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	COURTRAL - LoveToKnow Article on COURTRAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But considerable as is the prosperity of modern Courtrai it is but a shadow of what it was in the middle ages during the halcyon period of the Flemish communes.
		Courtrai celebrated the 600th anniversary of the battle mentioned above by erecting a monument on the field in 1902, and also by fetes and historical processions that continued for a fortnight.
		Courtrai, the Cortracum of the Romans, ranked as a town from the 7th century onwards.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CO/COURTRAL.htm (556 words)

	Our School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus since the nineties Courtrai has been unique as it was the only co-ed, dual medium, all race school in the Paarl Valley.
		Courtrai was the first Curriculum 2005 pilot school in the Valley (with Mbekweni Primary) and the teachers had to dedicate almost three years to learning new methods, attending extensive workshops and preparing their new syllabi for this task.
		Courtrai continues to grow as a school preparing children to be independent, dependable, well equipped adults.
	www.wcape.school.za /courtraips/our_school.htm (888 words)

	Courtrai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Courtrai (Kortrijk in Dutch) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
		The municipality comprises the city of Courtrai proper and the towns of Aalbeke, Bellegem, Bissegem, Heule, Kooigem, Marke and Rollegem.
		On January 1st, 2000 Courtrai had a total population of 74,790 (36,537 males and 38,253 females).
	www.theezine.net /c/courtrai.html (96 words)

	The Newfoundland Courtrai Memorial - Veterans Affairs Canada
		The Courtrai (Newfoundland) Memorial in Belgium, just outside Courtrai on the road to Ghent, is the only caribou memorial in Belgium.
		Then came a pause in operations to allow heavy artillery and supplies to be brought forward through the mud of the old churned-up battlefield that the attacking British and Belgian forces had at last put behind them.
		As part of a general advance towards Ghent (now Gent), three corps of the Second Army, north of the River Lys (or Leie), were given the task of securing the line of the river to beyond Courtrai (Kortrijk), in readiness for establishing bridgeheads on the south bank.
	www.vac-acc.gc.ca /general/sub.cfm?source=memorials/ww1mem/courtrai (624 words)

	J.F.Verbruggen The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302
		There is also a section on the chest preserved at New College, Oxford which commemorates the battle, celebrating the Flemish forces.
		The section on the terrain at Courtrai is particularly valuable given the importance of the position of watercourses on the battlefield and the influence which they had on its eventual outcome.
		Verbruggen’s own nationalistic sympathies are not hidden in this account of a crucial moment in the history of Flanders but his scholarship and understanding of medieval warfare allow the general interest and importance of these events to shine through.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/review19.htm (585 words)

	The Newfoundland Courtrai Memorial - Veterans Affairs Canada
		The Newfoundland Courtrai Memorial is about 30 kms north of Lille, 30 kms east of Ypres and 230 kms north of Paris.
		You can reach Courtrai by train or by bus, the stations are side by side in the centre of the town.
		In Belgium, Ypres is Ieper, Gand is Gent, Courtrai is Kortrijk and Lille is Rijsel.
	www.vac-acc.gc.ca /remembers/sub.cfm?source=memorials/directions/nf_courtrai (436 words)

	Courtrai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Courtrai is also known as the Battle of the Golden Spurs, from the number of knightly spurs recovered.
		Thus, the French did not learn any lessons from the battle, and were vulnerable to the English infantry tactics of the hundred years war.
		Courtrai also bears many similarities to Bannockburn, in the nature of the battlefield, the types of troops involved, and the end result.
	www.corvalliscommunitypages.com /Europe/france/courtrai.htm (532 words)

	Kortrijk Travel Directory - Destinations, Hotels, Airline Tickets and more... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kortrijk (Courtrai in English and French) is the cultural, social and economic centre of an agglomeration of more than 300,000 inhabitants.
		Courtrai is a city on the Leie River.
		Courtrai lies at the junction of many important roads (E17, A17, A19) and railways, and can also be reached from the regional airport.
	www.affordabletravel.org /europe/belgium/kortrijk (568 words)

	Re: Anybody know what courtrai is?
		In Reply to: Re: Anybody know what courtrai is? posted by Rob Howard on March 10, 19100 at 15:53:53:
		The first is called "Siccatif de Courtrai brun (brown)".
		The second is called "Siccatif de Courtrai blanc (white)".
	www.1art.com /wwwboard/messages/836.html (208 words)

	Auberge de Courtrai Guesthouse - Accommodation in Paarl
		Both of these aspects are captured in the luxurious country hotel, Auberge de Courtrai, situated in the historic Paarl, which is a 35 minute drive from Cape Town.
		Auberge de Courtrai is a modern, luxurious country hotel which combines the Africa theme in an elegant, stylish manner with decor in earthy colours and focusing on the animal kingdom.
		Auberge de Courtrai is proud to form part of the historic town of Paarl.
	www.places.co.za /html/4310.html (422 words)

