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Topic: Cownose Ray

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	Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department: Cownose Ray
		This ray is set apart from all of its relatives by the indented anterior contour of its cartilaginous skull (chondrocranium), with the conspicuously bilobed subrostral fin.
		The diet of the cownose ray population in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia consists primarily of bivalve mollusks.
		A female cownose ray was seen swimming with the edges of her pectoral fins sticking out of the water.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/Gallery/Descript/CownoseRay/CownoseRay.html (1912 words)

	Eagle ray
		Eagle rays (Myliobatidae) are a family of mostly large rays living rather in the open sea than at the bottom of the sea.
		Sometimes the manta rays[?] are considered to be a subfamily of eagle rays.
		Eagle rays live close to the coasts, in depths of 1 to 10 m, seldom up to 30 m; only in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ea/Eagle_ray.html (428 words)

	Aquarium of the Pacific \| Online Learning Center
		Cownose rays are somewhat diamond shaped and have the long, pointed pectoral fins typical of the Myliobatid or eagle rays.
		The underside of cownose rays is white or whitish-yellow.
		These rays are found on the ocean floor and in the mid and top layers of the water column as individuals, in small aggregations, or in large schools.
	www.aquariumofpacific.org /onlinelearningcenter/print/pacific_cownose_ray (822 words)

	News and events
		The first captive bred cownose rays in the UK have been born at the Oceanarium Bournemouth, with two female cownose rays at the award-winning attraction giving birth to a single young each within hours of each other.
		The newborn rays, known as pups, are believed to be male and have an impressive 20cm wingspan — already almost a third of the size of the fully-grown adults’ wingspan and twice the size of the southern stingray pups born at the beginning of December.
		In the wild, cownose rays are found in the Southern Atlantic, from Florida to the Caribbean, using the mangrove lagoons of the Florida Keys as their nursery ground, so the display should provide an ideal environment for them to grow.
	www.oceanarium.co.uk /viewnews.asp?id=125 (410 words)

	Creature Feature: Cownose Ray
		The passive cownose ray is a common summer visitor to the Chesapeake Bay.
		Mature cownose rays are brown with a whitish belly, and can grow to be 45 inches wide and weigh 50 pounds or more.
		If stung by a ray, the wound should be cleaned and immersed in extremely hot water, which seems to deactivate the toxin.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /mydnr/CreatureFeature/cownoseray.asp (272 words)

	North Carolina Aquariums
		Rays and skates are similar species that are closely related to sharks.
		The cownose ray is one of several species found off the North Carolina Coast.
		The cownose is one of a few rays that will jump out of the water, landing with a loud "smack".
	www.ncaquariums.com /askaquarium/rays.htm (665 words)

	Special Projects -- Hot Issues and Cool Ideas \| NIE WORLD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cownose rays have a unique feature — long, pointed pectoral fins that separate into two lobes in front of their high-domed heads.
		Cownose rays, a cousin to the stingray, use their flexible fin lobes to probe the seafloor for prey, like clams.
		As this ray swims through the ocean, its wingtips often break the surface, resembling the dorsal fin of a shark, which sometimes causes alarm for swimmers.
	www.nieworld.com /special/hotcold/qtoz/risks02.htm (568 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		Cownose rays have a unique feature—long, pointed pectoral fins that separate into two lobes in front of their high-domed heads.
		Cownose rays use their flexible fin lobes to probe the seafloor for prey, like clams.
		Cownose rays are known for their long migrations in large schools.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species/default.asp?hOri=0&hab=8&inhab=519 (483 words)

	Cownose Rays Cause Concern
		Rays are live-bearers, birthing but a single pup per litter, unusual in the marine world, where many creatures lay eggs by the millions.
		The cownose is unable to whip its sting into people like those true stingrays because the serrated weapon is located at the base of their tail rather than halfway down it.
		Smith had speared a ray with his sword and was stung in the wrist, causing his arm and shoulder to swell, according to historical accounts.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/sharks/InNews/cownose2008.html (1235 words)

	cownose_ray
		The Cownose ray is light to dark brown in color and sometimes with a hint of yellow.
		A large school of cownose rays of varying ages and sexes was spotted in the shallows of Delaware Bay by biologists from the NMFS Apex Predators Program in July of 2000.
		This ray is often mistaken for a shark because when it “flies” near the surface its wingtips break the surface and resemble a shark’s dorsal fin.
	www.atlanticanglers.com /fish/cownose_ray.html (1250 words)

	Jaws of Death - cartilaginous fishes - Brief Article Natural History - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cartilage in sharks and rays, by comparison, consists primarily of a mesh of collagen fibers embedded in a gelatin-like matrix, along with a scattering of cartilage-generating cells called chondrocytes.
		A ray eats its prey by grabbing the mollusk in its mouth and crushing the shell with its jaws.
		Summers calculates that a cownose ray with prey caught at the center of its jaws would, because of the jaws' architecture, be able to double the force of its bite.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_7_109/ai_65132193 (985 words)

