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	Courtly love Totally Explained
		Courtly love was a medieval European conception of ennobling love which found its genesis in the ducal and princely courts in regions of present-day southern France at the end of the 11th century.
		Courtly love was born in the lyric, first appearing with Provençal poets in the 11th century, including itinerant and courtly minstrels such as the French troubadours and trouveres.
		All courtly love was erotic to some degree—the troubadours speak of the physical beauty of their ladies and the feelings and desires the ladies rouse in them—and not purely platonic; however, it's unclear what a poet should do—live a life of perpetual desire channeling his energies to higher ends, or physically consummate.
	courtly_love.totallyexplained.com (2237 words)

	courtly love. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		According to the code, a man falls passionately in love with a married woman of equal or higher rank.
		Before his love can be declared, he must suffer long months of silence; before it can be consummated, he must prove his devotion by noble service and daring exploits.
		In these works it was the subjective presentation of the lovers’ passion for each other and their consideration for other people that transformed the code of courtly love into one of the most important literary influences in Western culture.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/courtlyl.html (280 words)

	The Code of Chivalry and Courtly Love
		Thou shalt not be a revealer of love affairs.
		In practising the solaces of love thou shalt not exceed the desires of thy lover.
		It is not proper to love any woman whom one would be ashamed to seek to marry.
	www.astro.umd.edu /~marshall/chivalry.html (1288 words)

	Book of Love
		Courtly Love is the romantic behavior practised and "enforced" in the official courts of the French Aquitaine in the 12th century.
		Love causes a rough and uncouth man to be distinguished for his handsomeness; it can endow a man of even the humblest birth with nobility of character, it blesses the proud with humility; and the man in love becomes accustomed to performing many services gracefully for everyone.
		There is another thing about love that we should not praise in few words; it adorns a man, so to speak, with the virtue of chastity, because he who shines with the light of love can hardly think of embracing another woman, even a beautiful one.
	www.eleanorofaquitaine.net /courtlylove.htm (1158 words)

	Courtly Love (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Courtly love was understood by its contemporaries to be love for its own sake, romantic love, true love, physical love, unassociated with property or family.
		The phrase "courtly love" is a modern scholarly term to refer to the idea espoused in medieval French as "Fin Amour." This phenomenon is a cultural trope in the late twelfth-century, or possibly a literary convention that captured popular imagination.
		The conventions of courtly love are that a knight of noble blood would adore and worship a young noble-woman from afar, seeking to protect her honor and win her favor by valorous deeds.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/courtly_love.html (716 words)

	Courtly love - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Courtly love had its origins above all in four courtly circles, that of Aquitaine, where William IX, Duke of Aquitaine, was one of the first troubadour poets, that of Provence, where it was known as fin'amor, that of Champagne and that of ducal Burgundy.
		Courtly love was an aspect of a renewed pleasure in the refinements of the better kind of life, a first stirring of neopaganism in the "delightful understanding" or gai saber of Provençal poets, beginning about the time of the First Crusade.
		In essence, courtly love was a formalized system of admiration and courtship, modeled after feudal obligations of fealty translated to the part of a "gentle" knight towards an unavailable lady, usually a person married to someone other than the admirer, and generally of higher status.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Courtly_love (0 words)

	The Middle Ages and courtly love
		When the pursuit of human love expressed itself in literature, it often appeared in the form we now call courtly love, a term coined in the late nineteenth century to describe a loose set of literary conventions associated almost exclusively with the aristocracy and their imitators.
		It was usually one of the assumptions of courtly love that the lady in question was married, thus establishing the triangular pattern of lover-lady-jealous husband.
		The secular imagery of courtly love was used in religious poems in praise of the Virgin Mary.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /english/melani/cs6/love.html (988 words)

	Courtly Love
		The Courtly Love sung of in the songs represents a new structure, not that of the Church or of feudalism, but an overturning of both.
		In feudalism the vassal is the "man" of his sovereign lord; in courtly love, the vassal is the "man" of his sovereign mistress.
		In courtly love, the sinner (against the laws of love) asks the mother of the love god, Cupid's mother Venus, to intercede on his behalf with Cupid or Eros, who is the god of love.
	www.wsu.edu /%7Edelahoyd/medieval/love.html (1786 words)

	Theology Today - Vol 42, No. 4 - January 1986 - BOOK REVIEW - The Nature of Love, Vol. 2: Courtly and Romantic
		Love is at the very center of Christianity, yet there is massive confusion in our society as to what is meant by love, both within and outside the churches.
		In the present volume, Singer continues to advocate his thesis that love between persons is the highest form of love, in contrast to both Platonic and neo-Platonic love of a transcendent realm and a Christian love of God.
		Singer is also right in stressing that both courtly love and romantic love for all their failings are on the right track in trying to show that natural sexual inclinations can be directed toward highly moral and aesthetic noble aspirations.
	theologytoday.ptsem.edu /jan1986/v42-4-bookreview4.htm (847 words)