	ARC ARTicles - Bouguereau at Work - Mark Walker - Page 3/4
		Siccatif de Courtrai was made by heating linseed oil in the presence of litharge and a salt of manganese.
		Thus, for shadows, [he used] spirit and Courtrai, with little or no white; for the other colors, oil, spirit, and a small amount of Courtrai; finally, to rework a dry outline, pure or nearly pure oil or spirit.
		He oiled out the area to be repainted to desemboire [that is, to treat the canvas so as to prevent the color from sinking in] it, with either the first or the second liquid, depending on the effect he wanted.
	www.artrenewal.org /museum/b/Bouguereau_William/mark_walker3.asp (2018 words)

	De Liebaart - The Chest of Courtrai
		Only the front panel measuring 103 by 71 cm is decorated and it is more than likely that the artist was a Flemish person (maybe an inhabitant of Bruges?) who took part in the battle.
		A French garrison was trapped inside the castle of Courtrai and tried to force a way out during the battle.
		There were strict orders that everyone trying to take prisoners was to be executed at once by his comrades in arms.
	www.liebaart.org /oxford_e.htm (1033 words)

	Bataille de Courtrai - Wikipédia
		La bataille de Courtrai opposa le roi de France aux milices communales flamandes le 11 juillet 1302, près de Courtrai, appelée également bataille des éperons d'or.
		Après les « Mâtines de Bruges » les rebelles tenaient le pays sauf deux places fortes importantes, Cassel et Courtrai.
		Après la bataille, les Flamands ramassent dans la boue de la plaine de Groeninghe cinq cent éperons d'or qui iront orner l'église Notre-Dame de Courtrai.
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bataille_de_Courtrai (433 words)

	[No title]
		The town of Courtrai in Belgium was a known site producing a good and fast drier; hence, "Siccatif de Courtrai" or "Courtrai Siccatif".
		C. For typical use, a few drops were either added to the medium in the dipper cup on the palette, or a single scant droplet of the pure siccatif was mixed into the paint before use.
		Of course the siccatif is not used pure, but merely a few drops put into a dipper, with poppy oil and turps; and equally of course, no one should use any quick-drying varnish or siccatif, unless the foundation he is painting on is thin, and absolutely dry.
	www.jamescgroves.com /courtrai.htm (5213 words)

	Courtrai 2001: Chow Chow Wins At The EuroDogShow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Courtrai surely is the most international of all the Belgian Dog Shows.
		This 2001 edition was no exception, with a podium on which stood some of the best dogs on the European Circuit.
		The exhibitors came from 22 countries — there were many British people, who achieved excellent results in Junior and senior handling— and the judges were 40 breed experts from 16 different nationalities.
	www.aniwa.com /talc/pages/2/67844_1.htm (135 words)

	Re: Anybody know what courtrai is?
		In Reply to: Anybody know what courtrai is? posted by R Davis on March 10, 19100 at 13:02:07:
		: Deos anybody know what exactly courtrai is. It's apparently some form of siccative that Bouguereau used.
		Siccatif de Coutrai is made with lead and manganese salts heated into oil and thinned with turpentine.
	www.1art.com /wwwboard/messages/834.html (124 words)

	Gans's Soc.History.Medieval Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Contemporaries treated the Battle of Courtrai as the most important battle of their age and more 14th century writers comment on it than on Crecy or Poitiers.
		The cause of the battle is mired deeply in Flemish-French politics.
		This army overwhelmed the French held town of Oudenaarde and moved to surround the castle of Courtrai, also held by the French.
	scholar.chem.nyu.edu /~gans/kelly02.html (1218 words)

	The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Book Description: On 11 July 1302, below the town walls of Courtrai, the most splendid army of knights in Christendom, the flower of the French nobility, was utterly defeated by Flemish rebels, common workers and peasants.
		The French knights, products of a lifetime's training, were ably led; but so too were the Courtrai townspeople, in addition to being well-armed, and their victory, despite their lack of military skills (and golden spurs), put an end to the enduring myth of the invincibility of the knight.
		A French explanation of the terrible defeat was immediately given, intended to save the honour and pride of the French nobility; in Flanders the victory was glorified as a just reward for the bravery of the townsmen and the competence of their commanders.
	isbn.nu /0851158889 (553 words)

	Cycling: Museeuw to Face Doping Charges
		The 1996 world champion Johan Museeuw of Belgium is among 11 former cyclists and their associates who face charges in a court in Courtrai, Flanders, relating to banned performance-enchancing drugs.
		The 1996 world champion Johan Museeuw of Belgium is among 11 former cyclists and their associates who face charges in a court in Courtrai, Flanders relating to banned performance-enchancing drugs, a prosecutor in the Belgian town said yesterday.
		A formal request that Museeuw and the others face a court hearing will be made on October 11, said Tom Janssens, a spokesman for the Courtrai prosecutors' office.
	www.buzzle.com /editorials/10-3-2005-78099.asp (287 words)