	Cownose Ray - Bay Field Guide - Chesapeake Bay Program
		The cownose ray has a kite-shaped body that varies in color from brown to olive green with a whitish belly.
		Cownose rays have been known to destroy underwater grass beds and cause considerable losses to commercial clam and oyster harvests.
		Cownose rays are unique because they give birth to live young.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /bfg_cownose_ray.aspx?menuitem=14396 (364 words)

	Newswise Science News \| Overfishing Large Sharks Impacts Entire Marine Ecosystem, Shrinks Shellfish Supply
		Cownose rays are most conspicuous among the 12 species showing increases because of their near-shore migrations.
		The rays, which can grow to be more than four feet across, eat large quantities of bivalves, including bay scallops, oysters, soft-shell and hard clams, in the bays and estuaries they frequent during summer and migrate through during fall and spring.
		Ecosystem effects of increases in the other ray, skate, and smaller shark species are unknown, but like the cownose ray, may also be cascading down to species lower in the food web.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/528564 (985 words)

	Bowfishing Stingrays, 1999
		Ray hunting is done by slowly moving the boat along the surface of shallow salt-water bays and marshes while your eyes are glued to the sea floor.
		The cownose ray was of average size at 30lbs but it was a heck of a fight and great beginning to our hunt.
		On the cownose rays, there is considerable meat on both the upper and underside of the wings, on the Southern Ray most meat is found on the top of the wing.
	www.bowsite.com /bowsite/features/livehunts/stingray99 (1454 words)

	Shedd Aquarium \| Cownose Rays
		Unlike other rays, the cownose rarely rests on the bottom where you might accidentally step on one, and its stinger lies close to the body: A quick flick of the tail will not likely cause damage.
		Cownose rays are the bane of oyster fishers, descending on oyster beds en masse and leaving only shell fragments.
		The rays’ taste for shellfish, on top of serious pollution and disease problems, may be contributing to declining oyster populations in some areas.
	www.sheddaquarium.org /cownose_rays.html (320 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Journal: Plan to harvest cownose rays could be recipe for trouble - July/August 2007
		But concerns about cownose rays got a boost earlier this year when a study published in the journal Science blamed the overfishing of sharks along the East Coast for a booming ray population which, in turn, was causing declines in scallops, clams, oysters and other shellfish in the mid-Atlantic.
		They estimated the cownose ray food demand in the Chesapeake alone was 840,000 metric tons of shellfish during their roughly 100-day occupancyâ”the 2003 Virginia oyster harvest was only 300 metric tons, the authors stated.
		Grubbs and Musick said cownose rays could seem to be a bigger problem for oysters and grass beds simply because important foods such as razor clams, soft shell clams, oysters and other species are at, or near, record low abundances.
	www.bayjournal.com /article.cfm?article=3123 (1753 words)

	cownoserays
		To eat the clams, cownose rays first flap their wing-like fins against the bottom sediments to expose the clam; then they crush the shell between two strong dental plates in their mouth.
		First of all, there is not a market for the rays and though participants in a taste test enjoyed the cownose ray meat, the harvesting and processing of the fish is difficult and would make the fish too expensive to sell.
		In addition, like all rays and sharks (which are all elasmobranchs, a type of fish whose skeleton is made of cartilage instead of bone) the rays mature relatively late and have low levels of reproduction.
	www.serc.si.edu /education/resources/watershed/stories/cownoserays.jsp (526 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Journal: Bay's oysters, SAV fall victim to cownose rays' eating habits - November 1998
		As far back as 1815, one Bay resident wrote that cownose rays âare detested by the people who live near the shores, by reason of the damage they do the clams.â In the mid 1970s, a sea grass bed where Orth was conducting research was obliterated when a school of rays descended on it.
		Rays have always been in the Bay, but in the past, their population may have been kept in check because they were often caught in nets targeting other fish, according to a 1979 report by VIMS and Virginia Sea Grant.
		But as the cownose ray population grew, the oyster population has been devastated by disease, and pollution has reduced grass beds to only about one-tenth of their historic area.
	www.bayjournal.com /article.cfm?article=2048 (1331 words)

	Pacific Cownose Ray
		The Pacific Cownose Ray has a diamond-shaped body 1.7 to 1.8 times wider its length, a distinctly protruding large square blunt head with small flaps on each side, from which the name "cownose" is derived.
		The Pacific Cownose Ray is one of the more abundant members of the Myliobatiformes or Stingray Order, Rhinopteridae or Cownose Ray Family, and Rhinoptera Genus, which includes the Cownose Rays.
		Pacific Cownose Ray, Rhinoptera steindachneri: Caught with Capt. Pata in the panga Salome, La Playita, San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur., Mexico, on a late morning in November 2002, in 72-degree, 25 to 50 foot deep water, utilizing a chrome 6-ounce yo-yo iron on 30-pound test, 10 miles north of La Playita.
	www.mexfish.com /fish/pcnosray/pcnosray.htm (435 words)

