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	Sustainable Agriculture - In Praise of Cowdung
		Cow dung is worshipped because it is the source of renewal of soil fertility and hence the sustainability of human society.
		The cow has been made sacred in India because it is a keystone species for agro-ecosystems -- it is key to the sustainability of agriculture.
		And cow dung, biomass and biodiversity are at the heart of sustainability and the non-violent organic alternative to genetic engineering and chemicals.
	www.cqs.com /cowdung.htm (1554 words)

	Cow dung - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cow dung (or cow pie, cow pat, cow patty, pasture patty, meadow muffin, or cow chip) is a colloquialism used for the feces of the bovine species.
		Cow dung is basically the rejects of herbivorous matter which is acted upon by symbiotic bacteria residing within the animal's rumen.
		Cow dung is used primarily as a fertilizer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cow_dung (499 words)

	Welcome to Bhaktivedanta Eco Village!
		Cow dung is a pure from of fuel.
		Cow dung from a single cow in her life span can produce 4500 liters of biogas.
		Cow dung is also regarded as the most efficient of all natural fertilizers.
	www.ecovillage-asia.org /cow.html (1034 words)

	Gordon's Dung Beetle Page
		Dung beetles are a relatively modern group of beetles and their fossils only extend back to 40 million years ago, which means as far as we know they were not around when the dinosaurs were around, though many other beetles were.
		Cows and other megaherbivores are not very efficient digesters of grass and their dung is mostly composed of half digested grass and the smelly liquid portion.
		Dung beetles have amazing variety of life cycles and the females of many of the larger 'Rollers' stay inside their burrows and care for and protect their eggs and young, these species can live for up to 3 years.
	www.earthlife.net /insects/dung.html (1873 words)

	Cow Worship - Urday.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Though the jersey cow's give more milk, but is does not have the same degree of purity as the Indian Cow's and a man who consumes the milk of jersey cow, has cruelty in his nature.
		Similarly the urine of the cow is considered to be pure and pious and the `Ganges' is supposed to reside in it.
		Now days cow dung is also used in producing 'Gas' and Electricity and the waste of the cow dung is used as fertilizers.
	www.urday.com /cow1.html (1194 words)

	ZNet \| Activism \| In Praise Of Cowdung
		Cow dung is worshipped because it is the source of renewal of soil fertility and hence the sustainability of human society.
		The cow has been made sacred in India because it is a keystone species for agro-ecosystems -- it is key to the sustainability of agriculture.
		And cow dung, biomass and biodiversity are at the heart of sustainability and the non-violent organic alternative to genetic engineering and chemicals.
	www.zmag.org /content/Activism/shiva_cowdung.cfm (1460 words)

	Give it a Tink!
		Ofili's use of dung began in Africa when, dissatisfied with the paintings he was making there, he picked up some dried cow dung and stuck it onto one of his canvases.
		In 1881, A bath of cow's dung was used after mordanting vegetable fibres, to remove the excess of mordant.
		Cow dung for firing -Southwestern Indians made their world famous pottery with only their hands, the native clay and liberal supplies of cow dung for firing.
	www.cowchipshirts.com /give_it_a_tink!.htm (393 words)

	Cows are Sacred
		Cows constitute the fruit of sacrifices.Cows are the future and the past, and Sacrifices rest on them.
		Cows are sacred and blessed and are sanctifiers of all.
		Cows are endued with the elements of strength and energetic exertion.
	www.hinduism.co.za /cowsare.htm (1122 words)

	Cow Sanctuary and Biogas - VSPCA - Andhra Pradesh, India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The cow dung is converted to biogas and the urine to medicines.
		Cow rescued from slaughter house had a broken leg with the bones jutting out for many days before we rescued her.
		Cows and shelter dogs taking a rest from the relentless South Indian sun under the sheds donated by the Marwaris (a form of the Hindu religion that reveres the cow and similar to the Jain religion also strongly believes in vegetarianism).
	www.visakhaspca.org /programs/cowsanctuary.asp (626 words)

	DUNG
		DUNG, human and animal excrement (pehen, peh^n "cow, horse dung," sarg^n "cow dung" [for etymology, see Emmerick], peækel "sheep, goat dung," ±alg@u@z "bird dung," madfu@¿, bora@z "human dung," ku@d "natural fertilizer"), widely used in Persia and Afghanistan for fuel and fertilizer.
		After the harvest fields are either thoroughly cleared of stubble, which is used for feed or fuel, or left to sheep and goats to graze, in which instance the land is fertilized by their droppings.
		Dung is used as a fertilizer in areas like eastern Afghanistan, where sufficient wood for fuel is still available in the mountains.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v7/v7f6/v7f630.html (1557 words)