	Auberge de Courtrai Country Hotel - Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Both of these aspects are captured in the luxurious country hotel, Auberge de Courtrai, situated in historic Paarl, which is a 25 minute drive from Cape Town.
		Auberge de Courtrai is a modern, luxurious country hotel which combines the Africa theme in an elegant, stylish manner with décor in earthy colours and focussing on the animal kingdom.
		From the moment you walk through the front door into the impressive entrance hall, the elegance and charm of this well loved and meticulously maintained establishment will be apparent.
	www.aubergedecourtrai.co.za (371 words)

	De Liebaart - The Battle of Courtrai or the Battle of the Golden Spurs - July 11th 1302
		De Liebaart - The Battle of Courtrai or the Battle of the Golden Spurs - July 11th 1302
		The Triumph gate of the Groeninge park in Courtrai, located on a part of the old battlefield.
		This information is provided by De Liebaart and was last updated on March 30th 2001.
	www.liebaart.org /gulden_e.htm (659 words)

	[No title]
		Kortrijk (Courtrai), Belgium, 15 to 18 August 1998
		Like the founding conference of ISCHE in 1979, ISCHE XX will be held again at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in order to honor one of its Founding Fathers, Dr. M.
		Kortrijk (Courtrai in French) is a beautiful city in the heart of a dynamic region at the crossroads of European routes in the West of Flanders, Belgium (125 km from Leuven).
	www.psy.kuleuven.ac.be /ische/location.htm (702 words)

	History Today: The battle of the golden spurs: July 11th, 1302. (Months Past).(Flanders and France in history)(Brief ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		HUNDREDS OF pairs of golden spurs were found on the bodies of dead knights on the battlefield and hung up in triumph in the abbey church of Courtrai, whose townspeople had inflicted a remarkable defeat on the massed chivalry of France.
		Courtrai was a prosperous Flemish cloth town on the River Lys at a time when Flanders was entangled in the rivalry between France and England, whose wool was the raw material of its cloth business.
		When Count Guy of Flanders made an alliance with Edward I of England, Philip the Fair of France invaded the country, carrying Guy and his sons off to...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:89079324&refid=holomed_1 (209 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Courtrai
		Kortrijk is known for its fine linens made from...
		Courtrai, Battle of, military engagement that occurred on July 11, 1302, near the town of Courtrai (also called Kortrijk), in the province of West...
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn.com /Courtrai.html (77 words)

	Review: Infantry Warfare in the 14th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Beyond the footnotes his text efficiently places the battle in context and traces the events preceding it to set the stage.
		Starting with Courtrai (1302) and ending with Neville’s Cross (1346), the infantry does appear to have dominated in each case.
		Seventeen battles is enough to be seductive, and I found myself constantly impressed with the quality of research that had been put into the work.
	www.chronique.com /Library/MedHistory/inf_war_review.htm (619 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of World History: Courtrai, Battle of@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Hutchinson Dictionary of World History: Courtrai, Battle of@ HighBeam Research
		It is also called the Battle of the Spurs from the 700 pairs of gilded spurs, taken from the defeated knights, which were hung in Courtrai cathedral to commemorate the victory of the Flemish billmen (soldiers with pikes) over the far better equipped and trained French force.
		It was of great significance at the time for demonstrating that infantry could, under some circumstances, deal with unsupported cavalry.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28758460&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (176 words)

	MSN Encarta - Resultados de la búsqueda - Courtrai
		MSN Encarta - Resultados de la búsqueda - Courtrai
		Courtrai (en flamenco, Kortrijk), ciudad del noroeste de Bélgica situada en la provincia de Flandes Occidental, junto al río Lys, cerca de Gante....
		Flandes cuenta con un número importante de grandes ciudades: Amberes, Gante, Courtrai y Brujas.
	es.encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/searchdetail.aspx?q=Courtrai&pg=1&grp=art (138 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Courtrai, Battle of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1302, the people of Flanders drove out the governor the French had installed after conquering the county in 1297-1300.
		King Philip the Fair quickly dispatched an army to break the siege of Courtrai castle and crush the rebellion, but to do so, the French had to attack eight thousand well-equipped Flemish militiamen, tightly arrayed on marshy, trap-filled ground behind two brooks.
		Twenty-five hundred French men-at-arms, considered the finest heavy cavalry of their day, crossed the brooks and charged, but failed to break the Flemish infantry's formation.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_013000_courtraibatt.htm (233 words)

	WetCanvas! - glazing. turps alone ok?..or need oil too?
		The "Siccative de Courtrai" is like using lead white paint, or fl oil, both of which have lead in them.
		I recommended LEFRANC and BOURGEOIS Siccatif of Courtrai because I use it all the time and it is safe to use.
		Clear transparent it is not so powerful as type 1, but safer as it is safer to use with light colours or colours in which even a slight yellowing could pose problems.
	www.wetcanvas.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-75667.html (4688 words)

	Find in a Library: The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302) a contribution to the history of Flanders' ...
		Find in a Library: The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302) a contribution to the history of Flanders' war of liberation, 1297-1305
		The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302) a contribution to the history of Flanders' war of liberation, 1297-1305
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/d9f88168c10701bfa19afeb4da09e526.html (86 words)

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