	US shellfish industry destroyed by shark fishing - earth - 29 March 2007 - New Scientist Environment
		The cownose ray benefited most: six of seven surveys covering the population of these rays in the US Atlantic suggest that its numbers have grown tenfold since the mid-1970s.
		Bay scallops (bivalve molluscs) are an important part of the rays' diet, and the researchers suggest that the explosion in the number of cownose rays on the eastern seaboard is responsible for putting an end to North Carolina's century-old bay scallop fishery.
		Bivalve fisheries located within cownose ray habitat range have been declining, while the catch of bivalves landed by fisheries north of the range is stable or increasing.
	environment.newscientist.com /article/dn11495-us-shellfish-industry-destroyed-by-shark-fishing.html (883 words)

	FoodMarket.com - Daily Industry News Service
		But he said no one had prepared them for the cownose ray, a relative of the stingray that migrates into the bay during the summer.
		The ray, which can grow to a wingspan of several feet, sucks clams, oysters and other shellfish off the bottom, smashes them in its mouth and spits out the shells -- something like a baseball player eating a sunflower seed.
		A swarm of rays showed up even before the dumping was done, Martin said, and the release was stopped with 300,000 oysters still to go.
	news.seafoodnet.com /newsopen.asp?key=144080 (727 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: Some See Cownose Ray on Menu (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But now, the rays might have met their match: humans and their ever-evolving quest for new tastes from the sea.
		Named for their distinctive heads, cownose rays glide through the water on wings sometimes mistaken for shark dorsal fins.
		Virginia seafood officials are exploring the possibility of exporting ray wings to South Korea, which imports $18 million worth of frozen ray annually.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/text/2006/jun/05/060501837.html (348 words)

	Virginia Seafood
		Also known as a cownose ray, it is found in the Chesapeake Bay and East Coast waters from May till late September.
		While Smith was spearing a ray with his sword near the Rappahannock River, the ray defended itself by striking Smith in the shoulder with its barb, located on the base of its tail.
		Chesapeake ray eat clams, lobsters, oysters, bay scallops and crabs There is concern that rays are harming the oyster, clam, bay scallop and clam aquaculture population.
	virginiaseafood.org /chesray/factsheet.htm (336 words)

	Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center \| Cownose Ray
		Cownose rays are found in both ocean and bay environments along the east coasts of North and South America, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico.
		The body of a cownose ray is flattened as it has adapted to a bottom-dwelling existence.
		These rays form schools of hundreds of individual animals and have been seen leaping from the water’s surface, although this behavior is not clearly understood.
	www.virginiaaquarium.com /vgn.aspx?vgnextchannel=3416975336192110VgnVCM100000190c640aRCRD&vgnextparchannel=db83975336192110VgnVCM100000190c640aRCRD (493 words)

	Skate and Ray Information
		Rays are a group (superorder Rajomorphii) of cartilaginous fishes.
		Rays feed on crustaceans or fish, depending on the species.
		The main types of rays are stingrays, eagle rays, cow nose rays, manta rays, electric rays, and sawfishes.
	www.junglewalk.com /info/Ray-information.htm (325 words)

	Zoo loses another cownose ray
		Another cownose ray has died as the Calgary Zoo tries to discover what is wiping out its ray exhibit.
		The remaining rays have been moved to a holding tank with oxygenated water, where they are being monitored, according to zoo officials.
		A vet examining the dead rays found severe irritation on their gills, but the rays were otherwise healthy.
	www.canada.com /calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=99fca603-54f6-44c7-966c-6a34a431506a (237 words)

	Milwaukee County Zoo
		Most closely related to their exhibit neighbors, the sharks, sting rays are generally found swimming, or partially buried in the sand, in the shallow coastal waters of temperate oceans.
		Cownose Rays: Found throughout a large part of the western Atlantic and Caribbean from New England in the north to southern Brazil, these rays don’t have a particularly distinctive coloration, but its shape is recognizable.
		Cownose rays are voracious eaters, sustaining themselves on a diet of hard clams, oysters and other invertebrates.
	mcz.zoosociety.org /press/index.php (790 words)

	Chicago Zoological Society - Cownose Ray
		Cownose rays are named for the long pectoral fins that create two creased lobes in front of their domed head, giving them a cow-ish look.
		Cownose rays, and others like their cousins the southern stingrays, have a strong sense of smell and touch, as a well as something called “electroreception.” This offers them the ability to review and make use of electrical impulses in the water.
		Rays have organs that contain cells connecting to the pores of their skin.
	www.czs.org /czs/Brookfield/Exhibit-and-Animal-Guide/Stingray-Bay/Cownose-Ray (334 words)

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