	Backgrounds to Romance: Courtly Love
		The "courtly love" relationship is modelled on the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege lord.
		The "courtly love" relationship typically was not between husband and wife, not because the poets and the audience were inherently immoral, but because it was an idealized sort of relationship that could not exist within the context of "real life" medieval marriages.
		One reason why the lady in the courtly love relationship is typically older, married and of higher social status than the knight may be because she was modelled on the wife of the feudal lord, who might naturally become the focus of the young, unmarried knights' desire.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~dschwart/engl513/courtly/courtly.htm (840 words)

	Courtly love and Machaut
		Love of the courtly tradition was seen as a chivalric quest for the beloved.
		The characteristics peculiar to Machaut’s conception of courtly love have significant implications for the notion of love as an art and for Imagination in the art of poetry.
		The man both loves and reveres his lady, indeed stating that it is she who fills his heart with the very love he feels.
	www.gloriana.nu /courtly.html (2745 words)

	The Practice of Courtly Love
		The term "courtly love" (amour courtois) is the invention of French medievalist Gaston Paris and was not used until 1883 (Singer, The Nature of Love Vol II, p 19).
		The form of courtly love with which we are most familiar with is that instituted by one of the greatest women of the Middle Ages, Duchess Eleanor of Aquitane.
		This type of courtly love was codified in a treatise written by a cleric named Andreas Capellanus at the behest of Marie.
	moas.atlantia.sca.org /oak/04/court.htm (2160 words)

	Karen Dillon 9 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Adultery is also a feature of courtly love, but there does not have to be a consummation between the lovers, even the desire of a married woman constitutes the adulterous love of courtly love (O’Donoghue).
		Although courtly literature was the first place that love came together with the royal court, the ideals of courtly love had many influences outside the court.
		Courtly love is a term we use now that can only be defined by its features and is a conglomerate of influences that formed into one genre of love made specific and famous by the authors at court.
	www2.hanover.edu /battles/arthur/courtlylove.htm (0 words)

	One. Swinburne and Courtly Love
		Courtly love themes dominate this play, whose tragedy is precipitated by the kind of adulterous relationship the troubadour poets idealized, and is consummated in murder by Eleanor.
		If Swinburne was as captivated by courtly love topoi and values as the themes of his poetry and the lostlove myth to which his life conformed suggest, we can understand [9/10] how political, moral, aesthetic, and fundamental religious considerations must all have merged for him in art, as they did for the troubadours.
		For the troubadours and courtly romanceurs, love as a topos became a flexible artistic convention that served to comprehend religious aspirations, to espouse moral values, to cope with carnal lusts, and to etherealize political issues, which resulted in wars fought in the name of love and under the auspices of the beloved.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/swinburne/harrison/1.html (5410 words)

	Courtly Love
		Chivalric or Courtly Love (known in medieval France as "fine love" or fin amour) originated with the so-called troubadours of the late eleventh century.
		By the middle of the 13th century, the troubadour philosophy had become practically institutionalized throughout the courts of Europe, and "fine love" had become the basis for a glamorous and exciting new style of life.
		As its name implies, courtly love was practiced by noble lords and ladies; its proper milieu was the royal palace or court.
	condor.depaul.edu /~dsimpson/tlove/courtlylove.html (533 words)

	Courtly Love (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Courtly Love: The Path of Sexual Initiation by Jean Markale (Inner Traditions) A comprehensive examination of the rituals and philosophies that created and sustained medieval troubadour culture.
		For several hundred years courtly love, with its emphasis on adultery, carnal pleasures, and the power of the feminine, dominated European culture despite its flouting of conventional Christian morality.
		In addition, the platonic nature attributed to these relationships is based on a misunderstanding of courtly love; underneath the refined poetry of the troubadours' verses flourished a system of sexual initiation that rivaled Indian Tantra.
	www.wordtrade.com /religion/worldreligions/courtlyloveR.htm (259 words)

	Romance, Love and Chivalry
		"Courtly love" began to emerge during the 1100s starting in southern France.
		Romantic poetry and prose emphasized the ennobling power of love, the concept of "passionate," or inextinguishable love, and the elevation of the beloved woman to a superior position over her male suitor.
		This was a dramatic change in the cultural attitude toward noble women, though common women were still viewed mostly as property during the Middle Ages.
	www.medieval-weddings.net /courtly_love.htm (147 words)

	Courtly Love
		Courtly Love is the celebration of sexual love between men and women.
		The term "courtly love" is vague and complex because the kinds of behavior it is used to specify developed in different ways in many kinds of literature over a long period of time.
		The conventions of courtly love continued as important elements in the poetry of the 14th century.
	www.richeast.org /htwm/Courtly/Courtly.html (1131 words)

