycouldtalk.htm (324 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Tobago was inhabited by Island Caribs at the time of European contact.
		The island later changed hands between the French, Dutch, British and Courlanders.
		The climate is tropical, and the islands lie just south of the Atlantic hurricane belt.
	www.stylokna.pl /wikipedia/Tobago (805 words)

	Read about European colonization of the Americas at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research European colonization of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Read about European colonization of the Americas at WorldVillage Encyclopedia.
		Research European colonization of the Americas and learn about European colonization of the Americas here!
		Although there is some debate as to whether the prehistoric, Clovis culture was European in origin, the first generally accepted European colonists were the Norse, starting but then abandoning a colonisation process.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/European_colonization_of_the_Americas (1053 words)

	BS Foundations chapter 9
		By the middle of the fourteenth century, the area owing obedience to the papacy and ruled by aristocratic families of west European origin was perhaps four times greater than it had been four centuries earlier.
		Cities and peasant villages grew richer and obtained greater autonomy while the social and economic position of the nobles was threatened.
		Thanks to the process of colonization, both abroad and at home, a fairly uniform religious, political, and material culture united Europe.
	www.oglethorpe.edu /faculty/~b_smith/ou/bs_foundations_chapter9.htm (18931 words)

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