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Topic: Course in General Linguistics

	Linguistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, and linguistic anthropology are social sciences that consider the interactions between linguistics and society as a whole.
		Applications of computational linguistics in machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and natural language processing are extremely fruitful areas of applied linguistics which have come to the forefront in recent years with increasing computing power.
		Linguists working in Optimality Theory state generalizations in terms of violable rules, which is a greater departure from mainstream linguistics, and linguists working in various kinds of functional grammar and Cognitive Linguistics tend to stress the non-autonomy of linguistic knowledge and the non-universality of linguistic structures, thus departing importantly from the Chomskian paradigm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linguistics (3213 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was not until 1906 that Saussure began teaching the Course of General Linguistics that would consume the greater part of his attention until his death in 1913.
		Saussure's most influential work, Course in General Linguistics (Cours de linguistique générale), was published posthumously in 1916 by former students Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye on the basis of notes taken from Saussure's lectures at the University of Geneva.
		Outside linguistics, the principles and methods employed by structuralism were soon adopted by scholars and literary critics, such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, and implemented in their respective areas of study.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure (744 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - linguistics
		LINGUISTICS [linguistics] scientific study of language, covering the structure (morphology and syntax; see grammar), sounds (phonology), and meaning (semantics), as well as the history of the relations of languages to each other and the cultural place of language in human behavior.
		Phonetics, the study of the sounds of speech, is generally considered a separate (but closely related to) field from linguistics.
		In contrast to theoretical schools of linguistics, workers in applied linguistics in the latter part of the 20th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l/linguist.asp (784 words)

	November 10, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It also seems that he was at times hesitant toward his own ideas on general linguistics and semiology, as if he were either concerned by their counterintuitive quality or confronted with some inner contradictions that he could not overcome.
		The Saussurean doxa, derived from the Course in General Linguistics, provided a stock of notions which were taken for granted, with the qualifications introduced by otherwise sympathetic linguists such as Emile Benveniste (1939, 1969) and Roman Jakobson (1966, 1980 [1959]) concerning respectively the role of the subject and the limits of the principle of arbitrariness.
		Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism generalized the analogy from structural phonology to a macro-analysis of myths in a way that was only tenuously related to Saussurean linguistic principles but embodied for the early structuralists the spirit of Saussure’s formal approach.
	www.semioticon.com /Bouissac/saussurecompanion.rtf.htm (8987 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916) is a summary of his lectures at the University of Geneva from 1906 to 1911.
		Saussure defines linguistics as the study of language, and as the study of the manifestations of human speech.
		He says that linguistics is also concerned with the history of languages, and with the social or cultural influences that shape the development of language.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/saussure.html (928 words)

	Ferdinand de Saussure [28 October 1910] Course in General Linguistics Introductory chapter: Brief survey of the history ...
		In general, the philological movement opened up countless sources relevant to linguistic issues, treating them in quite a different spirit from traditional grammar; for instance, the study of inscriptions and their language.
		Linguistics will have to recognise laws operating universally in language, and in a strictly rational manner, separating general phenomena from those restricted to one branch of languages or another.
		As long as the activity of linguists was limited to comparing one language with another, this general utility cannot have been apparent to most of the general public, and indeed the study was so specialised that there was no real reason to suppose it of possible inteest to a wider audience.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /saussure.htm (6774 words)

	XVth EACS-Conference - Abstracts - Section A: Linguistics and Languages (classical and modern) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Linguistic approaches to the topic have so far mainly catered to sociolinguistic interests (Zhu and Millward 1980, Sung 1981), including gender studies, or tapped personal name distributions as an independent anthropogeographical body of data to be matched against results obtained by molecular population genetics and historical linguistics (Du Ruofu 1990, 1992; Feng Shi 1997).
		In general, the number of contour tones outranks that of level tones, and the number of falling contours is slightly higher than that of rising contours.
		It is known in general that some of the social groups used to have an independent vocabulary of denigrating/elevating terms.
	sun.sino.uni-heidelberg.de /eacs2004/content/abstracts/section-a.php?section=6 (4228 words)

	Overview Detailed Course descriptions MA General Linguistics - Graduate School for Humanities - Universiteit van ...
		At the end of this course the student has acquired the technical skills to read formalized material in the generative literature (such as definitions, graphs (trees) and bracketings) as well as the theoretical knowledge to analyze and evaluate theory-oriented grammatical argumentation in the same literature.
		In linguistic typology we engage in the identification and description of the different strategies that are available to speakers of different languages in syntax, semantics, pragmatics and phonology.
		In this course those social and linguistic factors are studied which influence the speech patterns of children, adolescents and adults in different cultures and subcultures.
	www.hum.uva.nl /gs/object.cfm/objectid=C2868EE2-1324-4A76-96A8CAD642BFD0B6 (3069 words)