	Troubadours and Courtly Love
		In the judgment of the troubadour, courtly love or fine amour was the source of all true virtue and nobility.
		Love could be directed at a lady of high nobility or at a woman of more humble descent.
		The escondig was the form used as a lover’s apologia, while the formal love song was known as the canzone, canso, or chanso.
	courseweb.stthomas.edu /medieval/francis/troubadours.htm (0 words)

	courtly love - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		courtly love philosophy of love and code of lovemaking that flourished in France and England during the Middle Ages.
		HOMES & GARDENS: Courtly love in the garden; In the first of an occasional series on British gardens through history, Anne Jennings looks at how outdoor spaces were tackled in medieval times.(Features)
		Courtly love; BEAUTYstyle Look to Marie Antoinette to revolutionise your beauty regime MAKEUP artist to the stars KAY MONTANO shares her secrets:.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-courtlyl.html (802 words)

	The Enduring Popularity of Courtly Love
		It was in the 11th century, that the troubadours first began to appear, chivalry waxed in form and substance, and the ideal of courtly love found expression in the words and deeds of medieval man. Celts of Cornwall, fleeing the encroaching Christian church, found greater acceptance and tolerance in France.
		Witness the simliarities between the language of courtly love and the traits of one of the most integral of pagan rituals - the slaying of the warrior-victim-king at the hands of the high priestess to enhance the fertility of the fields...
		As though familiarity with this devotion is taken for granted, courtly love is referenced, its language employed in fables and modern-day myths, its significance regarded with a mixture of derision and admiration.
	members.aol.com /KLStoner/essays/courtly_love.html (4372 words)

	Notes on "The Art of Courtly Love"
		Treatise on the theory, practice, and implications of courtly love.
		Introduction suggests CL not simply a literary/artistic phenomenon, but something actually practiced by a faction of ladies and gentlemen at the court, particularly of Acquitaine under Eleanor and the courts attended by her relations.
		This is the outermost region, a place where the brooks and springs cannot reach at all; it is dry and painfully hot, and the women who reside here must sit in chairs made from shaking thorns and place their bare feet on hot stones.
	www.mathcs.duq.edu /~racicot/phd/notes/courtly_love.html (0 words)

	Courtly love & Guillaume de Machaut
		The poets presented love in a refined and stylised manner, using every dimension of the beauty of language and the expression of music.
		As a result, the courtly society delighted in a tradition where women were infinitely beautiful and men unfailingly courteous; this fallacy romped beside the gryphon in the imagination.
		This view of unrequited, agonising love and suffering interwoven is characteristic of the courtly love tradition.
	www.geocities.com /Paris/3963/courtly.html (0 words)

	Courtly Love (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Court of Love was a light-hearted court held in Provence, France, during the twelfth century to sort out problems associated with love.
		Courtly love defined the relationships between knights and ladies in the feudal court.
		The ideals of courtly love state that a knight should devote himself completely to a married or betrothed woman at court.
	www.hickory.k12.nc.us /NVW/Taylorci/courtlylove.htm (0 words)

	ARTSEDGE: Chivalry and Courtly Love
		The lesson will culminate in a group-based theatrical project, where students synthesize their knowledge and understanding of these ideals of chivalry, honor, and courtly love, to write a script, create scenery, and act out a short thematic play.
		Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine (a queen of France and then of England) and her daughter, Countess Marie of Champagne strongly influence the popularity of courtly love.
		Distribute the info sheet, The Rules of Courtly Love and explain to the class that the book, The Art of Courtly Love was written at the request of Countess Marie.
	artsedge.kennedy-center.org /content/3707 (1836 words)

	ARTSEDGE: Chivalry and Courtly Love
		The lesson will culminate in a group-based theatrical project, where students synthesize their knowledge and understanding of these ideals of chivalry, honor, and courtly love, to write a script, create scenery, and act out a short thematic play.
		Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine (a queen of France and then of England) and her daughter, Countess Marie of Champagne strongly influence the popularity of courtly love.
		Distribute the info sheet, The Rules of Courtly Love and explain to the class that the book, The Art of Courtly Love was written at the request of Countess Marie.
	www.artsedge.kennedy-center.org /content/3707 (1836 words)

	Untitled
		The medieval theory of marriage according to medieval view passionate love itself was wicked, and did not cease to be wicked if the object of it were your wife (note this attitude toward love is often accused of having arisen from the Puritans).
		Religion of love: The religion of love of the god Amor traces its inheritance to Ovid; in part this is due to that same law of transference which determined that all the emotion stored in the vassal's relation to his lord should attach itself to the new kind of love.
		That is, the love which is to be the source of all that is beautiful in life and manners must be the reward freely given by the lady, and only our superiors can reward.
	www.montreat.edu /dking/MiddleEnglishLit/Courtlylovenotes.htm (1570 words)

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