	Cow Urine Manual
		Cow is the only divine living being that has a surya ketu nadi (vein connected to sun) passing through her backbone.
		The cow which roams in jungle, excercises herself, fully grazes grass and medicinal herbs as she desires, drinks clean water and is in a healthy state.
		Cow urine ten millilitre is equivalent to five millilitre of distilled cow urine (ark).
	hkrl.com /cowurine.html (5346 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Cow dung for the climate
		It is calculated that gas generated from cattle dung in rural Nepal has lit around 140,000 kitchens, saving 400,000 tonnes of firewood, 800,000 litres of kerosene and preventing 600,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases from escaping into the atmosphere.
		In the absence of oxygen, the mixing of cow dung with water leads to a reaction that produces a gas comprising up to 70% methane and the remainder CO2.
		Unlike fossil fuels, burning biomass, like biogas from cow dung, is generally considered to be carbon neutral.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4271820.stm (845 words)

	Dung Beetle - Part 1
		Thanks to dung beetles, the enormous numbers of cattle dung pats (also called cattle droppings, or cattle poo) in Australia are steadily being reduced.
		The dung beetles would break down the cow dung, and use it to lay their eggs in.
		Dung, along with everything else that lives in it, is the major food of the dung beetle.
	www.abc.net.au /science/k2/trek/4wd/dung1.htm (936 words)

	RANGE magazine
		Other dung beetles, sometimes called tumblebugs, grab a chunk which forms into a ball as they roll it away to an excavation where it is sealed in and adorned with eggs.
		Cow pies can disappear into the soil in a single day where there are lots of dung beetles.
		Dung beetles are vital actors in the balance and harmony of nature.
	www.rangemagazine.com /features/winter-05/cowpie.shtml (912 words)

	ORGANIC FARMING -COMPOSTING THE BIODYNAMIC WAY - IndianOrganic.com
		Apply cow dung slurry in the form of thick paste to
		Repeat the dry matter layer and after pasting the top with cow dung slurry as has been practiced in previous dry matter layers, sprinkle 8 to 10 kgs of either
		in the middle of a ball of cow dung.
	www.indianorganic.com /organic_farming/bio_dynamic_composting/bd_composting.htm (632 words)

	Cow: The Sacred Provider
		rendered by the cow to ease the burden of the poor.
		Cow dung serves both as fuel and manure.
		of the Indian cow to the survival of the rural poor is indeed significant.
	www.indiadairy.com /info_sacred_cow.html (247 words)

	Dairy farm making a packet from cow dung - smh.com.au (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In what it is described as a "divine venture", an Indian dairy farm has started marketing instant holy cow dung to help religious urban Hindus perform their rituals "more perfectly".
		The dung is mixed with camphor, turmeric and sandalwood paste, which improves its smell.
		The holy cow dung can be bought in different sizes, with a one-kilogram sachet costing the equivalent of 50¢.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/12/25/1040511093188.html (439 words)

	IndiaPost. How we owe our health to eco-friendly cow
		Cow dung is also used for both heating and cooling.
		Dung in hessian cloth is dipped in water drum.
		Dung ash also helps in controlling pests and is a very good cleaning agent for utensils to avoid use of chemical-based detergents, which leave residual effect.
	www.indiapost.com /members/story.php?story_id=1295 (620 words)

	Truth About Trade & Technology - The Cow Dung Deception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There have been arguments that the “good old days” when people used to fertilize their fields with cow dung should be the standard upon which we build.
		In many societies cow dung was central to culture, as were the cows themselves.
		Cow dung was part of a sustainable way of agriculture — under a different set of circumstances.
	www.truthabouttrade.org /article.asp?id=5838 (1123 words)

	Indiaoz Hinduism - Why Cows Are Sacred ?
		Cows constitute the fruit of sacrifices.Cows are the future and the past, and
		righteous deeds, who have been cleansed by the knowledge, study of the Vedas, and observance of vows, should, only in the midst of sacred fires or cows or assemblies of Brahmanas, impart unto their disciples a knowledge of the Gomati Mantras which are every way like unto a sacrifice (for the merit they produce).
		After weaning, the cow acts as the surrogate mother providing milk for the rest of the human life - through childhood, adult age and old age.
	www.indiaoz.com.au /hinduism/articles/cows_are_sacred.shtml (1111 words)

	Cow Worship
		Therefore the cow itself is as holier, as the deities.
		31) The Calf of the Cow The Celestial Beings 'Gandharva'
		Cows are the mothers of the universe.* There is no gift more sacred than the gift of cows.
	www.punditravi.com /custom3.html (2188 words)