	Course in General Linguistics - SYNTAGMATIC AND ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONS - Chapter V - Tr. by W. Baskin. New York: ...
		The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) is widely considered to be the founder of modern linguistics in its attempts to describe the structure of language rather than the history of particular languages and language forms.
		Relations and differences between linguistic terms fall into two distinct groups, each of which generates a certain class of values.
		From the associative and syntagmatic viewpoint a linguistic unit is like a fixed part of a building, e.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /saussure02.htm (1367 words)

	Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Synchronic vs Diachronic: Synchronic (descriptive) linguistics is concerned with the form of a language at a given moment; diachronic (historical) linguistics studies the changes that occurred in a language or family of languages over time.
		Theoretical vs Applied: Theoretical (or general) linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing individual languages and theories about universal aspects of language; applied linguistics applies these theories to other fields.
		Theoretical linguistics is often divided into a number of separate areas, to be studied more or less independently.
	www.abitabouteverything.com /files/l/li/linguistics_1.html (1952 words)

	Saussure's Sign
		In general, the signifier and the signified are the components of the sign, itself formed by the associative link between the signifier and signified.
		In Saussure's theory of linguistics, the signifier is the sound and the signified is the thought.
		Regardless of how linguistic signs (and perhaps other signs, too) are analyzed, meaning may in fact be unrecoverable, both to the analyst and to the participants in an exchange of signs.
	www.criticism.com /md/the_sign.html (1154 words)

	Graduate Course Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The course will also provide some context for the work of the members of the so-called "Bakhtinian Circle" by reading through some of texts of their precursors and contemporaries (e.g., Humboldt, Croce, Saussure, Marr, and perhaps even Stalin's dictatorial contributions to Russian linguistics).
		Wednesdays 6:00p-9:00p, 201 CH he course has two main aims, one theoretical and one historicist: to provide a grounding in some contemporary theories of sexuality and sexual identity, and to consider the applicability of these theories to a number of medieval and early modern texts.
		While this is a language course, and thus some memorization of words and word endings will be necessary, we will also learn much about Anglo-Saxon history and society, looking at their art, architecture, manuscripts, weaponry, jewelry, and dress.
	www.uta.edu /english/home/graduate/descriptions/present/fall03.html (772 words)

	Education World® - *Arts & Humanities : Linguistics / Language Arts : Linguistics : Linguists
		A Generative Theory of Tonal Music A brief exposition of joint work by Ray Jackendoff and Fred Lerdahl applying insights from generative linguistics to the formal analysis of music.
		Lakoff is one of the founders of generative semantics.
		General Semantics [Steven Lewis] a biography of Alfred Korzybski and many examples of the application of general semantics.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=8019 (423 words)

	Saussure's Lectures on General Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Hence, it comes about that the literary point of view is more or less confused with the linguistic point of view, and furthermore, more concretely, the written word is confused with the spoken word; two superimposed systems of signs which have nothing to do with each other, the written and the spoken, are conflated.
		As long as the activity of linguists was limited to comparing one language with another, this general utility cannot have been apparent to most of the general public, and indeed the study was so specialised that there was no real reason to suppose it of possible interest to a wider audience.
		Languages constitute the concrete object that the linguist encounters on the earth's surface; 'the language' is the heading one can provide for whatever generalisations the linguist may be able to extract from all his observations across time and space.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/saussure.htm (6671 words)

	USC Catalogue: The Schools: USC College of Letters, Arts and Sciences: Linguistics: Graduate Degrees
		In addition to course work and the foreign language/research tool requirement, students are also required to write one research paper the contents of which represent a distinct area.
		The set of courses leading to the M.A. research paper and the Ph.D. screening paper are determined through recommendation of the screening committee and approval of the Graduate Studies Committee.
		In addition to the 32 units of course work toward the M.A. degree and the M.A. research paper, students must also satisfy one foreign language or research tool requirement, which is the same as in the general program.
	www.usc.edu /dept/publications/cat2004/schools/college/ling/graduate.html (1734 words)

	Syllabi 2004-2005 B-KUL-F0AA4A General linguistics II
		At the same time, the course also aims to provide the acquisition of the ability to analyse (simple) linguistic problems in the scope of this terminological and theoretical apparatus.
		As a supplement to the course General linguistics I in the first bachelor (in which diachronic linguistics and the study of linguistic varation are central), the attention in this course goes to synchronic linguistics and the theories which linguists have developed on the structure of language.
		In practice the course therefore takes the form of an overview of the main schools of twentieth century linguistics: structural linguistics, generative linguistics, formal semantics and cognitive-functional approaches.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /onderwijs/aanbod2004/syllabi/F0AA4AE.htm (420 words)

	Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University: Degrees:MAT
		Course requirements for Teaching English as a Second Language and TESL/Bilingual Education are the same except that Bilingualism (LING-451) is a required course for TESL/Bilingual Education.
		A course in General Linguistics is considered a prerequisite of the MAT program.
		Students with little or no prior linguistics coursework are advised to take General Linguistics during the summer prior to beginning MAT coursework.
	www.georgetown.edu /departments/linguistics/program/mat.htm (203 words)

	Amazon.ca: Course In General Linguistics: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The linguistics of that time also took the organic model as the fountain of inspiration: the language is a organic entity which evolves though time.
		In this, Saussure's most influential work is the Course in General Linguistics (1916), a compilation of notes on his lectures.
		Saussure distinguished synchronic linguistics (studying language at a given moment) from diachronic linguistics (studying the changing state of a language over time); he further opposed what he named langue (the state of a language at a certain time) to parole (the speech of an individual).
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0070165246 (2147 words)

	The Georgian Language - ALS061 course description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Undergraduate course in General Linguistics, established by the Board of the Modern Languages and Linguistics section of the Faculty of Humanities, October 10 2000.
		The aim of the course is to provide students with a basic knowledge of the grammatical structure of Georgian.
		The course is open to students with general qualifications for university studies and with a sufficient command of the English language.
	www.ling.lu.se /education/homepages/georgian/CourseDescr.html (207 words)

	Varenne: quotes from Saussure's Course in general linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The notes are part of my attempt to reinterpret Saussure's understanding of the 'contract' that makes arbitrary relationships necessary in the terms first suggested by G.H. Mead's interactionism, then developed systematically by Garfinkel and since then explored empirically by conversational analysts in the tradition of Sacks.
		Linguistics then works in the borderland where the elements of sound and thought combine; their combination produces a form, not a substance.
		The community is necessary if values that owe their existence solely to usage and general acceptance are to be set up; by himself, the individual is incapable of fixing a single value.
	varenne.tc.columbia.edu /bib/info/sassrferd66courgene.html (594 words)

	LINGUIST List 4.26: Survey of UG linguistics courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Currently, one course in general linguistics is required of undegraduate English majors.
		A two- semester course is required of those students seeking teaching certification in English.
		The Department is questioning the continued requirement of the one linguistics course for English majors, in part because of the unpopularity of the course with the students.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/4/4-26.html (359 words)

	saussure
		"We shall thus have to be content to define linguistics from the outside by considering the progressive probings through which it becomes conscious of itself by establishing what is not linguistics " (1a).
		general state of the nation; wholely exterior; connection between volitile periods of history with volitile changes of language (e.g.
		"Linguistic comparison is thus not a mechanical operation but implies bringing together of all the data which are capable of providing an explanation...
	hudsoncress.org /html/research/saussure/saussure01.html (2707 words)

	--Ferdinand de Saussure, from Course in General Linguistics
		But this rather naïve approach can bring us near the truth by showing us that the linguistic unit is a double entity, one formed by the associating of two terms.
		We have seen in considering the speaking-circuit that both terms involved in the linguistic sign are psychological and are united in the brain by an associative bond.
		Whether we try to find the meaning of the Latin word arbor or the word that Latin uses to designate the concept "tree," it is clear that only the associations sanctioned by that language appear to us to conform to reality, and we disregard whatever others might be imaged.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/Sauss.htm (1234 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Langue and Parole
		The distinction between the French words, langue (language or tongue) and parole (speech), enters the vocabulary of theoretical linguistics with Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics, which was published posthumously in 1915 after having been collocated from student notes.
		Saussure in this way indicates that the course will be about language in general: not this or that particular language (Chinese or French) and not this or that aspect (phonetics or semantics).
		A general linguistics would be impossible by empirical means because there exist innumerable objects that can be considered linguistic.
	www.litencyc.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=662 (661 words)

	Ferdinand De Saussure
		The linguistic unit is a double entity, one formed by the associating of two terms.
		Saussure rejects a theory of language as "a naming-process only--a list of words, each corresponding to the thing that it names." He does so because such a theory "assumes that ready-made ideas exist before words; it does not tell us whether a name is vocal or psychological in nature.
		Saussure also distinguishes between what he calls langue--the system of a language, the language as a system of forms--and parole--actual speech, the speech acts that are made possible by the language.
	www.brysons.net /academic/saussure.html (466 words)

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