	Updating Biogas (Gobar) Technology
		DURING early 1970s the government decided to give thrust to the generation of gobar gas (renamed after 1982 as biogas) by anaerobic digestion of gobar (cow dung) for meeting fuel needs of rural population.
		Anaerobic digestion of cow dung is essentially a two-phase process.
		Excess ammonia may be obtained if pig dung is added and the antibiotics may be from the dung of sick animals under treatment.
	www.mothercow.org /oxen/gobar-biogas-technology.html (1010 words)

	cows, dung, solutions, methane
		Dung is mixed by hand with water and fed into an underground ‘digesting plant’.
		Cows’ and bull’s dung (and urine) in India is sacred to the Hindu religion and have many uses.
		Cow dung has provided man with fuel for millennia and used it as fertilizer.
	www.herbsphere.com /tester.htm (5382 words)

	Cow dung revelry on Deepavali morrow - Deccan Herald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Early in the morning the men of the village visited every house and collected dung which was later dumped in the backyard of the Beerappa temple.
		In the end, all those who took part in the cow dung fiesta took bath in the lake to clean themselves.
		One Kalegowda of the village died and his belongings were thrown into a cow dung pit.
	www.deccanherald.com /deccanherald/nov152004/s3.asp (399 words)

	ABC News: Japanese Make Gasoline From Cattle Dung (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gasoline extracted from cow dung is unheard of, said Tomiaki Tamura, an official of the Natural Resources and Energy Agency.
		In a separate experiment revealing another unusual business potential for cow dung, another group of researchers has successfully extracted an aromatic ingredient of vanilla from cattle dung, said Miki Tsuruta, a Sekisui Chemical Co. spokeswoman.
		Tsuruta said the vanillin was extracted from a dung solution in a pressurized cooker in a project co-organized by a Japanese medical research institute.
	abcnews.go.com /Technology/wireStory?id=1682925 (338 words)

	Boing Boing: Cow waste for power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Unlike converting methane from cow shit into electricity, a method that requires expensive gear, this method generates electricity as the microorganisms in rumen fluid break down the complex carbohydrates in roughage.
		While rumen fluid itself won't be used as an energy source, some of the microorganisms found in the fluid are also found in cow dung, which may prove to be a good source for generating electricity.
		An ethanol plant is being built in Yuma Colorado that uses cow manure to fuel the plant's processes."Link
	www.boingboing.net /2005/09/01/cow_waste_for_power.html (325 words)

	Malaysian authorities grapple with cow dung-sniffing addicts - smh.com.au (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Faced with some of the world's strictest anti-drug laws, some addicts in Malaysia are sniffing fresh cow dung to get high.
		"The cow dung emits gases like sulphur, and addicts sniff on these gasses to get high," the official at the agency said on condition of anonymity.
		Despite harsh anti-narcotics laws that call for death by hanging for drug traffickers, Malaysia does not have legislation to cover such acts as cow dung sniffing, the official said.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/07/11/1026185089510.html (282 words)

	Making Fuel Patties With Cow Dung In Sarnath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This woman collects cow dung off the streets, carries it home in a basket, mixes it with straw and then forms it up to dry in the sun.
		Notice the vermillion streak, a mark of respect, on the forehead of the white cow.
		To care for a cow is considered a sacred duty.
	www.turtlehill.org /india/india2/dung.html (216 words)

	MLM.com - View Thread - Cow dung toothpaste anyone?
		The cow is worshipped by Hindus, who make up some 82 percent of India’s over 1 billion people.
		Cow slaughter is banned in most parts of the country.
		I always wondered why the cow was sacred yet its near relative the Yak or Water Buffalo was so readily killed for it's hide.
	www.mlm.com /mlm/user/viewthread?thread=4126 (157 words)

	It's Electric: Cows Show Promise As Powerplants
		Using cow dung as an energy source isn't a new idea — some farmers already use the methane released by livestock waste to power machinery and lights.
		Both studies suggest that cow waste is a promising fuel source.
		The rumen is essentially a fermentation vat crawling with microorganisms where much of the food that a cow eats is temporarily held and is continuously churned until it can be completely digested.
	researchnews.osu.edu /archive/cowpower.htm (1032 words)

	Fun Facts: Pilobolus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The cow has to eat the spores of Pilobolus while grazing.
		The spores fly away at 35 feet per second (10.8 m per second), at a height of six feet (2 m), and land as far away as 8 feet (2.5 m).
		The cows that made the dung for the previous batch of Pilobolus will probably eat these spore covered plants and start the process all over again.
	herbarium.usu.edu /fungi/FunFacts/pilobfct.htm (331 words)

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